Don Quixote, Un Ballet De George Balanchine Y Nicolas Nabokov Beatriz Martínez Del Fresno1 Universidad De Oviedo

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Don Quixote, Un Ballet De George Balanchine Y Nicolas Nabokov Beatriz Martínez Del Fresno1 Universidad De Oviedo Don Quixote, un ballet de George Balanchine y Nicolas Nabokov Beatriz Martínez del Fresno1 Universidad de Oviedo 1 Investigadora del proyecto «El Quijote Entre las infinitas formas que las recreaciones inspiradas en la literatura cer- en la cultura europea. Mito y representación», vantina han tenido a lo largo de la historia, la danza y el ballet representan una coordinado por B. Lolo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CEMU 2012-017). parcela todavía poco estudiada, en parte debido a las dificultades derivadas de la cualidad efímera de un arte que no siempre deja fuentes directas. En otros lugares he intentado trazar una aproximación a esta parcela de estudio, bien de manera general (Martínez del Fresno 2005, 2006, 2007a), bien explorando los si- glos xviii y xix (2007b) así como algunas obras creadas a mediados del siglo xx (2010). En el presente texto me ocuparé de una obra relevante del siglo pasado, el ballet estrenado en 1965 por el New York City Ballet y conservado —con algunas modificaciones— en el repertorio de la compañía hasta 1978. Don Quixote de Balanchine y Nabokov es quizá el último de los grandes ballets del siglo xx que aún alude de un modo directo a un buen número de episodios de la novela cervantina. En ese sentido se ubica en la estela del más conocido ballet sobre este tema, el de Marius Petipa sobre música de Ludwig Minkus (Moscú, 1869), aunque este se fijaba principalmente en la boda de Basilio y Quiteria como pretexto para presentar una serie de escenas de estilo español, tratando a don Quijote y Sancho como personajes secundarios. Antes de George Balanchine al menos otros seis coreógrafos del siglo xx hicieron una particular lectura de la novela que nos interesa. Cabe recordar en ese sentido el coreodrama Le chevalier errant, cuya música encargó Ida Ru- binstein a Jacques Ibert en 1935 aunque finalmente sería realizado por Serge Lifar quince años más tarde; el ballet Le portrait de Don Quichotte (o Ritratto di Don Chisciotte) de Aurel Milloss y Gofredo Petrassi, estrenado también en 736 don quixote, un ballet de george balanchine y nicolas nabokov beatriz martínez del fresno París en 1947; Las bodas de Camacho, obra de Julián Algos y Olallo Morales creada en Helsinki en 1948; Don Quijote de Tatjana Gsovska y Spies, en el Berlín oriental en 1949; y, por fin, Don Quixote de Ninette de Valois y Roberto Gerhard, dado a conocer en Londres en 1950. Pese a sus diferencias de estilo y procedimientos, se puede decir que to- das estas obras tienen en común la presentación de un elevado número de episodios y aventuras del caballero manchego. En un análisis global de este conjunto de ballets estrenados en el marco de la posguerra mundial, entre 1947 y 1950, se perciben algunas coincidencias: la elección de don Quijote, Sancho y Dulcinea como personajes principales, la inclusión del episodio de los molinos de viento, la aparición de Maese Pedro y los comediantes, la disposición de varias escenas en el palacio de los duques y la muerte del prota- gonista al final de la obra. La mayoría de estas creaciones incluyen una escena clásica, sea en forma de ballet blanco —por lo general justificado como visión de don Quijote— o como alusión a la Edad de Oro. Como veremos, también Balanchine incorporaría un ballet blanco a su obra. El nuevo Don Quixote y sus autores Este ballet con prólogo, tres actos y seis escenas fue coreografiado por George Balanchine sobre música de Nicolas Nabokov, y se estrenó en el State Theater (Lincoln Center) de Nueva York el 28 de mayo de 1965 con decorados, vestuario e iluminación de Esteban Francés ayudado por Peter Harvey. La víspera se había presentado la obra en una gala benéfica privada con el propio Balanchine en el papel del caballero, un detalle significativo al que me referiré más adelante. A la altura de 1965, George Balanchine (1904-1983) era una autoridad en el ballet neoyorkino. De origen ruso, había trabajado en Europa con la com- pañía de Serge Diaghilev antes de instalarse en Estados Unidos, donde fundó una escuela para formar bailarines y asentar un estilo de ballet norteameri- cano. Balanchine —o «Mister B.», como se le llamaba— es el coreógrafo em- blemático de la danza neoclásica, de la musicalidad y del ballet abstracto del siglo xx. Su creación cervantina llega después de haber sentado cátedra en la renovación de la danza clásica con piezas tan importantes como Los cuatro temperamentos (1946), Orfeo, Concerto Barocco y Serenade (1948), Prodigal Son (1950) o Agon (1957). El compositor Nicolas Nabokov (1903-1978) era primo de Vladimir Na- bokov, el autor de Lolita, quien, como sabemos, dictó un Curso sobre el Quijote 737 comentarios a cervantes