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Loggerhead Turtle Caretta Caretta Nesting Activity in Chebba (Centre Tunisia): Assessment, Problems and Recommendations

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Loggerhead Turtle Caretta Caretta Nesting Activity in Chebba (Centre Tunisia): Assessment, Problems and Recommendations Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 46 (01), January 2017, pp. 163-169 Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta nesting activity in Chebba (Centre Tunisia): Assessment, problems and recommendations Imed Jribi Department of Life Sciences, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, PO Box 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia. [E-mail: [email protected]] Received 09 April 2014; revised 12 September 2014 As the presence of loggerhead turtle nests has occasionally been reported in Chebba (Tunisia), we carried out a survey in "Essir" and "Sidi Messaoud" beaches during summer 2013 to assess the actual state of the nesting population. We report ten nesting events by loggerhead sea turtles. In comparison to past records, this number is relatively high and suggests that Chebba may host a much higher nesting activity than previously thought and higher monitoring effort is recommended, especially in certain beaches. Results indicate that beaches monitored so far are suitable for development, resulting in high hatching and emergence success; incubation durations indicate that majority of hatchlings produced are males. [Keywords: Loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, Nesting, Chebba, Tunisia] Introduction 5-6 Atlantic . Loggerhead turtles mainly nest in Marine turtles are an example of a species the eastern basin, with major nesting areas in that is diminishing in numbers as a result of the Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and Libya 3-7. The degradation of the living and nesting habitats, green turtle has a more restricted distribution, incidental catches, and pollution25. Significant nesting only in the eastern region of the eastern resources are currently devoted to numerous basin, mostly in eastern Turkey and Cyprus3-8. conservation and management projects at In a recent review, Casale and nesting areas. One of the most important and Margaritoulis3 estimated at 7200 and 1500 the costly activities for management projects is the mean annual numbers of nests laid along the monitoring of beaches to protect nests and Mediterranean coasts for loggerhead and green hatchlings from anthropogenic threats, such as turtles respectively. These numbers must be coastal development, sand extraction and considered as the minimum as they did not tourism, in addition to management of natural include data from sites other than monitored predation, to ensure high hatching success2-3. beaches or minor nesting aggregations known Richardson4 stated that a complete study of all elsewhere (Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Italy, aspects related to nesting biology is essential Tunisia). For example, the number of nests for the selection and application of suitable reported from Libya concern only the surveyed marine turtle population conservation and tracts of coast, while the total number of nests management. remains unknown. Among the world’s seven marine turtle In Tunisia, the only sea turtle species known species, only three species frequent the to nest is the loggerhead turtle. Nesting activity Mediterranean: the leatherback turtle has been brought up many times in the (Dermochelys coriacea), the green turtle literature, but never based on precise (Chelonia mydas) and the loggerhead turtle information9-10- 11. The nesting of the (Caretta caretta). Only the last two breed in the loggerhead turtle was first recorded in 1988 on basin and their Mediterranean populations have the beach situated between Ras Dimas and only a limited gene flow with those of the Mahdia and on the island Great Kuriat12 which 164 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 01, JANUARY 2017 is considered as the most important nesting site Chebba is known for its intense fishing in the country13-14-15. Some nests were found on activity as a result of its exceptional location, other beaches along the Tunisian coasts such as since its maritime fishing zone is located at the Chebba, Zarzis, Hergla but nesting is not intersection between the Gulf of Hammamet to regularly observed. Additionally, nesting level the north and the Gulf of Gabes to the south. and distribution in Tunisia is not well studied. The coasts of Chebba are divided into two Only a monitoring program has been types: mainly swampy coast to the south and implemented on great Kuriat since 199714 in sandy with rock intercalations coasts to the order to protect nesting sites, nesting females north forming beautiful beaches very busy and hatchlings and to document the nesting during the summer months. activity. Many potential nesting sites have not During this study, we controlled both "Essir" been adequately monitored such as Chebba and "Sidi Messaoud" beaches (Fig. 1) sheltering where many nests have been reported there by nests during the 2013 summer."Essir" is the local people. Four nests were