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A World War II Merchant Marine Battlefield in the Gulf of Mexico

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A World War II Merchant Marine Battlefield in the Gulf of Mexico WORLD WAR II MERCHANT MARINE BATTLEFIELDS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO: ANALYSIS OF THE SS R.W. GALLAGHER AND SS CITIES SERVICE TOLEDO USING 3D MODELING, PHYSICS, AND BATTLEFIELD ARCHAEOLOGY by Eric Alexander Swanson B.A., Georgia Southern University, 2009 A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of West Florida In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2014 © 2014 Eric Alexander Swanson The thesis of Eric Alexander Swanson is approved: _______________________________________________ _________________ Christopher Horrell, Ph.D., Committee Member Date _______________________________________________ _________________ Derek Zumbro, Ph.D., Committee Member Date _______________________________________________ _________________ John Bratten, Ph.D., Committee Member Date _______________________________________________ _________________ Gregory Cook, Ph.D., Committee Chair Date Accepted for the Department/Division: ____________________________________________ _________________ John Bratten, Ph.D., Chair Date Accepted for the University: ____________________________________________ _________________ Richard S. Podemski, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was a long series of very fortunate and unforgettable events. It began as a research project where UWF was contracted as a trained archaeological dive crew, and I was lucky enough to be chosen to participate. As a project started by the wonderful archaeologists at BOEM/BSEE, and headed by Dr. Chris Horrell and Melanie Damour, it was prepared and completed with the hard work of Tesla Offshore’s Dr. Amanda Evans and Matt Keith. Without these individuals, I would not have the wonderful experience to share with others as I progress professionally in the field. Of course, the UWF archaeology institute that provided me with countless experience with this, and other adventures, will forever be remembered as the greatest gift which I cannot ever nearly repay. Within the Anthropology Department, I must thank the wonderful men and women who made my experience possible. Dr. Greg Cook brought me into this field, and ultimately gave me experience and practical knowledge on marine archaeology I would be nothing without. Dr. John Bratten was always calmly there to incredibly illuminate my perspective on a situation or concept. Dr. Derek Zumbro kept my wandering mind at bay and gave me the inspiration to pursue battlefield archaeology in ways I had not realized before. Thank you for being omnipresent during this incredible process. I must thank the following people for giving me the love I needed to get through it all: Dave Swanson, Peggy Swanson, Tyler Swanson, Angie Hester, Sophia Antone, Dr. Elizabeth Benchley, Fritz Sharar, Steve and Gale McLin, Bill Neal, Norine Carroll, John Phillips, Cindi Jackson, Rey “Del” Delos Santos, Erin Voisin, Joanne Alexander, and Albert Alexander. “The preoccupation of minds on drawing dividing lines makes it impossible for them to build bridges.” – Dr. Rob Floyd iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 Research Problem .................................................................................................................1 History and Background Information ..................................................................................2 Data and Methods ................................................................................................................7 Theory ................................................................................................................................11 Significance ........................................................................................................................12 Research Presentation ........................................................................................................14 CHAPTER II: RESEARCH CONTEXT .......................................................................................15 Introduction ........................................................................................................................15 Physical Environment ........................................................................................................17 Historic Context .................................................................................................................22 The Attacks .............................................................................................................31 Theoretical Foundations .....................................................................................................38 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH BACKGROUND ............................................................................47 Previous Investigations ......................................................................................................47 v CHAPTER IV: METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................66 Introduction ........................................................................................................................66 Historical Research Methodology ......................................................................................67 Archaeological Methods ....................................................................................................70 Post-Processing Methodology ............................................................................................79 CHAPTER V: RESULTS ..............................................................................................................84 Introduction ........................................................................................................................84 Findings ..............................................................................................................................84 Historical Background .......................................................................................................85 Remote-Sensing .................................................................................................................92 Diver Ground-Truthing ....................................................................................................106 The S.S. R.W. Gallagher ......................................................................................107 The S.S. Cities Service Toledo .............................................................................111 Modeling ..........................................................................................................................114 CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................126 Introduction ......................................................................................................................126 Historical Accounts ..........................................................................................................127 Remote Sensing ................................................................................................................145 Archaeological Investigations ..........................................................................................147 S.S. R.W. Gallagher ............................................................................................148 S.S. Cities Service Toledo ....................................................................................154 vi Previous Investigations ....................................................................................................160 “Turning Turtle” ...............................................................................................................164 Armament .........................................................................................................................177 3D Modeling ....................................................................................................................179 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................183 Research Answers ............................................................................................................183 Theory ..............................................................................................................................185 Applications .....................................................................................................................187 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................189 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................199 APPENDIXES .............................................................................................................................204
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