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Ground-Water Geology of Bexar County, Texas

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Ground-Water Geology of Bexar County, Texas TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGINEERS Durwood Manford, Chairman R. M. Dixon, Member O. F. Dent, Member ........ ••~-& 011··•• ,. ~..~~.~ :=:14.;;:-mm.. ...'.. ...,..:..: ':~,' , ,''': - .e, - •. .. -........:. , ::: '.:..-. BULLETIN 591' GROUND-WATER GEOLOGY OF BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS: . - Prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey and the City of San Antonio Oetober 1959 Price $1.00 (TO THOSE NOT ENTITL&!) TO FREE DISTRIBUTION) TEXAS BOARD OF WATER ENGmEERS Durwood Manford, Chairman R. M. Dixon, Member O. F. Dent, Member BULLETIN 5911 GROUND-WATER GEOLOGY OF BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS By Ted Arnow, Geologist United States Geolog~cal Survey Prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey and the City of San Antonio October 1959 Price $ l.00 (To Those Not Entitled to Free Distribution) Those entitled to free distribution are governmental agencies and officials. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page AESTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------·-------------------- 3 Location and economic importance of the area------------------------ 3 Purpose and scope of the investigation------------------------------ 3 Topography and drainage--------------------------------------------- 4 Climate------------------------------------------------------------- 4 GEOLOGY AND WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES OF THE FORMATIONS------------------- 6 Pre-Cretaceous rocks------------------------------------------------ 6 Cretaceous system--------------------------------------------------- 6 Pre-Comanche rocks--------------------------------------------- 6 Comanche series---.. -------------------------------------------- 8 Trinity group--------------------------------------------- 8 Pearsall formation----------------------------------- 8 Glen Rose 1imestone--------_------------------------- 8 Fredericksburg group-------------------------------------- 12 Walnut clay------------------------------------------ 12 Comanche Peak limestone------------------------------ 12 Edwards limestone------------------------------------ 12 Washita group--------------------------------------------- 14 Georgetown limestone--------------------------------- 14 Grayson sha1e---------------------------------------- 14 Buda limestone--------------------------------------- 14 Gulf series---------------------------------------------------- 15 Eagle Ford shale------------------------------------- 15 Austin chalk----------------------------------------- 15 L TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont I d) Page Anacacho limestone----------------------------------- 16 Taylor marl-------------------~----------------------16 Navarro group--------------------------------------------- 16 Tertiary system----------------------------------------------------- 17 Paleocene series----------------------------------------------- 17 Midway group, Wills Point formation----------------------- 17 Eocene series---------.----------------------------------------- 18 Wilcox group---------------------------------------------- 18 Claiborne group------------------------------------------- 18 Carrizo sand----------------------------------------- 18 Mount Selman formation------------------------------- 18 Tertiary (7) system------------------------------------------------- 19 Pliocene (7) series-------------------------------------------- 19 Uvalde gravel---------------------------------------- 19 Quaternary system--------------------------------------------------- 19 Pleistocene and Recent series---------------------------------- 19 Alluvium--------------------------------------------- 19 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE------------------------------------------------------- 19 GROUND WATER IN THE EDWARDS AND ASSOCIATED LIMESTONES-------------------- 21 Recharge-------------------------~-------------------- -------------- 21 Discharge----------------------------------------------------------- 23 Movement of water--------------------------------------------------- 24 Fluctuations of water levels---------------------------------------- 27 Quality of water---------------------------------------------------- 40 SUMMARY ---_. - ---------------------------------------------------- 40 REFERENCES CITED--------------------------------------------------------- 51 j \ 1 TABLES Page 1. Geologic formations of Bexar County) Texas-------------------------- lO 2. Estimated recharge to the ground-water reservoir from Cibolo Creek------------------------------------------------- 22 3. Estimated recharge to the ground-water reservoir in the area between the Cibolo Creek and the Medina River basins------------------------------------------------------------ 