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Please Pass the Salt: Using Oil Fields for the Disposal of Concentrate from Desalination Plants

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Please Pass the Salt: Using Oil Fields for the Disposal of Concentrate from Desalination Plants FINAL REPORT - June 2005 Please Pass the Salt: Using Oil Fields for the Disposal of Concentrate from Desalination Plants PRESSURE 8 0 % % 0 8 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 6 J l 0 C % % a 0 C 0 J + 6 + J J M 4 JJ J O 4 JJ J JJ J J J g 0 J JJ J J J J S JJ JJ J % % J J J J JJ J 1,000 J JJJJJJ J JJJ J J 0 JJJ J JJJJJ JJJJ J J J J 4 JJJ JJJJJ JJ JJ J J J JJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJ JJ 2 JJJJ JJJ JJ J J 0 J JJJJJ JJ JJJJ J J JJ J JJJJJJJJ J J % % J J JJJJJJJJJJ J JJ 2,000 JJ JJJ JJJJJ J J JJJ J 0 J JJJ JJJJJJJJJ JJJ J J JJ 2 JJ JJJJ J J J J JJJ JJ J J JJ J J J JJJJJ J JJ J J J JJ JJJJJJJJ J JJ J J JJJ J J JJJ J J 3,000 JJ JJ JJ J J J J JJ JJ J JJ J J JJ J J J J J J JJ J J J J J J J J JJ J JJJJ J J J JJ J JJ JJ JJJ JJJ J J JJJ J J J J JJ J JJ J J J J 4,000 J J J JJ JJJJJ J J J J JJJJ J J J J J JJ JJJJJ J J JJJJ DEPTH J J J J JJ JJJJ 5,000 J JJJ JJ JJ 2 JJJJ 0 % J JJ % 0 J JJJJ 2 J J J J 80% N JJJ 80% a JJ JJJ 3 6,000 JJJ J + J J O 4 JJ C 0 % K JJJ % J 0 J JJ H S g 4 JJ J O 60% JJ JJ J 60% M 4 7,000 6 JJ 0 J JJ J J J % % J JJ J J J J J 0 J JJ JJJ J J J J 6 JJJJ J 40% J J J J J J J J J J JJ 40% J J J JJ J JJ JJ J JJ 8,000 J J J J J 8 J J J J J JJJJJJ J J J J J J J 0 J J J J JJ JJ J J J J % J JJ J J J J JJ J JJ JJ J % J J JJJ JJJJ JJJJ J JJ J J J JJJJ JJJ J J 0 J JJJJJJ JJJJJJ J J JJJ J J JJ JJJ JJJJJJJ J JJ J 8 J JJ JJJJ JJJJJJ J JJ JJJ J JJ 20% J J JJJ JJJJJJJJJJ JJ JJJJJJ J J J J J JJJ JJJJJJ JJJJJJJ JJJ J JJJJ J 20% J JJ JJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJ J JJJ JJJ JJJJ J JJ JJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJ J J J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJ JJJ J JJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJ JJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ J J JJJ JJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJ J J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJ JJJJJJ J JJJJJJJJJJJJ JJ J JJJ JJ JJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ J JJJJJ JJJ JJJJJ J JJ JJ JJJJJ JJJJJJJ JJJ JJJ JJJJJJ JJJJ JJJJ JJ JJ J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJ J JJJJJJJ JJJJJJ JJ JJ JJJJJJJ 8 6 4 2 JJJJJJJJ JJ JJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJ 0 0 0 0 % % % % % % % % 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 Ca Cl 10000 1000 100 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 10 0.04 0.03 Probability 0.02 0.01 0.00 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Saturation Index Prepared for Texas Water Development Board Bureau of Economic Geology Scott W. Tinker Director John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78713-8924 FINAL REPORT – June 2005 Please Pass the Salt: Using Oil Fields for the Disposal of Concentrate from Desalination Plants Prepared for Texas Water Development Board under Contract No. IA 2004-0001-012 by Jean-Philippe Nicot, Ali H. Chowdhury1, and Alan R. Dutton Bureau of Economic Geology Scott W. Tinker Director John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78713-8924 1Texas Water Development Board, Austin, TX Table of contents Table of contents.................................................................................................................. i List of Figures....................................................................................................................iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii Glossary and Abbreviations............................................................................................... ix 1 Executive Summary.................................................................................................... 1 2 Background................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Current Status of Desalination in Texas ............................................................. 8 2.3 Current Legislative Environment........................................................................ 9 2.4 Goals ................................................................................................................. 10 3 Approach................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Communication with Stakeholders................................................................... 21 3.2 Method to Target Selected Depleted Oil/Gas Fields ........................................ 21 3.3 Identification of the Analysis areas................................................................... 23 4 Desalination Technologies and Concentrate............................................................. 39 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 39 4.2 Summary of Technologies ................................................................................ 40 4.2.1 RO Technology......................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 EDR Technology...................................................................................... 41 4.3 Concentrates...................................................................................................... 41 4.4 Changes Due to Pretreatment............................................................................ 44 4.5 Posttreatment of Concentrate............................................................................ 46 5 Class I and Class II Injection Wells.......................................................................... 55 5.1 Deep-Well Waste Injection............................................................................... 55 5.2 Operational Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs .................................... 56 5.3 Area of Review Principles ................................................................................ 58 5.4 Pressure Studies and Deep-Well Injection........................................................ 62 5.4.1 Formation Pressures.................................................................................. 62 5.4.2 Deep-Well Injection Technology.............................................................. 63 5.4.3 Injection Pressure and Flow Rates............................................................ 64 5.5 Formation Damage............................................................................................ 66 5.5.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 66 5.5.2 Scaling....................................................................................................... 67 5.5.3 Fines.......................................................................................................... 70 5.5.4 Organic Material....................................................................................... 74 5.5.5 Formation Damage Control and Solutions ............................................... 75 6 Presentation of the Analysis areas ............................................................................ 83 6.1 General Geology............................................................................................... 83 6.2 Petrography and Mineralogy............................................................................. 85 6.2.1 Anadarko Basin......................................................................................... 86 6.2.2 Permian Basin........................................................................................... 88 6.2.3 East Texas Basin....................................................................................... 89 6.2.4 Fort Worth Basin....................................................................................... 91 6.2.5 Maverick Basin......................................................................................... 93 i 6.2.6 Southern Gulf Coast Basin ....................................................................... 97 6.3 Porosity and Permeability............................................................................... 100 6.3.1 Anadarko Basin....................................................................................... 100 6.3.2 Permian Basin......................................................................................... 101 6.3.3 East Texas Basin..................................................................................... 101 6.3.4 Fort Worth Basin..................................................................................... 101 6.3.5 Maverick Basin....................................................................................... 101 6.3.6 Southern Gulf Coast Basin ..................................................................... 102 6.4 Formation Waters............................................................................................102 6.4.1 Anadarko Basin....................................................................................... 104 6.4.2 Permian Basin......................................................................................... 104 6.4.3 East Texas Basin..................................................................................... 104 6.4.4 Fort Worth Basin..................................................................................... 105 6.4.5 Maverick Basin....................................................................................... 105 6.4.6 Southern Gulf Coast Basin ....................................................................
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