A Semantic Analysis of Non Literal Meaning a Thesis By

Home , All Too Well, Back to December, Beautiful Eyes, Fearless Tour, I Go Back, Picture to Burn

THE SADNESS PORTRAYED IN TAYLOR SWIFT’S SELECTED SONGS:

A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF NON LITERAL MEANING

A THESIS

WINDI RIAHNA KELIAT REG. NO. 140705167

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE SADNESS PORTRAYED IN TAYLOR SWIFT’S SELECTED SONGS: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF NON LITERAL A THESIS

BY WINDI RIAHNA KELIAT REG. NO. 140705167

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph. D. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan i n partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head Secretary

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M. A., Ph. D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph. D. NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on April 12th, 2019

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M. A., Ph. D.

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.

Dr. Hj. T. Thyraya Zein, M. A

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, WINDI RIAHNA KELIAT DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR

OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT

OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed:

Date: April 12th, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : WINDI RIAHNA KELIAT

TITLE OF THESIS : THE SADNESS PORTRAYED IN TAYLOR SWIF

T’S SELECTED SONGS : A SEMANTIC ANALYS

IS OF NON LITERAL

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: April 12th, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of All I thank and praise Allah SWT for His countless blessings during the time I write this thesis. There were times when I was down and depressed that made me feel like giving up, but He continued to give me strength in order to finish this thesis. I also would like to thank to my supervisor Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, my co- supervisor Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph. D who has given advice, criticism and precious time in correcting this thesis and thank to the Head Department of English

Literature Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M. A., Ph. D for her guidance and suggestions. And to all of the staff and lecturers of English Literature Department who have helped me and taught me everything I need in the past 4 year.

The most special thank is dedicated to my beloved parents, Kun Swondo

Keliat and Susanna Syahdevi for their love, patience, supported me morally, spiritually and financially in completing this thesis. I also thank to my one and only beloved sister Ranita Swandani Keliat for her support in every situation and thank to my grandmother, Hj. Lelawaty, the person who inspired me and always give her prayers for supporting me.

Finally is the greatest thank to all of my friends in the university Titha,

Azura, Mia, Haga, Uti, Dwi, Bima, Anggi for being the place where I can spill everything that was bothering me in the process of writing my thesis . I also thank

Fariz Rizqan for being my partner in doing my thesis; thank you for your motivation and help, for being able to deal with myself. I also thank Class C of English

Literature 2014 for helping me along the way and making my university life a

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA blessing. Thank to my special friend for his contributions and support in helping me to get through this thesis.

However, this thesis is still far from perfect but I wish that this thesis could give contribution to the English Language studies especially in the study of Non –

Literal Meaning. Therefore, I accept for any constructive criticism and suggestions to give me more improvement in the future.

Medan, April 12th 2019

Windi Riahna Keliat

viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “The Sadness Portrayed in Taylor Swift‟s Selected Songs: A Semantic Analysis of Non Literal Meaning”. Pembahasan tentang makna denotative dalam 7 lagu Taylor Swift yang dipilih secara acak untuk memahami makna yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis dalam lirik lagu yang dibuatnya. Pengetahuan tentang makna sebuah lagu sangatlah penting dalam menikmati sebuah lagu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Dari analisis data penulis menemukan 6 tipe makna non – literal atau makna figuratif yang ada dalam lagu Taylor Swift, yaitu: metaphor (30,3%), hyperbole (30,3%), simile (6,1%), metonymy (12,1%), synecdoche (6,1%), dan personification (15,1%). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan sadness yang terdapat dalam lagu-lagunya, yaitu dampened mood (46,2%), lethargy (11,5%), withdrawal from other (7,7%), quietness (23,1%), dan crying (11,5%). Temuan menunjukan bahwa lagu Taylor Swift banyak menggunakan lirik yang mengandung makna khiasan untuk memperindah dan membuat lagu tersebut lebih berwarna dalam hal penyusunan lirik dan makna lagu itu sendiri. Kata Kunci: Semantik, Makna Non – Literal, Sadness, Lirik lagu

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “The Sadness Portrayed in Taylor Swift‟s Selected Songs: A Semantic Analysis of Non Literal Meaning”. It discusses about denotative meaning in seven Taylor Swift‟s selected songs which are chosen randomly. The method of research applied in this study is qualitative method. This analysis is done due to the songs expression about meanings that underlying behind the lyrics that the composer really want to say in her songs. From the analysis of the data, the writer found six types of non – literal meaning or figurative meaning in the lyrics of Taylor Swift‟s songs they are: metaphor (30,3%), hyperbole (30,3%), simile (6,1%), metonymy (12,1%), synecdoche (6,1%), and personification (15,1%). In terms of sadness, the songs contained dampened mood (46,2%), lethargy (11,5%), withdrawal from other (7,7%), quietness (23,1%), and crying (11,5%). The results indicate that these Taylor Swift‟s songs used lyrics that contain of figurative meaning to beautify the songs with sadness theme in order to make the lyrics meaningful. Keywords: Semantic, Non – Literal Meaning, Sadness, Song lyrics

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.9 Conceptual Framework …………………………………………….. 22

Figure 3.4 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

(Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2014:33) …………………………. 24

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1.1 Type of Non – Literal in Dear John ...... 27

Table 4.1.2 Type of Non – Literal in All too Well ...... 30

Table 4.1.3 Type of Non – Literal in Back to December ...... 32

Table 4.1.4 Type of Non – Literal in Teardrops on My Guitar ………………... 34

Table 4.1.5 Type of Non – Literal in Safe and Sound …………………………. 36

Table 4.1.6 Type of Non – Literal in I don‟t Wanna Live Forever …………… 37

Table 4.1.7 Type of Non – Literal in

We are Never Ever Getting Back Together ………………………. 39

Table 4.2.1 Type of Sadness in Dear John …………………………………….. 40

Table 4.2.2 Type of Sadness in All too Well ………………………………….. 42

Table 4.2.3 Type of Sadness in Back to December ……………………...……. 44

Table 4.2.4 Type of Sadness in Teardrops on My Guitar ………….………….. 46

Table 4.2.5 Type of Sadness in Safe and Sound ………………………………. 47

Table 4.2.6 Type of Sadness in I don‟t Wanna Live Forever …………………. 48

Table 4.2.7 Type of Sadness in We are Never Ever Getting Back Tpgether …. 50

Table 4.3.1 Finding Type of Non – Literal Meaning ……….………………… 52

Table 4.3.2 Finding Type of Sadness …………….…………………………… 52

xii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... ix ABSTRACT ...... x LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi LIST OF TABLES ...... xii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the study ...... 3

1.3 Objectives of the study ...... 3

1.4 Scope of the study ...... 3

1.5 Significance of the study ...... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics ...... 5

2.2 Literal Meaning ...... 7

2.3 Non Literal Meaning ...... 6

2.4 Kinds of Non Lieral Meaning ...... 8

2.4.1 Metaphor ...... 8

2.4.2 Personification ...... 9

2.4.3 Synecdoche ...... 10

2.4.4 Hyperbole ...... 11

2.4.5 Simile ...... 12

xiii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.6 Metonymy ...... 13

2.4.7 Irony ...... 14

2.4.8 Litotes ...... 14

2.5 Sadness ...... 15

2.5.1 Dampened mood ...... 15

2.5.2 Quietness ...... 16

2.5.3 Lethargy ...... 16

2.5.4 Withdrawal from others ...... 16

2.5.5 Crying ...... 16

2.6 Song ...... 16

2.7 A Brief Explanation of Taylor Swift ...... 17

2.8 Relevant studies ...... 19

2.9 Conceptual Framework ...... 22

CHAPTER III RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of Study ...... 23

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 23

3.3 Method of Collecting Data ...... 24

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...... 24

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Types of Non – Literal Meaning Used in

Selected Taylor Swift‟s Songs ...... 27

4.1.1 Dear John ...... 27

4.1.2 All Too Well ...... 30

4.1.3 Back To December ...... 32

xiv

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.4 Teardrops On My Guitar ...... 34

4.1.5 Safe And Sound ...... 36

4.1.6 I Don‟t Wanna Live Forever ...... 37

4.1.7 We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together ...... 39

4.2 Types of Sadness Contained in Non – Literal

Meaning Used in Selected Taylor Swift‟s Songs ...... 40

4.2.1 Dear John ...... 40

4.2.2 All Too Well ...... 42

4.2.3 Back To December ...... 44

4.2.4 Teardrops On My Guitar ...... 46

4.2.5 Safe And Sound ...... 47

4.2.6 I Don‟t Wanna Live Forever ...... 48

4.2.7 We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together ...... 50

4.3 Findings ...... 51

4.3.1 Types of Non – Literal Meaning ...... 51

4.3.2 Types of Sadness ...... 52

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions ...... 54 5.2 Suggestions ...... 55 REFERENCES ...... 56

APPENDICES

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is an important thing which is very close to human life since language is used by human to communicate in their daily activities. Language can not be separated from the life of human being. As we use language to express our desire, option, emotion, intentions, and ideas to other people. People need language as a tool of communication, verbally or unverbally. In unverbal communication, language is used by people to write a letter, poems, short stories, lyric of song and their life. People who expresses his idea through language is to make the hearer understand through the meaning in the language. Meaning is a part of language and with language we can give and take a comprehansion about meaning.