22 IIJ..USTRATIONS Figures 1. Map of Texas showing location of Bexar County----------------------- 5 1a. Mean monthly temperature and precipitation and annual precipitation at San Antonio Airport------------------------------ 9 2. Hydrographs of representative wells in the Edwards and associated 1imestones--------------------------------------------- 25 3 . Graph showing discharge from wells and springs in the Edwards and associated limestones, by type of use, 1934-56----------------------------------------------------------- 26 4. Map showing distribution of discharge from wells and springs in the Edwards and associated limestones, 1954------------ 29 5. Contour map of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones, October 1934--------------------------- 31 6. Contour map of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones, January 1952--------------------------- 33 7. Contour map of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones, August 1954----=----------------------- 35 8. Contour map of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones, January 1957--------------------------- 37 9· Hypothetical diagram showing how water in the cavernous Edwards and associated limestones may flow approxi­ mately parallel to the trend of the regional contours on the piezometric surface---------------------------------------- 39 10. Map showing dissolved solids, sulfate, and chloride in the ground water-----------------------~-----------------------43 ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'd) Page 11. Hydrograph of well 26 and monthly precipitation at San Antonio and at Boerne} Kendall County----------------------------- 45 12. Contour map showing decline of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones 1933-53------------------ 47 13. Contour map showing decline of the piezometric surface of the Edwards and associated limestones January 1954-January 1957----------------------------------------- 49 Plates Follows 1. Contour map of the top of the Edwards and associated limestones---------------------------------------------------- Page 52 2. Geologic map of Bexar County} Texas----------------------------- Plate 1 3. Geologic cross section A-A '------------------------------------- Plate 2 4. Geologic cross section B-B'------------------------------------- Plate 3 GROUND-WATER GEOLCGY OF BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS By Ted Arnow, Geologist United States Geological Survey October 1959 ABSTRACT The investigation in Bexar County was part of a comprehensive study of a large area in south-central Texas underlain by the Edwards and associated lime­ sto~es of Cretaceous age. The limestones form an aquifer which supplies water to the city of San Antonio, several military installations, many industrial pla~ts, and many irrigated farms. The investigation, started in 1932, is a cooperative project of the U. S. Geological Survey, the Texas Board of Water Engineers, and the San Antonio Water Board. The report includes a geologic map and two cross sections of the county, a description of the geologic formations, and a discussion of the major aquifer, the Edwards and associated limestones. The geologic formations that yield water to wells in Bexar County are sedi­ mentary rocks of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. The rocks strike northeastward and dip southeastward toward the Gulf of Mexico. In the northern part of the county, in an erosional remnant of the Edwards Plateau, the rocks are nearly flat and free from faulting. In the central and southern parts of the county, however, the rocks dip gulfward at moderately steep angles and are extensively faulted in the Balcones and Mexia fault zones. Individual faults or 6b.atter zones were traced as far as 25 miles; the maximum displacement is at least 600 feet. In general, the formations are either monoclinal or slightly folded; in the western part of the county the broad Culebra anticline plunges toward the southwest. Most of the large-capacity wells in Bexar County draw water from the Edwards and associated limestones, but a few draw from the Glen Rose limestone, the Austin chalk, and surficial sand and gravel. The Hosston formation, Glen Rose limestone, Buda limestone, and Austin chalk, all of Cretaceous age, gener­ ally yield small to moderate supplies; the Wilcox group and Carrizo sand of Tertiary age and alluvium of Pleistocene and Recent age generally yield small supplies. The Edwards and associated limestones are recharged primarily by ground­ water underflow into Bexar County from the west, and secondarily by seepage from streams that cross the outcrop of the aquifer in Bexar County. During the period 1934-47 the recharge to the aquifer in Bexar County is estimated to have averaged between 400,000 and 430,000 acre-feet per year. Discharge from the aquifer takes place by means of wells and springs and by underflow into Comal and Guadalupe Counties
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