comunicaciones | quijote - recepción en la Universidad de Harvard. Nicolas Nabokov, un ruso blanco y amigo de Balanchine durante casi cuarenta años (Hughles 1965), había escrito previa- mente una suite sobre Le coeur de Don Quichotte (1933) y fue elegido para crear la música en la primera ocasión en que el New York City Ballet realizó el encargo de una partitura de larga duración para un estreno de la compañía. A Esteban Francés (1913-1976) podemos presentarlo como un pintor su- rrealista de origen catalán, ligado al ADLAN (Amigos del Arte Nuevo) en los años treinta, que se trasladó a París en 1937 y se exilió luego en México antes de instalarse en Nueva York en 1945. Las colaboraciones de Francés con el ballet comenzaron en 1946 cuando Lincoln Kirstein le encargó los decorados y los figurines para Renard, estrenado por The Ballet Society, que en 1949 se conver- tiría en el New York City Ballet. Con esta compañía colaboraró asiduamente durante dos décadas y en 1966 la Dance Research Section de la NYPL organizó una exposición con más de 150 diseños suyos (García de Carpi 1996:173). Es- teban Francés trabajó con Balanchine desde 1947 hasta 1969 y siguió creando para el teatro incluso después de establecer su residencia en Deià (Mallorca). El ballet que nos ocupa llevaba consigo una producción de gran visuali- dad, 79 bailarines en escena y numerosos cambios de decorado. Robert Garis apunta que la motivación directa para crear esta obra se derivó del traslado de la compañía al Lincoln Center y la voluntad de sacar rendimiento a su esce- nario de grandes dimensiones (Garis 1995:167). Además, es también una obra extensa, que supera las dos horas de duración (125 minutos en la estimación del George Balanchine Trust). Josefina Alix ha escrito que Don Quixote fue la obra más compleja de cuantas diseñó Esteban Francés para la escena, la «más ambiciosa y de mayor envergadura llevada a cabo en el ámbito del teatro en Estados Unidos hasta aquella fecha, así como el proyecto de mayor magnitud coreografiado por Balanchine» (Alix 1996:76). Para los tres actos del ballet, Francés diseñó doce escenografías y 250 trajes. Como ingrediente del éxito y la permanencia de la obra, tampoco de- bemos olvidar la calidad de los bailarines. Entre los intérpretes del estreno destacaron Richard Rapp (Don Quixote), Suzanne Farrell (Dulcinea), Deni Lamont (Sancho Panza), Nicholas Magallanes (Duke), Jillana (Duchess), 2 El reparto completo del 28 de mayo de Francisco Moncion (Merlin), Ludlow (Knight of the Silver Moon), Karin von 1965 está publicado en Dance and dancers Aroldingen (Housekeeper), Michael Arshansky (Priest) y otros solistas del (agosto de 1965, pp. 17-18), y en Balanchine 2 (1983:246-248). prestigioso New York City Ballet. 738 don quixote, un ballet de george balanchine y nicolas nabokov beatriz martínez del fresno Argumento, episodios y personajes El argumento del ballet, reproducido en varios libros (y traducido al espa- ñol en Balanchine y Mason 1988) alude a numerosos episodios cervantinos. Entre las aventuras y fantasías incluidas en esta versión se cuentan la consa- gración de don Quijote como caballero (con la bendición de la Virgen), el episodio del muchacho golpeado, la liberación de los galeotes, la aventura de Sancho en el mercado, Marcela y el poeta muerto, el teatro de marionetas, el duque y la duquesa, las bromas y burlas de los cortesanos (incluyendo el ca- ballo Clavileño y los cohetes), la lucha con el gigante (o molino de viento), la visión de extrañas criaturas como cerdos, el enjaulamiento, el regreso a casa y la muerte del hidalgo manchego. Pese a la profusión de episodios y temas, a la hora de fijar conjuntamente el argumento Balanchine y Nabokov trataron de poner el énfasis en la búsqueda angustiosa de la perfección humana por parte del protagonista. Balanchine definió a don Quijote como «una especie de santo secular en el que nadie cree», cuya muerte «le enfrenta a sí mismo, aparentemente vencido pero ha- biendo vivido como creía» (Balanchine y Mason 1988:127). Nabokov escribió en el prefacio de la partitura que, a su juicio, el Quijote es un pasticcio sobre Cristo y la Cristiandad (Nabokov 1966:[5]). El cuadro de la página siguiente refleja los actos, escenas, lugares, personajes y episodios tal y como aparecen en el ballet. El proceso creativo Señala el crítico George Dorris que el proyecto de hacer un ballet sobre el Qui- jote surgió antes de la segunda guerra mundial a partir de una idea sugerida por el pintor Pavel Tchelitchev en 1937. Después, en la década de 1950, se planteó por segunda vez un proyecto en colaboración con Eugène Berman, de cuya autoría se conserva un boceto en la Dance Collection de Nueva York (Dorris 1994:50). Un reportaje sobre la obra publicado por la revista Dance and Dancers en agosto de 1965 reprodujo las sinopsis musical y coreográfica tal y como habían sido fijadas por Nabokov y Balanchine en junio de 1964.
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