Semantics is one of the branches of linguistic that studies about meaning.

Palmer (1976 : 1) says that semantics is a part of linguistics and scientifically, semantics is study of language. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to study of meaning. Semantics is the study of meaning it is also said by Kambartel (1979 :

195), in his book, he thinks that semantics, he assumes that language consists of structures that show the meaning when associated with objects in the world of human experience.

According to Saeed (1997:16) “Non-literal meaning uses of language are traditionally called figurative and are described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole and litotes”. Grice

(1975:44) Non literal meaning actually is “what is said” is closely related to the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA conventional meaning of word. Non literal meaning the goal of speaker convey the idea through language is to make the hearer catch what the speaker really means but sometimes the hearer catch the wrong idea of what the speaker wants to deliver because it has different meaning. The use of non – literal meaning will make language more beautiful and meaningful.

Meanwhile, song can not be separated from lyric. Song‟s lyric is usually simple so that it is easier to understand. But the song composer sometimes uses non literal meanings in the lyric and as the result, we as the hearer get some problem in understanding the meaning of the lyric. Song lyrics is composed by the composer to express their feeling. They often use non literal meaning to make lyrics of song more beautiful and meaningful.

In this thesis, the writer choose Taylor Swift‟s songs to be object of the analysis because Taylor Swift‟s songs there are songs that describe the sadness.

Taylor Swift also consistent with her lyrics to describe the sadness through her songs.

The writer is interested to analyze the non literal meaning based on sadness portrayed in Taylor Swift‟s songs by improve the knowledge about non – literal meaning in semantics study because Taylor Swift is a famous American singer and songwriter and she is known for narrative songs about her life. Taylor Swift called the queen of breakup songs because most of her songs sounds tragic and exposing a sadness especially hurt feeling.

Taylor Swift‟s song lyrics contain of non – literal meaning in terms of sadness such as: I’m a crumpled up piece of paper lying here (hyperbole) ;

(dampened mood), I remember when we broke up the first time (metaphor) ;

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (dampened mood), He’s the reason for the teardrops on my guitar (metonymy) ;

(crying), When all those shadows almost killed your light (personification) ;

(dampened mood).

The writer is interested to analyze the sadness because in song‟s lyric many sadness meanings implied. Composers usually use poetic words to reflect the sadness. And by using semantics study the writer can examine deeper the meaning implied in a language that singer wants to convey.

1.2 Problems of the Study

1. What are the types of non – literal meaning used in selected Taylor Swift‟s

songs ?

2. What are the types of sadness contained in non – literal meaning used in

selected Taylor Swift‟s songs ?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the questions above, the purpose of this study are:

1. To find out the types of non – literal meaning used in selected Taylor Swift‟s

songs.

2. To find out the types of sadness contained in non – literal meaning used in

selected Taylor Swift‟s songs.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In order to make the readers can not be confused in learning non – literal meaning, in this thesis the writer focuses on non – literal meaning found in selected seven songs of Taylor Swift that only portray the sadness. From these songs the writer limit to analyze the metaphor, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole and simile that portrayed the sadness in song‟s lyric. And to be clear for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the readers to know what non – literal meaning is, in this thesis the writer try to explain about the non – literal meaning and whats its content.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of this analysis is to enrich the study of language, to improve the readers in studying non – literal meaning, and help them to interpret the meaning indicated in each non – literal language, also to be references for the next researcher in analyzing about non – literal meaning.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics

Palmer (1976 : 1) says that semantics is a part of linguistics and scientifically, semantics is study of language. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to study of meaning.

Neurath, Carnap, Morris (1955) semantics is study of the interpretation of signs or symbols used in agents or communities within particular ciscumstances and contexts. Within this view, sounds, facial expressions, body language, and proxemics have semantic (meaningful) content, and each comprises several branches of study.

Semantics is the study of meaning it is also said by Kambartel (1979 : 195), in his book, he assumes that language consists of structures that show the meaning when associated with objects in the world of human experience.

Lehrer ( 1974 : 342 ) says that semantics is the study of meaning. It is a very broad field of study as co-offensive aspects of structure and function of language that may be associated with the philosophy of psychology and anthropology.

Generally, semantics is the study of meaning. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semanics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. There are strong connections to philosophy. Earlier in this century, many works in semantics were done by philosophers, and some important works are still done by philosophers. Linguists who study the semantics look for general the rules that bring out the relationship between from, which the observed

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA arrangement of are in the sentences and in the meaning. They are interesting and challenging, because these relationship are so complex.

In studying the semantics, non – literal meaning cannot be separated from the discussion. Semantic and non – literal meaning are the study of language that discusses the meaning of the word or phrase of the language itself.

Study of meaning become more significant, if we can describe about the nature of meaning. But many linguists studies language without reference to the meaning. More specifically, study of meaning is explained in semantics as a branch of linguistic. But some people many have different analysis on the meaning of a linguistic object because there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning.

It is a description of natural language with the trues of meaning.

To study the meaning in language has some main approaches, which has some influence determining the trues of meaning, they are relevant to semantics such as : a linguistic approach and a philosophical approach. When we study about the meaning in a language, indirectly we learn about the structure of the language too.

Automatically, we studies of the meaning of words and semantic structure of sentences. Philosophers are also investigate the relation between linguistic expression, such as the words of language and the person, things, and events in the world to which these words one refered.

Semantics as the study of meaning absolutely discusses about the connotative and the denotative meaning, truth condition, discourse analysis, argumental structure, thematical roles, and all of things that have a relevance to the syntax.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2 Literal Meaning

Literal meaning is kind of meaning which the meaning is what the word means or a meaning without any other meaning besides its meaning. Reacanati (

2004 : 61 ) Literal meaning is not used metaphorically, ironically, or sarcastically and so on. It stresses to the close connection between sentence meaning and what is said, the sentence meaning and what is said constitute of literal meaning of the as utterance, sometimes opposed to what the speaker‟s means. This particular reason is related to wether the speaker uses in a sentence without any hidden meaning in the sentence itself. So, make the hearers will catch what the speaker means directly without understand what the word really means because the limitation of the hearer‟s ability.

The term literal meaning denotes that all words are in strict accordance with their original meanings. Literal meaning also mean the true meaning. Sentences have literal meanings. If a sentence entirely determined by the meanings of its component words and the syntactical rules according to which these elements are combined. For example, someone is saying “she is a beautiful girl”. In this case of literal meaning, the speaker really mean that the girl is beautiful. The speaker means axactly what his words mean without having hidden meaning.

2.3 Non – Literal Meaning

Non – literal meaning is a kind of meaning which means something is different from what the word means. Non – literal meaning occurs when a speaker means different from what the words or sentences really mean. In other words, when a speaker speaks a word or a sentence, which conveys the different meaning from its

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA real meaning. Indirectly a speaker uses non – literal meaning to express their idea or thought by saying one thing means another.

According to Saeed (2003: 15) Non literal meaning uses of language are traditionally called figurative and are described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, personification, synecdoche, hyperbole, simile, metonymy, irony, and litotes.

A comprehension of non – literal meaning is very important for us in studying of english. With used of non – literal meaning we can create lyrics of song more beautiful. Meantime, non – literal meaning is also useful to make language become colorfull. So, make us interested to learn a language and their meaning especially.

2.4 Kinds of Non Literal Meaning

2.4.1 Metaphor

Metaphor ( Oxford Advanced Learner‟s dictionary 2000 : 837 ) is a word or phrase used in imaginative way to describe somebody or something else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities. A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.

According to Kennedy ( 1982 : 586 ) says that metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in literal meaning sense, it is not. In the other words, metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things are compared by identifying or substituting one with other.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For example : - love is rose

- love is dream

In the first sentence, „ love is a rose ‟ shows that rose is a vehicle of love. In second sentence, „ love is dream ‟ implies that a comparison between love and dream. Dream is the nature for the birth of love.

A metaphor is an implied simile, metaphor also compares two different things but it does not like simile,state one thing is like another or acts another but takes that for granted and proceeds as if the two things were one and it does not use a connective word such as „like‟ or „as‟. (Siswantoro, 2002: 27)

According to Peter (2002: 12), metaphor is a comparison which is implied without using the words of comparison which such as like, as, similar to, and resembles. Metaphor adds an extension of the thing being compared. Metaphor is one of figurative language that works on assumption that there are similarities between things. Metaphor are used in all kind of language in speech, people lead to use metaphorical language to clarify ideas, feelings, and so on or to convince people of the value, danger, beauty, ugliness, etc of one being by comparing it to another which is accepted as valuable, dangerous, beautiful ugly.

2.4.2 Personification

Personification ( Oxford Learner Pocket Dictionary 2003 : 327 ) is a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. Personification can be defined as the attribution of human characteristics to either non-human objects or abstraction. In the other words, personification is the figure of speech in which a thing an animal, or an

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA abstract term is made or the objects are likely considered as having human since human characteristics are attached to the objects themselves.