found in one main beach of Chebba. It has a length of beach of this town in 2007 for example. Only approximately 600m and spreads between the the beach of "Sidi Messaoud" was well two points with GPS coordinates: controlled in 1994 and 1995 when Ellouze16 35°14.386'N/011° 08.557'E and found three nests.Recalling the articles of the 35°14.268'N/011° 08.892'E. With its beautiful SPA protocol and the revised action plan on cliff road, this beach is very busy during the marine turtles in the Mediterranean17, taking summer, day and night. into account the new developments concerning The beach of "Sidi Messaoud" is contrary to conservation measures based on scientific "Essir" less crowded. It is a small beach of groundwork, and considering the positive effect about 200m length located behind the fishing of identification of new nesting areas and port and adjacent to the Roman archaeological restoration of degraded nesting beaches site "Borj Khdija". It spreads between the two (Priorities of the Mediterranean Action Plan) on GPS points: 35°14.108'N/011°09.442' E and Mediterranean marine turtle population, the 35°13.998'N/011°09.604'E. present study aimed to increase available data The study was carried out during summer and have clues on potential nesting sites in two 2013. In accordance with the peak of nests beaches of Chebba located in the centre of deposition observed on Kuriat islands 14, our Tunisia. monitoring ran from mid-June to the end of October corresponding to the hatchlings Materials and Methods emergence of the last nest deposited. In "Essir", Tunisia has 1250 km of coastline. A third is information on sea turtle hatchlings tracks was located on the western basin of the received from people frequenting the beach Mediterranean and is a predominantly rocky during the night or early in the morning. In area dotted with small beaches. The rest extends "Sidi Messaoud", the beach was visited during along the eastern basin with large sandy the summer period at least twice a week in beaches and large muddy areas. Length of order to characterize female turtle tracks, sandy beaches for the entire coast of Tunisia is imprinted on the beach sand, as “nesting” or estimated at more than 400 km12. “no-nesting” emergences and to locate egg Chebba is located off Cape Ras Kaboudia chambers. Date of nesting was conventionally assigned as the day after the night when the which is the most easterly point of the Tunisian 18 coasts (Fig. 1). It has the particularity to spread clutch was laid . All detected nests were like a peninsula and the sea surround it on three continuously monitored during the study sides. It has 29 km of coastline with some islets. period, and hatchling emergence was recorded. Nests were excavated 7–14 days after hatchling emergence19 and the total number of eggs (the number of eggs laid into the nest) and the hatching success were calculated by counting unhatched eggs, dead hatchlings in eggs, dead hatchlings in nests and empty eggshells (>50% complete) which were characterized as successful hatching. The hatching success (%) is calculated as follows: (empty eggshells/ total Fig. 1 − Geographic position of Chebba number of eggs)*10020. We tried to estimate JRIBI: LOGGERHEAD TURTLE CARETTA CARETTA NESTING ACTIVITY IN CHEBBA 165 sex ratio of hatched loggerhead turtles by This choice is also based on the fact that using two methods. The first used the mean pivotal temperature in marine turtles is a temperature during the middle third of the relatively conservative characteristic22- 24. incubation period21, while the second used the incubation duration22. Unfortunately, the Results temperature data logger buried in the nests to A total of ten sea turtle nests were deposited in measure the temperature failed to operate so we Chebba during the summer of 2013, six in "Sidi resorted to the second method for the estimation Messaoud" and four in "Essir". On "Sidi of this parameter. For the purpose of this study, Messaoud" beach, we found all nests deposited incubation duration is defined as the period in and located all the egg chambers. Only one track days between observation of the newly laid nest with one digging attempt but no egg deposition and the first record of emergence, by either was found. On "Essir", the nests were direct observation of hatchlings or their crawl accidentally found by local people frequenting tracks emerging from nests20. The curve used for the beach who observed the hatchlings on estimation of sex ratio as functions of beach. Only the egg chamber of one nest was incubation duration was that of Mrosovsky et al. located. For the three others, only hatchlings 21 adapted to the field by adding 4 days, which disoriented and attracted by light allowed us to corresponds to the interval between hatching know the presence of nests. Nest search did not and the emergence of hatchlings at the sand succeed in locating egg chambers as a result of surface23 (Fig. 2). Equation of the curve used high anthropogenic beach usage and trampling. (after correction) was calculated and the exact The information on the nests deposited is values of sex ratios were derived as was done by presented in table 1.
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