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International Anti-Money Laundering Standards And INTERNATIONAL ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING STANDARDS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION BY VIETNAM by Chat Le Nguyen A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law in the University of Canterbury 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Publications ................................................................................................................ v Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and the Research Questions ......................................................... 1 1.2 The Aims of the Thesis ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Literature Review and Contributions of the Thesis .......................................... 5 1.4 Scope of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 9 1.5 Structure of the Thesis .................................................................................... 10 1.6 Research Approaches and Methodologies ...................................................... 12 Chapter 2 MONEY LAUNDERING IN GENERAL AND WITHIN THE VIETNAMESE CONTEXT ................................................................................................ 20 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Money Laundering in General ........................................................................ 21 2.2.1 The Conception ................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Mechanisms and Typologies .............................................................. 23 2.2.3 Trends in Money Laundering ............................................................. 27 2.2.4 The Harms of Money Laundering ...................................................... 29 2.2.5 Measuring the Scale of Money Laundering and Assessing National Money Laundering Threats .................................................. 33 2.3 Money Laundering within the Vietnamese Context ....................................... 36 2.3.1 Selected Predicate Crimes and Associated Money Laundering Activities ............................................................................................. 37 2.3.2 Typologies of Money Laundering in Vietnam ................................... 44 2.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 3 INTERNATIONAL ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING STANDARDS: DEVELOPMENT, DIFFUSION AND VIETNAM’S CHOICE......................................... 49 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 49 3.2 The Development of International AML Standards ....................................... 50 3.2.1 The Emergence of International AML Standards in the 1980s .......... 51 3.2.2 The Evolution of International AML Standards since the 1990s ....... 53 3.3 The Diffusion of International AML Standards .............................................. 60 3.3.1 Diffusion by Coercion ........................................................................ 62 3.3.2 Diffusion by State Socialization ......................................................... 66 3.4 Vietnam’s Response to the Diffusion of International AML Standards ......... 68 3.4.1 Vietnam under External Coercion ...................................................... 69 3.4.2 Vietnam and State Socialization of AML Standards .......................... 70 3.5 General Contextual Factors in Vietnam Influencing the Implementation of AML Standards .............................................................................................. 71 3.5.1 Political Willingness ........................................................................... 72 3.5.2 The Legal System ............................................................................... 73 3.5.3 The Integration of International Treaties into Domestic Law ............ 75 3.5.4 Institutional Structure in AML ........................................................... 76 3.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 4 CRIMINALIZATION OF MONEY LAUNDERING .................................... 78 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Predicate Offences .......................................................................................... 80 4.3 International Standards of the Criminalization of Money Laundering ........... 82 4.3.1 The Actus Reus/Physical Element ....................................................... 83 4.3.2 The Men Rea/Mental Element ............................................................. 87 4.3.3 The Liability and Sanctions ................................................................. 88 4.4 Interim Conclusion ......................................................................................... 91 4.5 Basic Principles of Vietnamese Criminal Law ............................................... 92 4.5.1 The Sources of Criminal Law .............................................................. 92 4.5.2 The Doctrine of Crime ......................................................................... 93 4.5.3 The Principles of Criminal Liability .................................................... 96 4.5.4 The Doctrine of Punishment ................................................................ 97 4.6 Criminalization of Money Laundering in Vietnamese Criminal Law ............ 98 4.6.1 The Objective Aspect (Actus Reus - “Mat Khach Quan”) ................... 98 4.6.2 The Subjective Aspect (Mens Rea - “Mat Chu Quan”) ..................... 102 4.6.3 The Object and Subject of Money Laundering Crimes ..................... 103 4.6.4 The Liability and Sanctions for Money Laundering Crimes ............. 104 4.7 Comments and Suggestions for Reform ....................................................... 104 4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 106 Chapter 5 JURISDICTION OVER TRANSANTIONAL MONEY LAUNDERING .. 108 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 108 5.2 Fundamental Concepts ................................................................................. 109 5.2.1 Transnational Money Laundering ..................................................... 109 5.2.2 Criminal Jurisdiction under International Law .................................. 111 5.2.3 The Condition of Double/Dual Criminality ....................................... 112 5.2.4 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem in Transnational Context ................ 115 5.3 Jurisdiction over Transnational Money Laundering ..................................... 117 5.3.1 The Principle of Territorial and its Variations ................................... 118 5.3.2 The Nationality Principle ................................................................... 122 5.3.3 The Aut Dedere Aut Judicare Principle ............................................. 124 5.3.4 Concurrent Jurisdiction ...................................................................... 125 5.4 Interim Conclusion ....................................................................................... 129 5.5 Criminal Jurisdiction under Vietnamese Laws and its Application to Transnational Money Laundering .......................................................................... 129 5.5.1 Ordinary Criminal Jurisdiction .......................................................... 130 5.5.2 Criminal Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime ............................... 133 5.5.3 Comments and Suggestions ............................................................... 137 5.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 6 CONFISCATION OF CRIMINAL ASSETS ............................................... 141 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 141 6.2 General Concepts .......................................................................................... 143 6.2.1 The Concept of Provisional Measures ............................................... 143 6.2.2 The Concepts of Forfeiture and Confiscation .................................... 144 6.2.3 “Property Confiscation” and “Value Confiscation” .......................... 146 6.3 International Standards on Procedures for Confiscation of Criminal Assets and Variations in National Implementation ................................................ 148 6.3.1 Conviction-based Confiscation .......................................................... 148 6.3.2 Non-conviction based Confiscation ................................................... 152 6.3.3 Variations in National
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