Personification is the treating of an inanimate object as if it were inanimate and is probably the most beautiful and effective of all the figures of speech.

Personification depends much on a vivid imagination and is adapted especially to poetical composition. It has two distinguishable forms:

- When personality is described to the inanimate as in

- When a quality of life is attributed to the inanimate as in

For example : - The mountains sing together and hills rejoice

- an angry sea

The sentences are considered as the personifications because mountains and hills as the inanimate things, which have the ability to sing and to show a joy. There are imposible that the mountains sing like human. So we can get another meaning or the hidden meaning that natural excitement for sustainability. In the second example is „ an angry sea ‟ it is already known that “ angry ” is the characteristics of human, which it is imposible for the sea to have it. Therefore, this characteristic is given to personify inanimate objects.

2.4.3 Synecdoche

Kennedy ( 1982 : 593 ) says that synecdoche is the use of a part of thing to stand for the whole of it or vise versa. In the other words, synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistic sinecdoche is a figure of speech used to mean the whole, the whole to mean a part, the species to mean the genus, the genus to mean the species or the name of the material to mean the thing made.

For example: - all hands on deck

- General Motors announced cutbacks

- Spain won the world cup in 2010

The first sentence indicates the readiness of all pfficers without exception.

The second sentence, indicates that every time buying of the motor has a purchase price cut. The last sentence, indicates that Spain became the winner of world cup in

2010 the compition not only won by a club that is in Spanish.

2.4.4 Hyperbole

Hyperbole ( Oxford advanced learner‟s dictionary 2000 : 668 ) a way of speaking or writing that makes something sound better, more exciting, dangerous, etc, than it really is.

According to Kennedy ( 1982 ; 589 ) hyperbole is a statement containing exaggeration to emphasize a point. In the other words, hyperbole is a kind of non literal meaning that is often used when someone wants to emphasize something. Its a figure of speech which is an exaggeration.

For example: - my love is higher than sky

- I tried a thousand times

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The statements above are non literally true, but people make them to sound impressive or to emphasize something such as a feeling, effort, or reaction.

2.4.5 Simile

Simile ( Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 2000 : 1248 ) is a word or phrase that compareses something to something else, using the words like or as.

According to Kennedy ( 1982 : 594 ) simile is a comparison of two things indicate by someone connective, usually like, as, than, or such resembles. In the other words, simile is a figure of speech which is two things, essentially different but thought to be alike in one or more respects, are compared, simile expresses a similarity.

For example: - my father grumbles like a bird in the morning

- those two are like two peas in a pod

- his voice is like the lion‟s roar

- as pure as snow

In the first sentence his father grumbling is compared to a bird, since everybode knows that birds are always chirping in the morning. In the second sentence, those two are like two peas in a pod. Here the comparison is made between two people being very similar in thought and action, the way that peas are nearly identical to one another. In the third sentence, his voice is like the lion’s roar, his voice is compared to lion’s roar. As we know that a lion‟s roar is very loud. So, the lion‟s roar is compared to his voice which indicates that his voice is very loud. The las sentence, as pure as snow. This sentence compares a person‟s character to the fresh snow in their white and pure.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.6 Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called “synecdoche.” These devices resemble one another, but are not the same. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it.

Metonymy is also different from a metaphor, which draws resemblance between two different things. For instance, in the sentence, “You are sunlight and I moon,” (Sun and Moon by Miss Saigon), sunlight and the moon, and humans are quite different things without any association. However, metaphor attempts to describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity. Metonymy, however, develops a relation on the grounds of close association, as in “The White

House is concerned about terrorism.” The White House here represents the people who work in it.

For example : - England decides to keep check on immigration. (England

refers to the government)

- The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written

words, and sword to military force)

- The Oval Office was busy in work. (The Oval Office is a

metonymy, as it stands for people who work in the office)

- Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.7 Irony

Irony is facetious, sarcastical way of speaking. Gray says (1984 : 108), irony is a manner of speaking or writing that is dispered through all kinds of literature.

Irony consists of saying one thing while it means other.

Keraf (1980: 240) states, “irony is a style of language that says meaning that contradicts the intention of making fun”. Irony is a figure of speech when an expression used is the opposite of the thought in the speaker‟s mind, thus conveying a meaning. Etymologically, the word „irony‟ derived from the Greek word „eironeia‟ meaning „deception‟ or trick‟

There is some argument about what qualities as ironic, but all senses of irony revolve around the perceived notion of an incongruity between what is said and what is said and what is meant, or between an understanding or expectation of a reality and what actually happens.

For example:

“Your room is clean”

The expression above can be considered as Irony when the expression above is uttered to the person who has the dirty room.

2.4.8 Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negative or opposite. Litotes is a form of understatement always deliberate and with the intention of subtle emphasis. However, the interpretat ion of litotes can depend on context, including cultural context. In speech, it may also depend on intonation and emphasis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Tarigan (1985 : 58) says that "Litotes are a type of language style that contains a statement that is minimized, subtracted from the actual reality, for example those who humble themselves ".

For example:

“Please come to my little house”

In the expression above the speaker lies about his house because the expression above shows less than actually the case because actually he has a big and beautiful house.

2.6 Sadness

Paul Ekman (1970) identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures. The emotions he identified were happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger. He later expanded his list of basic emotions to include such things as pride, shame, embarrassment, and excitement. Related to Paul sadness is a type of emotion often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, giref, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. Like other emotions, sadness is something that all people experience from time to time. In some cases, people can experience prolonged and severe periods of sadness that can turn into depression. Sadness can be expressed in a number of ways including :

2.5.1 Dampened mood

Dampened mood is situation where someone have a bad feeling or chaotic feeling for example if we were worry persistently.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.5.2 Quietness

Quietness is the situation where someone feeling lonely in silence.

2.5.3 Lethargy

Lethargy is the situation where someone feeling tired, bored, or fed up because of something happen that make him/her sad.

2.5.4 Withdrawal from others

Withdrawal from others is the situation where someone is withdrawal, avoid interacting or close the interactions with others.

2.5.5 Crying

Crying is the situation where someone feeling so sad with teary tears.

The type and severity of sadness can vary depending upon the root cause, and how people cope with such feelings can also differ. Sadness can often lead people to engage in coping mechanisms such as avoiding other people, self-medicating, and ruminating on negative thoughts. Such behaviors can actually exacerbate feelings of sadness and prolong the duration of the emotion.

2.6 Song

Song ( Oxford Leaner Pocket Dictionary 2003 : 412 ) is a short piece of music with words that is sang by a singer. Further, an unidentified linguist ( on www.

Wikipedia.com/ song ) gives a definition of song as a relatively short musical composition for human voice (possibly accompanied by other musical instruments ), with featured words ( lyrics ). The lyrics of songs are typically of poetic, rhiming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose. A song is a piece of music

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for accompanied or unaccompanied voice or voices, where the performer of song is a called a Singer or a Vocalist, where the act or art is called a singing.

According to Winkler ( 1990 : 17 ) song is a relatively short metrical composition designed for singing, it is often devided into stanzas, in which the meaning is conveyed by the combined force of words and melody. Therefore, the song is belong to poetry and a music equelly.

2.7 A Brief Explanation of Taylor Swift

According to internet website named Happy Lifestyle Journal, pop country superstar Taylor Swift was born on December 13, 1989 in Reading, Pennsylvania.

Her family moved to Hendersonville, Tennessee in her early teens in the hopes that she would have a better chance at pursuing a music career.

Taylor received an Artist Development deal from the label RCA, which gave no guarantee to produce an album. Her chances of producing an album with RCA were gone when she was dropped by the label. She was soon “discovered” by a music industry veteran named Scott Borchetta. Unfortunately, he did not have a label to sign her to. In fact, he was planning to start his own label. Taylor took a leap of faith and it paid off. Her first album, self-titled, was released in 2006 by Big Machine

Records. The album sold a few million copies and did well on the charts.

Her first single from the album was Tim McGraw, which was well received by critics and showcased her songwriting abilities. Our Song, Picture to Burn, and

Should‟ve Said No were also singles released from the albums. She was also able to promote the album by going on tour with acts like Rascal Flatts, Brad Paisley, Tim

McGraw, and Faith Hill.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It was Swift‟s second album, Fearless, that truly launched her into super stardom and made her a phenomenon. Over half a million copies of Fearless sold in its first week. The album was the top-selling album of 2009 and has sold 10 million copies worldwide. Tickets for the Fearless tour were hard to get. The shows sold out in minutes, another sign of Taylor Swift‟s growing popularity and fame.

Swift also began getting major recognition from Hollywood and the entertainment industry as a whole, seeming to win award after award during 2009 and 2010. She has received three Country of Academy Music Awards, four

Grammies, six American Music Awards, six Country Music Association Awards, seven Billboard Music Awards, eight BMI awards, five CMT Music Awards, one

MTV Video Music Award, one People‟s Choice Awards, and three Teen Choice

Awards, among others.

All the attention and fame also made most of Swift‟s personal experiences very public, though many of her personal experiences are part of her songs anyway.

Her relationship and breakup with star Joe Jonas of the Jonas Brothers, whom she toured with on their Burning Up tour, gained a lot of attention. On an appearance on the Ellen Degeneres Show Taylor claimed that Joe had broken up with her over the phone in less than thirty seconds and that one of the songs on the album, Forever and

Always, was about the relationship. This sparked more talk about the relationship and caused fans to pick sides. Taylor also received a great deal of attention when her acceptance speech for her MTV Video of the Year Award was interrupted by Kanye

West. Several other stars came to her defense. West apologized, but had trouble recovering from the controversy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.8 Relevant Studies

The writer collected some previous thesis to supporting the idea of the analysis. There are: A work from Tambunan (2018) in title An Analysis of Figurative

Meaning on Obama’s Presidential Speech. The writer analysis and classified the data based on figurative of speech theory of Wren and Martin. Theoretically, there are eleven types of figures of speech. They are metaphor, simile, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, overstatement, apostrophe, hyperbola and irony. Based on the analysis the findings of this study can be conclude that:

1. There are five types of figure of speech are used by Obama Presidential

Speech namely Metaphor (22,03), Simile (15,25), Personification (18,64),

Synecdoche (1,7), Metonymy (5,08), Hyperbole (33,90), Irony (3,40).

2. Hyperbole is the dominant used by Obama Presidential Speech.

The second thesis is Figurative Language Analysis In Five John Legend’s

Songs by Arifah (2016). The researcher focuses on analyze the kinds of figurative language such as simile, methapor, hyperbola and other. Beside, the researcher focuses on analyze the meaning of each figurative language in five John Legend‟s song After analyzing and discussing the lyrics of the song john legend, researchers can conclude that there are many types of figurative language found in this research.

In some songs found some of the same types of figurative language. In this study figurative language that is often found is the personification, hyperbole, metaphor, and paradox. Besides that, the researcher also fined another figurative language as oxymoron, litotes, simile, allusion, repetition, symbolic and enumeration. Hyperbole the most dominant type of figures in John Legend‟s selected songs in hyperbole because it as an exaggeration used for special effect. Hyperbole is commonly used in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA daily conversation and also in all kinds of literature such as prose or drama and song lyrics.

The third is a journal of language and linguistic (2016), it is Non-Literal

Meaning Comprehension: A Small-Scale Analysis on Turkish Speakers by Piner Ibe

Akcan. This study aimed to contribute to reveal the non-literal meaning comprehension literature with evidence from Turkish native speakers of different genders and age groups with a designed simple non-literal meaning comprehension test and a six-point measuring scale. With this purpose in mind, the first section is devoted to a comprehensive and overall review of the related literature, the second section introduces the data collection and data analysis procedures of the study, and the third section presents the findings. The overall results of the study show that the participants are successful in the interpretation of non – literal expressions. This also brings out the question of a possible difference between age groups and gender. The results show slight differences between the groups when gender and age variables are considered. This indicates that the participants used before and after sentences in the test as functional contextual clues in the interpretation of non – literal expressions. When the results are compared in terms of the type of the non – literal expressions, differences in the strategies used to define are observed between genders. Moreover, the participants did not have any difficulty in the interpretation of metonymic expressions when compared to metaphorical expressions. The reason for this can be the nature of the metaphorical and metonymic expressions themselves. Metonymic expressions in which conceptual mapping is operated within one domain seem to be easier to access for the interpreter. Apart from this, the participants were also successful in interpreting humorous expressions which are motivated by metonymies.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The other thesis is An Analysis of Figurative Languages Used in Rick

Riordan’s Novel Entitled “The Heroes of Olympics, Book Three: The Mark of

Athena” by Saputri (2014). This study only focuses on the sentences that used figurative language in the novel ―The Heroes of Olympics, Book Three: The Mark of Athena‖. The researcher limits the analysis on the description of types of figurative language and the contextual meaning of the figurative language used in the novel. The framework of the analysis is using Leech„s types of figurative language, there are personification, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, litotes, metonymy and oxymoron. the researcher concludes that the novel entitled The

Heroes of Olympics, Book Three: The Mark of Athena written by Rick

Riordan consists of 94 sentences that used figurative language. The sentence that has figurative language in the novel entitled. The Heroes of Olympics, Book

Three: The Mark of Athena written by Rick Riordan are 52 or 55.9% of simile,

18 or 19.4% of personification, 16 or 17.2% of hyperbole, 6 or 6.4% of metaphor, and 1 or 1.1% of metonymy.

Some thesis and journal above contributed the writer to complete this thesis based on the analysis. The writer want to explain that this analysis focused on non – literal meaning based on the sadness portrayed in selected songs of Taylor Swift.

Actually this analysis have a same with some thesis above, that is discussing about non – literal meaning in the lyrics of song but also have the difference, that are the objects of the analysis and the focus of the study which is to analyze the conceptual of sadness theme in song lyrics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.9 Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework is how the variables or objects in the study connect to each other. McGaghie et al (2001) states that the conceptual framework „sets the stage‟ for the presentation of the particular research questions that drives the investigation being reported based on the problem statement.

SEMANTICS STUDY

NON – LITERAL MEANING IN SELECTED SONGS

THE TYPES OF NON – LITERAL THE TYPES OF SADNESS MEANING (DAMPENED MOOD, (METAPHOR, PERSONIFICATION, QUIETNESS, LETHARGY, SYNECHDOCHE, HYPERBOLE, WITHDRAWAL FROM OTHER, SIMILE, METONYMY, IRONY, CRYING) LITOTES)

SADNESS PORTRAYED IN TAYLOR SWIFTS SONG LYRICS

Figure 2.9. Conceptual Framework of the study

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY

The most important one in a research or in analyzing the data is a method of analysis. In this study, the writer used a library research, by collecting some data to support the analysis. Taylor Swift‟s songs is the main object of the analysis. The data were analyzed based on the aspect of form and the meaning.

3.1 Method of Study

The method of this study is descriptive qualitative method. The qualitative method is a type os social science research that collects and works with non- numerical data that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help us understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The data for this research is song‟s lyric that contained the sadness. The data source is focused to the selected seven Taylor Swift‟s songs. They were chosen randomly of the songs were some song of Taylor Swift‟s album. They titled are:

1. Teardrops on my guitar, released in 2006

2. Dear John, released in 2010

3. Back to December, released in 2010

4. We are never ever getting back together, released in 2012

5. All too well, released in 2012

6. Safe and sound, released in 2012

7. I don‟t wanna live forever, released 2017

The data is taken from internet website https://www.azlyrics.com/

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Method of Collecting Data

The collecting data is one of the tasks which is the most one important in a research. In this study, the writer tried to analysis non – literal meaning in Taylor

Swift‟s selected songs from sadness aspect. The writer collected some references which are relevant and related with the topic.

In collecting data, the researcher uses the method of documentation. The method of documentation is to find data about the things or variables in the form of notes, transcripts, books, newspapers, magazines, inscriptions, minutes of meetings, agendas, and so forth, (Arikunto, 2006:231). The library research method is applied because it is considered as the suitable method in collecting the data of this research because the main object of this research is the lyrics in the songs.

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

In analysing the data, the writer uses the Miles, Huberman and Saldana‟s qualitative research method. Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014) state that there are four components of data analysis in qualitative research. Miles, Huberman and

Saldana‟s (2014:31) state that we define analysis as consisting of three concurrent flows of activity: data condensation, dana display, and conclusion drawing/verification.

Figures 3.4 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model (Miles,

Huberman and Saldana, 2014:33)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The steps of components of data analysis are as follows:

a. Data Condensation

Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials (Miles, Huberman, and Saldana,2014:31). The process of data selection in this study is by reading all of song lyrics from the album. The focus of this study is to find the lyric that contained the meaning of sadness and emotion of sadness. o Selecting

The researcher selects the data from lyrics related to non – literal meaning

in seven selected songs of Taylor Swift. o Focusing

The researcher focus on the types of non – literal meaning and types of

sadness in seven selected Taylor Swift‟s song lyrics. o Simplifying

The researcher simplified the data by marked with italic or underlined

words then analyze the data by using the semantics study of non – literal. o Abstracting

The data had been analyzed by using the semantics study of non – literal

meaning and types of sadness. The data described according to its

category and types of referent. o Transforming

Researcher transform the data into paragraphs to become the part of

analysis and the findings.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b. Data Display

Data display defines as an organized, compressed assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing and action (Miles, Huberman, and

Saldana‟s 2014:31). After collecting and analyze the data, the writer is going to display the data in the form of table.

c. Conclusion Drawing and Verification

The conclusion drawing can only be done after the analysis is done.

The conclusion is the answer to the problems of the study. It will be displayed later in the final chapter of this research. The verification of the analysis will be done by the supervisors this research. The verification is done to make sure that the findings from the research can be used by the reader who wishes to use this thesis as a research.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

This study is focusing to analyze the data of lyrics that have non – literal

meaning which use figure of speech that includes metaphor, personification,

synecdoche, hyperbole, simile, and metonymy then analyze the data containing the

types of sadness that includes dampened mood, quietness, lethargy, withdrawal from

other, and crying.

4.1 Types of Non – Literal Meaning Used in Selected Taylor Swift’s Songs.

Below are the types of non – literal meaning found in selected Taylor Swift‟s

songs.

4.1.1 Dear John

In the first title of the song “Dear John” there are eight lyrics that have the

non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. But I swore I was fine, you paint me a blue Hyperbole

sky and go back and turn it to rain

2. And I live in your chess game but you Metaphor

changed the rules every day

3. Well maybe it‟s me and my blind optimism Personification

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to blame

4. To be played by your dark twisted games Metaphor

when I loved you so

5. All the girls that you’ve run dry have tired, Hyperbole

lifeless eyes

6. Cause you burned them out Metaphor

7. But I took your matches before fire could Hyperbole

catch me

8. I’m shining like fireworks over your sad, Simile

empty town

Table 4.1.1 Type of Non – Literal in Dear John

1. But I swore I was fine, you paint me a blue sky and go back and turn it to

rain

The sentence “you paint me a blue sky and go back and turn it to rain” in the lyric above is categorized as hyperbole because it is impossible for someone to paint a sky in others. It is exaggerated expression where she said you paint me a blue sky.

This expression may mean that he gives happiness or wonderful thing to her. Go back here means a condition where he is come back into her life for doing something, while turn it to rain means where someone changes her feeling to be sad where the condition is full of tears.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. And I live in your chess game but you changed the rules every day

The phrase “chess game” in the lyric above is categorized as metaphor because

“chess game” here is compared with something complicated. So the hidden meaning is someone live in a complicated situation looks like playing chess with all the chaotic rules.

3. Well maybe it‟s me and my blind optimism to blame

The lyric above is categorized as personification because the phrase “my blind optimism” is personifies the human personality. It means that someone who has an excessive optimism or improper optimism.

4. To be played by your dark twisted games when I loved you so

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor because “dark twisted games” is compared with something creepy complicated so the hidden meaning is when she loved him sincerely but he played her love cruelly.

5. All the girls that you’ve run dry have tired, lifeless eyes

The words “all the girls that you‟ve run dry” is categorized as hyperbole because how can someone dry out the humans, moreover it is impossible that he dried all the girls. That words might mean that the girl that he has spent happiness.

6. Cause you burned them out

The word “burned” is categorized as metaphor because it is compared with something destroyed. The hidden meaning is someone who does something painful to someone else. Something that is burnt will burn away and disappear as well as someone who hurt will go away.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 7. But I took your matches before fire could catch me

The sentence is categorized as hyperbole because it is an exaggerated expression

when fire can catch a human. Fire here means something dangerous like a problem or

disaster, so the hidden meaning is he/she prevented the problem before the problem

exist.

8. I’m shining like fireworks over your sad, empty town

The lyric above is categorized as simile because the word “shining” is compared

to a “fireworks”. It may means that someone is so shining or happy, full of smile

with radiant face as we know fireworks is something full of light.

4.1.2 All too Well

In the second title of the songs “all too well” there are four lyrics that have

the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. Hey, you call me up again just to break me Simile

like a promise

2. I’m a crumpled up piece of paper lying Hyperbole

here

3. Time won’t fly, it‟s like I‟m paralyzed by it Metaphor

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. After plaid shirt days and nights when you Personification

made me your own, now you mail back my

things and I walk home alone

Table 4.1.2 Type of Non – Literal in All too Well

1. Hey, you call me up again just to break me like a promise

The expression above is categorized as simile because the words “break me” are compared with the word “promise” and using the connective word like. As we know that break me is a human‟s activity.

2. I’m a crumpled up piece of paper lying here

The lyric above is categorized as hyperbole because it indicates an exaggeration.

Its literal meaning is she feels like a crumpled up piece of paper. While its non – literal meaning is she feels lonely and broken with all her messy thoughts which is likened to a piece of crumpled paper. It is exaggerated expression because human cannot become a paper.

3. Time won’t fly, it‟s like I‟m paralyzed by it

This lyric is categorized as metaphor because the words “won‟t fly” are compare with the word “paralyzed” as we know that both of the words has a different meaning of the literal meaning. It implies a comparison of time. It may mean that the time is too long to pass and make her unable to do anything, she was stuck in a situation or problem.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me your own, now you mail

back my things and I walk home alone

The words “plaid shirt” is categorized as personification because it is an

inanimate that describe the quality of life. Plaid shirt here symbolizes something

casual. Something casual is definitely used every day, so is she.

4.1.3 Back to December

In the third title of the songs “Back to December” there are six lyrics that

have the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. So this is me swallowing my pride, Hyperbole

standing in front of you saying I‟m sorry

for that night

2. It turns out freedom ain’t nothing but Hyperbole

missing you

3. I go back to December all the time Hyperbole

4. And I think about summer, all the beautiful Personification

times

5. And then the cold came, the dark days Metaphor

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA when fear crept into my mind

6. So if the chain is on your door, I Metaphor

understand

Table 4.1.3 Type of Non – Literal in Back to December

1. So this is me swallowing my pride, standing in front of you saying I‟m sorry

for that night

This expression is categorized as hyperbole because the words “swallowing my pride” refers to human action. It is impossible that pride can be swallowed because pride is not a thing that can be eaten.

2. It turns out freedom ain’t nothing but missing you

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor because the word “freedom” is compared with the word “missing”. Freedom means a condition where someone can do everything that she/he will without anyone. While missing means a condition where someone feeling lost and hope to meet someone the missed one.

3. I go back to December all the time

The lyric above is categorized as hyperbole because the sentence is an exaggerated expression. How can we go back to the past at all the time. It means that she always flashback to the moments that happened in December.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. And I think about summer, all the beautiful times

It is categorized as personification because the phrase “beautiful times”

personifies the quality of life. The real meaning of beautiful times is memorable

times or good moments he/she has.

5. And then the cold came, the dark days when fear crept into my mind

The expression above is categorized as metaphor because the words “the cold

came” are compared with the words “the dark days” as we know both of the words

has a different meaning in literal meaning but in this lyric the cold came and the dark

days implies a comparison of situation.

6. So if the chain is on your door, I understand

This lyric is categorized as metaphor because the words “chain is on your door”

are compared with something tightly closed. The composer described a close heart or

closed hope with the words chain is on your door.

4.1.4 Teardrops on My Guitar

In the fourth title of the songs “Teardrops on My Guitar” there five lyrics that

have the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. I wonder if he knows he’s all I think about Synecdoche

at night

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. He‟s the song in the car I keep singing, Metaphor

don‟t know why I do

3. He‟s the reason for the teardrops on my Metonymy

guitar

4. The only one who’s got enough of me to Hyperbole

break my heart

5. So I‟ll drive home alone Metonymy

Table 4.1.4 Type of Non – Literal in Teardrops on My Guitar

1. I wonder if he knows he’s all I think about at night

The expression above is categorized as synecdoche because the words “he‟s all I think” it indicates that a part refers to the whole thing. But if we try to comprehend the hidden meaning as reflected in the lyrics, it may mean that she never thoughts anything else than about him in every night.

2. He‟s the song in the car I keep singing, don‟t know why I do

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor because the word “song” is compared with the words “keep singing”. She is keep singing the song continuously. It might mean that he is the person she always thinking about.

3. He‟s the reason for the teardrops on my guitar

This lyric is categorized as metonymy because the word “teardrops” have a closely associated meaning with crying.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. The only one who’s got enough of me to break my heart

The expression above is categorized as hyperbole because the words “only one”

indicates exaggeration thing. It is impossible for her that only him be the one to make

her hurt.

5. So I‟ll drive home alone

It categorized as metonymy because “drive home” is closely related to the word

„go home‟. It means that she will go home by herself.

4.1.5 Safe and Sound

In the fifth title of the songs “Safe and Sound” there are three lyrics that have

the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. I remember tears streaming down your Hyperbole

face when I said I‟ll never let you go

2. When all those shadows almost killed your Personification

light

3. I remember you said don‟t leave me here Metonymy

alone but all that’s dead and gone and

passed tonight

Table 4.1.5 Type of Non – Literal in Safe and Sound

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. I remember tears streaming down your face when I said I‟ll never let you go

The words “tears streaming down your face” is categorized as hyperbole because

it is a statement containing exaggeration sentence to emphasize a point. It is used

because the composer wants to emphasize about crying.

2. When all those shadows almost killed your light

The expression above is categorized as personification because it is refers an

action. The words “killed your light” means that shadows killing the light. It is a

human action and impossible that shadows can kill the light.

3. I remember you said don‟t leave me here alone but all that’s dead and gone

and passed tonight

It categorized as metonymy because it use words which is the meaning is closely

related to something doesn‟t exist anymore. It means that everything is over because

he left her alone.

4.1.6 I don’t Wanna Live Forever

In the sixth title of the songs “I don‟t Wanna Live Forever” there are four

lyrics that have the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. Been sitting eyes wide open behind these Metaphor

four walls, hoping you‟d call

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. It‟s just a cruel existence like there‟s no Metaphor

point hoping at all

3. I don’t wanna live forever, „cause I know Hyperbole

I‟ll be living in vain

4. I see you around in all these empty faces Personification

Table 4.1.6 Type of Non – Literal in I don‟t Wanna Live Forever

1. Been sitting eyes wide open behind these four walls, hoping you‟d call

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor because the words “four walls” are compared with something hard, thick and layered. The composer described the overlapping problems by using that words.

2. It‟s just a cruel existence like there‟s no point hoping at all

The expression above is categorized as metaphor because the words “a cruel existence” are compared with the words “no point hoping at all” as we know both of the words has a different meaning in the literal meaning but in this lyric a cruel existence and no point hoping at all implies a comparison of feeling and situation.

3. I don’t wanna live forever, „cause I know I‟ll be living in vain

The lyric above is categorized as hyperbole because it is indicates exaggeration.

No human lives forever in this world. How can human live in a vanity, it is not possible because in life of course we get a lot of good things and not just in vain.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. I see you around in all these empty faces

The words “empty faces” is categorized as personification because that word

personifies the humans feeling. It is impossible if human has an empty faces.

4.1.7 We are Never Ever Getting Back Together

In the seventh title of the songs “We are Never Ever Getting Back Together”

there are three lyrics that have the non – literal meaning, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF NON – LITERAL

1. I remember when we broke up the first Metonymy

time

2. When you, said you, needed space Synecdoche

3. And you, would hide away and find your Metaphor

peace of mind

Table 4.1.7 Type of Non – Literal in We are Never Ever Getting Back

Together

1. I remember when we broke up the first time

This lyric is categorized as metonymy because the words “when we broke up”

closely associated to the broken relationship. The composer described a broken

relationship by using the words “when we broke up”.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. When you, said you, needed space

The expression above is categorized as synecdoche because the word “space” is a

part used to mean the whole thing. It means that he needs time for himself without

her so he should be stay away from her.

3. And you, would hide away and find your peace of mind

This lyric is categorized as metaphor because the words “hide away” and the

words “find your peace of mind” is compared. He need to stay away from her to

calm his mind. In simple meaning, he left her.

4.2 Types of Sadness Contained in Non – Literal Meaning Used in Selected

Taylor Swift’s Songs.

Below are the types of sadness found in non – literal meaning used in

selected Taylor Swift‟s songs.

4.2.1 Dear John

In the first title of the song “Dear John” there are only four lyrics that have

the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. But I swore I was fine, you paint me a blue sky and Crying

go back and turn it to rain

2. To be played by your dark twisted games when I Dampened Mood

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA loved you so

3. All the girls that you’ve run dry have tired, lifeless Lethargy

eyes

4. Cause you burned them out Withdrawal from other

Table 4.2.1 Type of Sadness in Dear John

1. But I swore I was fine, you paint me a blue sky and go back and turn it to

rain

The sentence “you paint me a blue sky and go back and turn it to rain” in the lyric above is categorized as hyperbole. This expression may mean that he gives happiness or wonderful thing to her. Go back here means a condition where he is come back into her life for doing something, while turn it to rain means where someone changes her feeling to be sad where the condition is full of tears. So this lyric means that he gives her hope of happiness and then came back just to turn all those beautiful hopes into tears. That is why this lyric is categorized as crying in the types of sadness.

2. To be played by your dark twisted games when I loved you so

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor. The hidden meaning is when she loved him sincerely but he played her love cruelly. How sad she is. So it is categorized as dampened mood.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. All the girls that you’ve run dry have tired, lifeless eyes

The words “all the girls that you‟ve run dry” is categorized as hyperbole. That

words might mean that the girl that he has spent happiness. The lifeless eyes reflect a

hollow life, an empty hopes. It may mean the girl who tired and gave up because she

lost her happiness so she also lost her hopes like desperate person so it is lethargy in

types of sadness.

4. Cause you burned them out

The word “burned” is categorized as metaphor. The hidden meaning is someone

who does something painful to someone else. Something that is burnt will burn away

and disappear as well as someone who hurt will go away. It is categorized as

withdrawal from other.

4.2.2 All too Well

In the second title of the songs “all too well” there are only four lyrics that

have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness in the song, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. Hey, you call me up again just to break me like a Dampened Mood

promise

2. I’m a crumpled up piece of paper lying here Quietness

3. Time won’t fly, it‟s like I‟m paralyzed by it Dampened Mood

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me Quietness

your own, now you mail back my things and I walk

home alone

Table 4.2.2 Type of Sadness in All too Well

1. Hey, you call me up again just to break me like a promise

The expression above is categorized as simile. And here you call me up again just to break me like a promise it may mean that he had a relationship with her again just to break her heart like a promise that is usually denied by people or ruin a commitment. So this lyrics is reflected dampened mood in types of sadness because of her hurt.

2. I’m a crumpled up piece of paper lying here

Hyperbole is used in this lyric. She feels lonely and broken with all her messy thoughts which is likened to a piece of crumpled paper. It is exaggerated expression because human cannot become a paper. With all of her feelings, this lyric is categorized as a quietness.

3. Time won’t fly, it‟s like I‟m paralyzed by it

This lyric is categorized as metaphor. It may mean that the time is too long to pass and make her unable to do anything, she was stuck in a situation or problem.

And it is categorized as a dampened mood.

4. After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me your own, now you mail

back my things and I walk home alone

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The words “plaid shirt” is categorized as personification. Plaid shirt here

symbolizes something casual. Something casual is definitely used every day, so is

she. She waste her time every day with him, days and nights but now she is alone in

her quietness. It is categorized as quietness.

4.2.3 Back to December

In the third title of the songs “Back to December” there are only four lyrics

that have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. So this is me swallowing my pride, standing in front Dampened Mood

of you saying I‟m sorry for that night

2. It turns out freedom ain’t nothing but missing you Dampened Mood

3. And then the cold came, the dark days when fear Quietness

crept into my mind

4. So if the chain is on your door, I understand Withdrawal from other

Table 4.2.3 Type of Sadness in Back to December

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. So this is me swallowing my pride, standing in front of you saying I‟m sorry

for that night

This expression is categorized as hyperbole. This lyric might mean that she relented and dampened her ego to say sorry and it categorized as a dampened mood in types of sadness.

2. It turns out freedom ain’t nothing but missing you

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor. Freedom means a condition where someone can do everything that she/he will without anyone. While missing means a condition where someone feeling lost and hope to meet someone the missed one. So in the expression above the composer wants to describe that a freedom meant nothing when someone is still missing someone else and that lyric is categorized as a dampened mood.

3. And then the cold came, the dark days when fear crept into my mind

The expression above is categorized as metaphor. In this lyric the cold came and the dark days implies a comparison of situation. It may mean that when every cold and quiet night she began feel the fear. And it is categorized as a quietness.

4. So if the chain is on your door, I understand

This lyric is categorized as metaphor. Chained door cannot be opened likewise a closed heart doesn‟t accept anyone anymore. The simple meaning is a rejection, so this lyric categorized as withdrawal from other.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.4 Teardrops on My Guitar

In the fourth title of the songs “Teardrops on My Guitar” there only four

lyrics that have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. I wonder if he knows he’s all I think about at night Dampened Mood

2. He‟s the reason for the teardrops on my guitar Crying

3. The only one who’s got enough of me to break my Dampened Mood

heart

4. So I‟ll drive home alone Quietness

Table 4.2.4 Type of Sadness in Teardrops on My Guitar

1. I wonder if he knows he’s all I think about at night

The expression above is categorized as synecdoche. If we try to comprehend the

hidden meaning as reflected in the lyrics, it may mean that she never thoughts

anything else than about him in every night. So she always thinking about him with

her anxious feeling and it is categorized as dampened mood in types of sadness.

2. He‟s the reason for the teardrops on my guitar

This lyric is categorized as metonymy. And it is categorized as crying in the

types of sadness because the teardrops on her guitar is her tears because she is crying

over him.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. The only one who’s got enough of me to break my heart

The expression above is categorized as hyperbole. It is impossible for her that

only him be the one to make her hurt. It may mean that he had made her fully hurt. It

is why the lyric above is categorized as dampened mood.

4. So I‟ll drive home alone

It categorized as metonymy because. It means that she will go home by herself.

Alone here means a solitude and categorized as quietness.

4.2.5 Safe and Sound

In the fifth title of the songs “Safe and Sound” there are only three lyrics that

have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. I remember tears streaming down your face when I Crying

said I‟ll never let you go

2. When all those shadows almost killed your light Dampened Mood

3. I remember you said don‟t leave me here alone but Quietness

all that’s dead and gone and passed tonight

Table 4.2.5 Type of Sadness in Safe and Sound

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. I remember tears streaming down your face when I said I‟ll never let you go

The words “tears streaming down your face” is categorized as hyperbole. It is

used because the composer wants to emphasize about crying so this lyric also

categorized as crying in the types of sadness.

2. When all those shadows almost killed your light

The expression above is categorized as personification. It is a human action and

impossible that shadows can kill the light. But if we can try to understand the hidden

meaning from the lyric “all those shadows almost killed your light” it may mean that

everything related to him/her will hurt you. And the expression above is categorized

as dampened mood.

3. I remember you said don‟t leave me here alone but all that’s dead and gone

and passed tonight

It categorized as metonymy. It means that everything is over because he left her

alone. That is why it categorized as quietness.

4.2.6 I don’t Wanna Live Forever

In the sixth title of the songs “I don‟t Wanna Live Forever” there are only

four lyrics that have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. Been sitting eyes wide open behind these four walls, Dampened Mood

hoping you‟d call

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. It‟s just a cruel existence like there‟s no point Dampened Mood

hoping at all

3. I don’t wanna live forever, „cause I know I‟ll be Lethargy

living in vain

4. I see you around in all these empty faces Dampened Mood

Table 4.2.6 Type of Sadness in I don‟t Wanna Live Forever

1. Been sitting eyes wide open behind these four walls, hoping you‟d call

The lyric above is categorized as metaphor. The composer described the overlapping problems by using that words. This lyric is categorized as dampened mood because the hidden meaning that we can see is the situation of someone who was sitting alone lamenting all the problems he/she faced and hope someone comes to be with him/her.

2. It‟s just a cruel existence like there‟s no point hoping at all

The expression above is categorized as metaphor. It may mean that the problem was so complicated and give up to find way out of that problem. It is categorized as dampened mood.

3. I don’t wanna live forever, „cause I know I‟ll be living in vain

The lyric above is categorized as hyperbole. No human lives forever in this world. How can human live in a vanity, it is not possible because in life of course we get a lot of good things and not just in vain. The expression above is categorized as

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA lethargy because the lyric might mean that she was tired of her problems so she could

no longer live her life.

4. I see you around in all these empty faces

The words “empty faces” is categorized as personification. It is impossible if

human has an empty faces. This expression is categorized as dampened mood

because of her bad mood, in the midst of the crowd she didn‟t feel crowded but she

still thought about him.

4.2.7 We are Never Ever Getting Back Together

In the seventh title of the songs “We are Never Ever Getting Back Together”

there are only three lyrics that have the non – literal meaning in terms of sadness,

they are:

No. LYRICS TYPE OF SADNESS

1. I remember when we broke up the first time Dampened Mood

2. When you, said you, needed space Withdrawal from other

3. And you, would hide away and find your peace of Quietness

mind

Table 4.2.7 Type of Sadness in We are Never Ever Getting Back Together

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. I remember when we broke up the first time

This lyric is categorized as metonymy because the words “when we broke up” closely associated to the broken relationship. The composer described a broken relationship by using the words “when we broke up”. It is categorized as dampened mood because she remember when she hurt by a broken relationship.

2. When you, said you, needed space

The expression above is categorized as synecdoche because the word “space” is a part used to mean the whole thing. It means that he needs time for himself without her so he should be stay away from her and it is categorized as withdrawal from other in the types of sadness.

3. And you, would hide away and find your peace of mind

This lyric is categorized as metaphor because the words “hide away” and the words

“find your peace of mind” is compared. He need to stay away from her to calm his mind. In simple meaning, he left her. So this expression is categorized as quietness.

4.3 Findings

4.3.1 Types of Non – Literal Meaning

After analyzing the data, the writer found that Taylor Swift‟s songs use non – literal meaning in her lyrics of selected song. The types of non- literal meaning which are used by the composer they are: metaphor, personification, simile, synecdoche, hyperbole, and metonymy. Non – literal meaning are used consist of 33 cases, 10 cases of metaphor, 5 cases of personification, 2 cases of simile, 2 cases of synecdoche, 10 cases of hyperbole, and 4 cases of metonymy. The writer found that metaphor and hyperbole becomes most frequently used in the lyrics of the songs.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

No. TYPES OF NON - NUMBER PERCENTAGE

LITERAL

1. Metaphor 10 30,3%

2. Personification 5 15,1%

3. Simile 2 6,1%

4. Synecdoche 2 6,1%

5. Hyperbole 10 30,3%

6. Metonymy 4 12,1%

Total 33 100%

Table 4.3.1 Findings Type of Non – Literal Meaning

4.3.2 Types of Sadness

The writer also found the non – literal meaning which contains the types of sadness consist of dampened mood, lethargy, withdrawal from other, quietness, and crying. Types of sadness are used consist of 26 cases, 12 cases of dampened mood, 3 cases of lethargy, 2 cases of withdrawal from other, 6 cases of quietness, and 3 cases of crying. The writer found that dampened mood becomes most frequently used in the lyrics of the songs.

No. TYPES OF SADNESS NUMBER PERCENTAGE

1. Dampened mood 12 46,2%

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Lethargy 3 11,5%

3. Withdrawal from other 2 7,7%

4. Quietness 6 23,1%

5. Crying 3 11,5%

Total 26 100%

Table 4.3.2 Types of Sadness

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the seven titles of Taylor Swift‟s songs, the writer found that there are 33 lyrics have hidden meaning or non – literal meaning and found 26 non – literal meanings in terms of sadness. As we know that lyrics is the part of song in which particular circumstances can contain non – literal meanings.

Non – literal meaning used in the lyrics of song is to make the song more beautiful and be more meaningful, so that make more interesting for the hearers.

Although it is not easy to catch the meaning of non –literal expressions in terms of sadness because the readers or hearers should be able to recognize the kinds of non – literal meaning used in the songs and contains what type of sadness it is.

To avoid misunderstanding for readers and hearers in comprehending the meanings of the song must understand what the composer‟s aim is in the songs because it is very important in enjoying the songs.

Based on the result that the writer has gained from seven titles of Taylor

Swift‟s songs, the writer can draw conclusions about the lyrics which have non – literal meaning in terms of sadness, they are:

1. Selected Taylor Swift‟s songs have 6 types of non – literal meaning, they

are: metaphor, hyperbole, personification, simile, synecdoche, and

metonymy. There are 33 cases of non – literal meaning found in selected

seven titles of Taylor Swift‟s songs that become object of the research,

they are: 10 cases of metaphor, 5 cases of personification, 2 cases of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA simile, 2 cases of synecdoche, 10 cases of hyperbole, and 4 cases of

metonymy.

2. Selected Taylor Swift‟s songs have 5 types of sadness, they are:

dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from other, and crying.

There are 26 non – literal meanings in terms of sadness found in selected

seven titles of Taylor Swift‟s songs that also become an object of the

research, they are: 12 cases of dampened mood, 3 cases of lethargy, 2

cases of withdrawal from other, 6 cases of quietness, and 3 cases of

crying.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusions above, the writer would like to suggest the following:

1. For English Department students it is very important to learn about

semantics study.

2. It is important to learn about non – literal meaning or hidden meaning for

students so the students are able to use figurative language or expression

and also understand about the real meaning.

3. The students must be able to determine a lyrics that has a non – literal

meaning.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Akcan, Piner Ibe. (2016). Non-Literal Meaning Comprehension: A Small-Scale

Analysis on Turkish Speakers. International Journal of Language and

Linguistics Vol. 3, No. 4; (October 2016).

Arifah, Khadijah. (2016). Figurative Language Analysis in Five John Legend’s

Songs. Universitas Negeri Islam Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

(Unpublished Thesis).

Arikunto. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT.

Rineka Cipta

Bäuerle, R., Urs Egli & Arnim von Stechow (eds.), (1979). Semantics From

Different Points of View. Springer Verlag

Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing

Emotions from Facial Clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Reprint

edn, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. (1984).

Glucksberg, Sam (2001-07-26). Understanding Figurative Language:From

Metaphor to Idioms: From Metaphor to Idioms. Oxford University Press.

Gray, M. (1984). Dictionary of literary terms. London; Longman Group UK

Limited.

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts,

eds. P. Cole and J. Morgan, 41 - 58. New York: Academic Press. Reprinted

in Grice, H.P. (1989 : 22 – 40).

Hornby, A.S. (2000). Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary. Oxford University

Press, USA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Kambartel, F. (1979). Constructive Pragmatics and Semantics. In Bauerle et al

(eds.), Semantics From Different Point Of View. Berlin, Hiedelberg and

New York: Springer, 195-205

Kennedy, X.L. (1982). Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama.

Toronto: Little Brown and Company, Inc.

Lehrer, Andrianne. (1974). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and

Communication. North Holland: The MIT Press.

McGaghie, W. C., Bordage, G., & Shea, J. A. (2001). Problem statement, conceptual

framework, and research question. Academic Medicine, 76(9), 923-924

Peter. (2002). Figurative Language and Semantics, pp.12. Boston: Little Brown and

Company.

Reacanati, Francois. (2004). Literal meaning, Cambridge: University Press.

Retrieved from https://happylifestylejournal.com/taylor-swift-a-short-biography/

Saputri, Eva Ervina Widi. (2014). An Analysis of Figurative Languages Used in Rick

Riordan’s Novel Entitled “The Heroes of Olympics, Book Three: The Mark

of Athena. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro Semarang. (Unpublished Thesis).

Saeed I John. (2003).Semantics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Siswantoro. (2002). Apresiasi Puisi-Puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Universitas

Muhammadiyah Press.

Tambunan, Erniati Ria. (2018). An Analysis of Figurative Meaning on Obama’s

Presidential Speech. The Episteme Journal of English Literature and

Linguistics Vol 4 no 2 (January 2018).

Tarigan, Hendry Guntur. (1985). Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa.

Winkler, Elizabeth Hale. (1990). The Function of Song in Contemporary British

Drama, London: University Delaware Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

Teardrops On My Guitar

Taylor Swift

Drew looks at me, I fake a smile so he won't see, What I want, what I need, And everything that we should be, I'll bet she's beautiful, That girl he talks about, And she's got everything that I've had to live without, Drew talks to me, AndI laugh 'cause it's just so funny, That I can't even see Anyone when he's with me, He says he's so in love, He's finally got it right, I wonder if he knows he's all I think about at night,

He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar, The only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing star, He's the song in the car I keep singing, don't know why I do

Drew walks by me, Can he tell that I can't breathe? And there he goes so perfectly, The kind of flawless I wish I could be, She better hold him tight, Give him all her love, Look in those beautiful eyes, And know she's lucky 'cause,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar, The only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing star, He's the song in the car I keep singing, don't know why I do

So I'll drive home alone, As I turn out the light, I'll put his picture down, And maybe get some sleep tonight,

He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar, The only one who's got enough of me to break my heart, He's the song in the car I keep singing, don't know why I do

He's the time taken up, But there's never enough, And he's all the I need to fall into,

Drew looks at me, I fake a smile so he won't see.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA All too Well

Taylor Swift

I walked through the door with you, the air was cold, But something 'bout it felt like home somehow and I Left my scarf there at your sister's house, And you still got it in your drawer even now.

Oh, your sweet disposition and my wide-eyed gaze. We're singing in the car, getting lost upstate. The Autumn leaves falling down like pieces into place, And I can picture it after all these days.

And I know it's long gone, And that magic's not here no more, And I might be okay, But I'm not fine at all.

'Cause there we are again on that little town street. You almost ran the red 'cause you were looking over me. Wind in my hair, I was there, I remember it all too well.

Photo album on the counter, your cheeks were turning red. You used to be a little kid with glasses in a twin-size bed And your mother's telling stories about you on a tee ball team You tell me 'bout your past, thinking your future was me.

And I know it's long gone And there was nothing else I could do And I forget about you long enough To forget why I needed to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 'Cause there we are again in the middle of the night. We dance around the kitchen in the refrigerator light Down the stairs, I was there, I remember it all too well, yeah.

Maybe we got lost in translation, maybe I asked for too much, And maybe this thing was a masterpiece 'til you tore it all up. Running scared, I was there, I remember it all too well.

Hey, you call me up again just to break me like a promise. So casually cruel in the name of being honest. I'm a crumpled up piece of paper lying here 'Cause I remember it all, all, all too well.

Time won't fly, it's like I'm paralyzed by it I'd like to be my old self again, but I'm still trying to find it After plaid shirt days and nights when you made me your own Now you mail back my things and I walk home alone But you keep my old scarf from that very first week 'Cause it reminds you of innocence and it smells like me You can't get rid of it, 'cause you remember it all too well, yeah

'Cause there we are again, when I loved you so Back before you lost the one real thing you've ever known It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well

Wind in my hair, you were there, you remember it all Down the stairs, you were there, you remember it all It was rare, I was there, I remember it all too well

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Dear John

Taylor Swift

Long were the nights when my days once revolved around you Counting my footsteps, Praying the floor won't fall through, again My mother accused me of losing my mind, But I swore I was fine, you paint me a blue sky And go back and turn it to rain And I lived in your chess game, But you changed the rules every day Wondering which version of you I might get on the phone Tonight, well I stopped picking up, and this song is to let you know why

Dear John, I see it all now that you're gone Don't you think I was too young to be messed with? The girl in the dress, cried the whole way home, I should've known

Well maybe it's me and my blind optimism to blame Maybe it's you and your sick need to give love then take it away And you'll add my name to your long list of traitors who don't understand And I'll look back and regret how I ignored when they said "run as fast as you can"

Dear John, I see it all now that you're gone Don't you think I was too young to be messed with? The girl in the dress, cried the whole way home

Dear John, I see it all, now it was wrong Don't you think nineteen is too young To be played by your dark twisted games, when I loved you so? I should've known You are an expert at sorry, And keeping the lines blurry

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Never impressed by me acing your tests All the girls that you've run dry Have tired, lifeless eyes 'Cause you burned them out But I took your matches before fire could catch me, So don't look now, I'm shining like fireworks over your sad, empty town

Dear John, I see it all now that you're gone Don't you think I was too young to be messed with? The girl in the dress, cried the whole way home.

I see it all now that you're gone Don't you think I was too young to be messed with? The girl in the dress wrote you a song You should've known, you should've known Don't you think I was too young? You should've known

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Back to December

Taylor Swift

I'm so glad you made time to see me How's life, tell me how's your family? I haven't seen them in a while You've been good, busier then ever We small talk, work and the weather Your guard is up and I know why

Because the last time you saw me Is still burned in the back of your mind You gave me roses and I left them there to die

So this is me swallowing my pride Standing in front of you saying I'm sorry for that night And I go back to December all the time It turns out freedom ain't nothing but missing you Wishing I'd realized what I had when you were mine I'd go back to December, turn around and make it all right I go back to December all the time

These days I haven't been sleeping Staying up playing back myself leaving When your birthday passed and I didn't call And I think about summer, all the beautiful times I watched you laughing from the passenger side And realized I'd loved you in the fall And then the cold came, the dark days when fear crept into my mind You gave me all your love and all I gave you was goodbye So this is me swallowing my pride Standing in front of you saying I'm sorry for that night

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And I go back to December all the time It turns out freedom ain't nothing but missing you Wishing I'd realized what I had when you were mine I'd go back to December turn around and change my own mind I go back to December all the time

I miss your tan skin, your sweet smile, so good to me, so right And how you held me in your arms that September night The first time you ever saw me cry Maybe this is wishful thinking Probably mindless dreaming But if we loved again I swear I'd love you right

I'd go back in time and change it but I can't So if the chain is on your door, I understand

But this is me swallowing my pride Standing in front of you saying I'm sorry for that night And I go back to December It turns out freedom ain't nothing but missing you Wishing I'd realized what I had when you were mine I'd go back to December turn around and make it all right I'd go back to December turn around and change my own mind I go back to December all the time all the time

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Safe & Sound

Taylor Swift

I remember tears streaming down your face when I said I'll never let you go When all those shadows almost killed your light I remember you said don't leave me here alone But all that's dead and gone and passed tonight

Just close your eyes, the sun is going down You'll be alright, no one can hurt you now Come morning light, you and I'll be safe and sound

Don't you dare look out your window, darling everything's on fire The war outside our door keeps raging on Hold onto this lullaby even when the musics gone, gone J ust close your eyes, the sun is going down You'll be alright, no one can hurt you now Come morning light, you and I'll be safe and sound

Just close your eyes, you'll be alright Come morning light, you and I'll be safe and sound

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together

Taylor Swift

I remember when we broke up, the first time Saying, this is it, I've had enough 'Cause like we hadn't seen each other in a month When you, said you, needed space (what?) Then you come around again and say Baby, I miss you and I swear I'm gonna change, trust me Remember how that lasted for a day? I say, I hate you, we break up, you call me, I love you

Oh we called it off again last night But oh, this time I'm telling you, I'm telling you

We are never ever, ever getting back together We are never ever, ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me But we are never ever, ever, ever getting back together

Like, ever

I'm really gonna miss you picking fights And me, falling for it screaming that I'm right And you, would hide away and find your peace of mind With some indie record that's much cooler than mine

Oh, you called me up again tonight But oh, this time I'm telling you, I'm telling you We are never ever, ever getting back together We! Are never ever, ever getting back together

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But, we are never ever, ever, ever getting back together

Oh yeah, oh yeah, oh yeah Oh oh oh

I used to think that we were forever ever, ever And I used to say, never say never Huh, so he calls me up and he's like, I still love you And I'm like I just I mean this is exhausting, you know, like

We are never getting back together like, ever We are never ever, ever getting back together We! Are never ever, ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me But we are never ever ever ever getting back together

We, are not getting back together, We oh, not getting back together

You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But we are never ever, ever, ever getting back together

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I Don't Wanna Live Forever

Taylor Swift, Zayn Malik

Been sitting eyes wide open behind these four walls, hoping you'd call It's just a cruel existence like there's no point hoping at all

Baby, baby, I feel crazy, up all night, all night and every day Give me something, oh, but you say nothing What is happening to me?

I'm sitting eyes wide open and I got one thing stuck in my mind Wondering if I dodged a bullet or just lost the love of my life, oh

Baby, baby, I feel crazy Up all night, all night and every day I gave you something, but you gave me nothing What is happening to me?

I don't wanna live forever, 'cause I know I'll be living in vain And I don't wanna fit (fit, babe) wherever (wherever) I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home

I've been looking sad in all the nicest places Baby, baby, I feel crazy I see you around in all these empty faces

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Up all night, all night and every day I've been looking sad in all the nicest places Give me something, oh, but you say nothing Now I'm in a cab, I tell 'em where your place is What is happening to me?

I don't wanna live forever, 'cause I know I'll be living in vain And I don't wanna fit wherever I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home

I just wanna keep calling your name until you come back home Until you come back home

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA