Index

A for alcohol detoxification, 42 Abstinence violation effect (AVE), 107 for psychostimulant relapse prevention, Abstraction (pratyahara), 196, 197 46–47 Acamprosate Antidepressants, for tobacco detoxification, 44 for alcohol detoxification, 42 Anxiety, 104, 109, 169, 176 for alcohol relapse prevention, 45–46 disorders, and substance abuse, 198–199 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Arachidonic acid (AA), 122 115 Articular system, 205 Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), for drug 71, 76–78, 81, 84 addiction, 62–63 Addiction, 3–5, 7, 13 Aversion therapy, 51 Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE), Axon, 18 72–73 Ayahuasca, for drug addiction, 59–61 Aerobic exercise, 203, 206, 209 Alcohol, 124 B Alcohol abuse, 10, 37, 38 Baclofen effects on brain reward system, 24–25 for alcohol relapse prevention, 46 EMDR therapy for, 91–92 for substance abuse, 188 relapse prevention, 45–46 Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi), 59, 60 web-based interventions for, 157 Barbiturates, 5, 28 withdrawal syndrome, 41–42, 128 Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), 93 Alcoholics Anonymous, 38, 188 Behavioral addictions, 19–20 Alcoholism-dependent patients, linking with substance abuse, 74–75 cognitive-behavioral therapy for Behavioral Sleep Medicine (BSM), 169 insomnia in, 167–179 Behavioural self-management, for substance Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test abuse, 159 (AUDIT), 144, 153, 175–176 Benfotiamine, 128 Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 121, 122, 124 Benzodiazepines (BZD), 5, 37, 28, 199 Alpha–theta neurofeedback, 218–220 for alcohol detoxification, 42 Amantadine, for benzodiazepine detoxification, effects on brain reward system, 26–27 43 withdrawal of, 42–43 Amitriptyline, for benzodiazepine Bilateral stimulation (BLS), 75, 90 detoxification, 43 use in EMDR therapy, 80, 87 Amphetamine abuse, 5, 22, 41 Biofeedback, 216, 218 effects on brain reward system, 25–26 Biological factors, 14 relapse prevention, 47 Body scan, 89 Amygdala, 22–23 Brain reward cascade (BRC), 225 Anaerobic exercise, 203 Brain reward system, 20–24 Anticonvulsants drug actions in, 24

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 231 A.L.M. Andrade and D. De Micheli (eds.), Innovations in the Treatment of Substance Addiction, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43172-7 232 Index

Brief intervention (BI), 131–147 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia for advances in studies about, 140–146 Ukrainian Alcoholism-Dependent components of, 132–134 Patients (CBT-I), 167–179 interview, 139 aim of study, 169–170 as prevention, 135–139 assessment measures, 174–176 Brief motivational interview (BMI). See benefits of, 178 Motivational interviewing (MI) clinical significance, 178 Bromazepam, for benzodiazepine innovation, 178 detoxification, 42 participants, 170–174 Bupropion results, 176–177 for alcohol relapse prevention, 45 statistical analyses, 176 for benzodiazepine detoxification, 43 survey design, 170 for methamphetamine relapse prevention, limitations of, 178 46 strengths of, 179 for tobacco detoxification, 44 Computer intervention. See Web-based Buspirone, for marijuana abuse, 47 interventions, for substance abuse Concentration (dharana), 196, 197 C Conditioning, 19–20 Caffeine, 5, 28 classic, 20 Cannabis dependence, web-based interventions operant, 20 for, 5, 159–160 Consummatory behavior, 24 Cannabis sativa, 43, 47 Contemplation (samadhy), 196, 197 Carbamazepine, for alcohol detoxification, 42 Co-occurring disorders (COD) Carydolis yanhusuo, 64 EMDR therapy for, 81, 94–97 CBD (cannabidiol), 5 substance abuse and, 70–71, 83 Cell body, 18 Crack, 25, 37 Chinese Sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza). See relapse prevention, 46 Danshen, for drug addiction Craving, 31, 51 Chlordiazepoxide, for alcohol detoxification, mindfulness and, 107–111 42 yoga, effects of, 197–200 Chloridrate, 11 Chlorpromazine, 5 D Circulatory system, 205–206 Daidzein, 56 Citalopram, for tobacco detoxification, 44 Daidzin, 56 Classic conditioning, 20 Damage reduction treatment, 45 Climate School Alcohol and Cannabis, Danshen, for drug addiction, 61 159–160 Dendrites, 18 Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Depressant drugs, 24 93 Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Clonazepam, for benzodiazepine Reprocessing (DeTUR), 85 detoxification, 42 Detoxification treatments, 40–44 Clonidine, for tobacco detoxification, 44 Diagnostic criteria, for substance dependence, Coca-Cola, 12 5–8 Cocaine, 5, 124 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 85, 115 abuse, 22, 37, 70 Diazepam effects on brain reward system, 25 for alcohol detoxification, 42 relapse prevention, 46 for benzodiazepine detoxification, 42 powder, 8–9 Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5, 59, 63 smoked, 8–9 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 10 Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT), Disorders due to substance use (DSU), 4–5 111–114, 142–143, 146 Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), 93 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 75 Dissulfiram for substance abuse, 80, 153, 154, 159 for alcohol relapse prevention, 47, 51 for benzodiazepine detoxification, 43 Index 233

Docosadienoic acid, 122 ginseng for, 62–63 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 122–127 withdrawal syndrome, 66 Dopamine (DA), 18, 22, 23–24, 25, 26, 124 Eye movement desensitization and Dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway, drug reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, dependence effects on, 28–29 75–97 Dorsolateral frontal cortex, 23 bilateral stimulation, use of, 80 Dronabinol, for marijuana abuse, 47 case conceptualization, 77–78 Drug addiction, herbal medicine for, 51–64 for co-occurring disorders, 81, 94–97 ayahuasca, 59–61 exceptions of, 91–92 Carydolis yanhusuo, 64 future template, 90–91 danshen, 61 guidelines for, 91–92 ginseng, 62–63 integration, 90 hallucinogens, 63 phases of, 79, 81–91 Hovenia dulcis, 64 assessment, 87 hypericum, 57–59 body scan, 89 ibogaine, 53–55 case history, 81–84 initial considerations for, 51–52 closure, 89 kava kava, 63–64 desensitization, 87–88 kudzu, 55–57 installation, 89 Oenothera biennis, 64 preparation, 84–86 Passiflora quadrangularis, 64 re-evaluation, 89–90 Paullinia cupana, 64 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 75–76 reserpine, 64 reconnection, 90 rhodiola, 63 relapse prevention, 90 Schizandra chinensis, 64 theoretical basis of, 76–77 Scutellaria laterifolia, 64 as treatment choice for dual diagnoses, Thunbergia laurifolia, 64 96–97 Thymus vulgaris, 64 Trigonella foenum-graecum, 64 F Turnera diffusa, 64 Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Drug dependence (FTND), 176 effects on dopaminergic mesolimbic Fatty acids pathway, 28–29 omega-3, 121–127 pharmacological treatment for, 37–48 omega-6, 122, 124, 127 stress and, 29–31 polyunsaturated, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127 DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Fish oil, 125 Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire criteria (FFMQ), 104–105 for substance abuse, 6, 7–8, 17, 21 Fixed observances (niyama), 196 Dual attention stimulation (DAS). See Bilateral Fluoxetine, for tobacco detoxification, 44 stimulation (BLS) Flurazepam, for benzodiazepine detoxification, 42 E FRAMES method, 132, 134–137, 139 Ecstasy. See MDMA (ecstasy) Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 106z Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 122–127 Electroencephalography (EEG), 215, 216 G Electrophysiology. See Gabapentin Electroencephalography (EEG); for alcohol detoxification, 42 EMG biofeedback for benzodiazepine detoxification, 43 EMG biofeedback, 216, 218 for marijuana abuse, 47 Empathy, 138 for psychostimulant relapse prevention, 47 Erythroxylum coca, 11 GABA receptors, 24–25 Escitalopram, for tobacco detoxification, 44 Gamma-linoleic acid, 122 Ethanol dependence, 41 General effect exercise (GEE), 203, 205 234 Index

Ginseng, for drug addiction, 62–63 for alcohol abuse, 10 Golden root (Rhodiola rosea). See Rhodiola, for substance dependence, 6–7, 10 for drug addiction Immune system, 206 Google Hangouts, 154 Index of Self Esteem (ISE), 93 Guided Internet therapy interventions, 154 Insomnia, 167–179, 199 Integrated Trauma Treatment Program (ITTP), H 92–95 Habituation, 23 Internet-based therapies. See Web-based Hallucinogenic drugs, 24, 63 interventions, for substance abuse Hands imposition Intoxicants, 5 preserving essence of, 187–188 tradition in caring, 185–187 J treatment of drug users, 188–189 Johrei, 187 Hatha Yoga, 197 Kava kava, for drug addiction, 63–64 Herbal medicine Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), for drug for drug addiction, 51–64 addiction, 62 ayahuasca, 59–61 Krieger–Kunz method, 187 Carydolis yanhusuo, 64 Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), for drug addiction, danshen, 61 55–57 ginseng, 62–63 hallucinogens, 63 L Hovenia dulcis, 64 Laying-on of hands hypericum, 57–59 effect on substance abuse, 185–190 ibogaine, 53–55 interventions, 188–189 initial considerations for, 51–52 Linoleic acid (LA), 121, 122 kava kava, 63–64 Lithium, for marijuana abuse, 47 kudzu, 55–57 Local effect exercise (LEE), 203, 205 Oenothera biennis, 64 Lofexidine, for marijuana abuse, 47 Passiflora quadrangularis, 64 Long-term treatments, for drug dependence, Paullinia cupana, 64 44–47 reserpine, 64 Lorazepam, for benzodiazepine detoxification, rhodiola, 63 42 Schizandra chinensis, 64 Low-resolution electromagnetic tomographic Scutellaria laterifolia, 64 (LORETA) neurofeedback (LNFB), Thunbergia laurifolia, 64 223–224 Thymus vulgaris, 64 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 5, 41, 44 Trigonella foenum-graecum, 64 Macronutrients on dependence, 121–128 Turnera diffusa, 64 Magnesium, 127 distinguished from medical plant, 52 Mariani wine, 12 Heroin dependence Marijuana abuse, 12, 24, 29, 37, 38, 41 relapse prevention, 46 effects on brain reward system, 27 replacement therapy for, 51 EMDR therapy for, 91–92 St. John’s wort for, 58 herbal, 47 Hippocrates of Kos, 185 relapse prevention, 47 Hovenia dulcis, 64 withdrawal syndrome, 43–44 Hypericum (Hypericum perforatum), for drug Match Project, 141, 146 addiction, 57–59 MDMA (ecstasy), 5, 44 Hypnotic drugs, 5 Medical plant versus herbal medicine, 52 Meditation (dhyana), 104, 106, 111–113, 196, I 197 Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga), 53 transcendental, 105 Ibogaine, for drug addiction, 5, 53–55, 63 Melatonin, for benzodiazepine detoxification, ICD-10 (International Catalogue of Diseases in 43 its 10th version) criteria Memory reprocessing, 86 Index 235

Mental health for alcohol relapse prevention, 45, 46 substance abuse and, 70–74 for drug addiction, 58 vicious cycle of, 73, 74 Narcotic drugs, 5 Meprobamate, 5 Negative reinforcement, 19, 30, 40 Mescaline, 5, 63 Nervous system, 207 Mesocortical pathway, 22 Neuroanatomy, 18–19 Mesocorticolimbic system, 22 Neurobiological theory of drug dependence, Mesolimbic pathway, 22 19, 28–30 deopaminergic, 28–29 Neurobiology, 210 Metacognition, 103 of mindfulness practices, 106–107 Methadone of substance abuse, 17–32 for heroin dependence, 51 alcohol, 24–25 for morphine dependence, 51 amphetamines, 25–26 for opioid relapse prevention, 46 behavioral aspects, 19–20 Methamphetamine, 44 benzodiazepines, 26–27 Micronutrients on dependence, 121–128 brain reward system, 20–24 Midazolam, for benzodiazepine detoxification, cocaine, 25 42 crack, 25 Miltirone, 61 drug actions in brain reward system, 24 Mind body therapies. See Meditation marijuana, 24 Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), neuroanatomy, 18–19 104 opioids, 26 Mindfulness, 103–116 psychopharmacology, 18–19 clinical applications of, 105–106 tobacco, 27–28 and craving, 107–111 Neurofeedback (NFB) defined, 104 defined, 215–216 neurobiology of, 106–107 Peniston’s alpha–theta protocol, 218–220, physiological effects of, 105–106 225 Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Scott–Kaiser modification of, 220–222 (MBRP), for substance use and scientific evidences of, 217 abuse, 111–116 for substance abuse disorder, 217–218 Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Neuroleptics, 5 for substance use and abuse, 104, Neurotransmitters (NTs), 18–19 111, 115 Neutral stimulus, 19–20 Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory-2 Nicotine, 27–28, 124 (MMPI-2), 219 replacement therapy, 44 Modafinil, for benzodiazepine detoxification, Noradrenaline, 25, 26, 31 43 Nortriptyline, for tobacco detoxification, 44 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 59 Nucleus accumbens (Nacc), 22, 23 Morphine dependence Nutrients, 121–128 ginseng for, 62–63 Nutrition, 124 relapse prevention, 46 replacement therapy for, 51 O St. John’s wort for, 58 Oenothera biennis, 64 Motivational enhancement therapy (MET). See Omega-3 fatty acids, 121–124 Motivational interviewing (MI) role on substance dependence, 124–127 Motivational Interviewing (MI), 85, 139, Omega-6 fatty acids, role on substance 143–146, 153, 159 dependence, 122, 123, 127 Muscular system, 205 Ondansetron, for substance abuse, 188 Mushrooms, 52 Online therapies. See Web-based interventions, for substance abuse N Operant conditioning, 20 Naloxone, 59, 62 Opioid analgesics, 37 Naltrexone Opioid dependence 236 Index

Opioid dependence (cont.) Puerarin, 56, 57 effects on brain reward system, 26 Punishment, 19 detoxification treatment for, 42 relapse prevention, 46 Q withdrawal syndrome, 53, 54 Qi Gong, 187, 189 Opioid receptors, 25 Quetiapine, for benzodiazepine detoxification, Orbitofrontal cortex, 23 43 Osteoarthritis (OA), 205 “Quit the Shit” programme, 159 Oxazolam, for benzodiazepine detoxification, 42 R Rauvolfia serpentine, 5 P Real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) NFB, 223 Passiflora quadrangularis, 64 Receptors, 18 Patañjali, 196 Reduce Your Use: How to Break the Cannabis Paullinia cupana, 64 Habit, programme, 159 Peniston’s alpha–theta protocol, 218–220, 225 Regulation of breath (pranayama), 196–197 Scott–Kaiser modification of, 220–222 Reiki, 187, 189 Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), for drug Reinforcement, 12, 19 addiction, 63 negative, 19, 30, 40 Pharmacological treatment, for drug pathway, 22, 45 dependence, 37–48 positive, 19, 30 long-term treatments, 44–47 Relapse prevention (RP), 44–47, 107 short-term treatments, 40–44 alcohol abuse, 45–46 Phencyclidine, 29 EMDR therapy, 90 Physical activity, 203 Remembering, 104 Physical exercise, 203–211 Replacement therapy, 51 as adjuvant in treatment of drug-dependent Reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina), for drug individuals, 207–208 addiction, 64 effect on dependence, neurobiological basis Resource Development and Installation (RDI), of, 208–211 85 importance of, 204 Respiratory system, 206 Piper methysticum, 63 Response, 19 Pleasure pathways, 22, 74 Reuptake of neurotransmitters, 19 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 121, 122, Reward, 74 124, 126, 127 Reward deprivation syndrome (RDS), 225 Poppy flower (Papaver somniferum), 26 Rhodiola, for drug addiction, 63 Pornography, compulsive use of, 83 Running, 208, 209 Positive reinforcement, 19, 30, 45 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 83 S EMDR therapy for, 75–76 SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, and Posture (asana), 196 referral to treatment), 138 Pre-frontal cortex (PFC), 23 Schizandra chinensis, for drug addiction, 64 Preparatory behavior, 23–24 Scott–Kaiser modification of Peniston’s alpha– Preventive programs, 135–139 theta protocol, 220–222 Psilocybin, 5, 44, 63 Screening, 132, 135, 139, 147 Psychiatric comorbidities, control of, 45 Scutellaria laterifolia, 64 Psychoactive substances (PAS), 3–6, 9, 11–13 Seeking Safety, 85, 92–93 Psychopharmacology, 18–19 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, for Psychosocial factors, involvement in substance tobacco detoxification, 44 dependence, 11–13 Self-administration, 21 Psychostimulants dependence Self-control, 153 relapse prevention, 46–47 Self-efficacy, 107, 138, 143–145 Psychotherapies, brief Intervention, 131–147 Self-medication, 74 Psychotria viridis, 59, 60 Self-restraints (yama), 196 Index 237

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), 215 psychosocial factors, 11–13 Serotonin, 25, 26 Synapses, 18 Sertraline, for tobacco detoxification, 44 Synaptic cleft, 18 Sexual abuse, substance dependence and, 12 Synaptic vesicles, 19 Short-term treatments, for drug dependence, 40–44 T Skeletal system, 204 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), 5 Skype, 154 Therapeutic touch (TT), 187–188 Sodium valproate Thought Technology ProComp 2 system, 221 for alcohol detoxification, 42 Thunbergia laurifolia, 64 for marijuana abuse, 47 Thymus vulgaris, 64 St. John’s wort, for drug addiction, 57–59 Tiagabine Stimulant drugs, 5, 24 for benzodiazepine detoxification, 43 web-based interventions for, 158–159 for psychostimulant relapse prevention, 47 Stimulus, 19 Tobacco, 37 conditioned, 20 effects on brain reward system, 27–28 neutral, 19–20 withdrawal syndrome, 44 reinforcing, 19 Topiramate unconditioned, 20 for alcohol detoxification, 42 Stress, and substance abuse, 29–31, 198 for alcohol relapse prevention, 46 Stroop Word-Color Task, 106–107 for benzodiazepine detoxification, 43 Substance abuse, 7–9, 12, 69–97. See also for psychostimulant relapse prevention, 47 Substance dependence Touch healing. See Johrei; Qi Gong; Reiki amphetamines, 22, 25–26 Tranquilizers, 5 benzodiazepines, 26–27 Trauma cocaine, 22, 25 EMDR therapy for, 75–76 co-occurring mental health and, 70–71, 83 substance abuse and, 72–74 crack, 25 Trazodone, for benzodiazepine detoxification, EMDR therapy for (see Eye movement 43 desensitization and reprocessing Treatment matching, 141 (EMDR) therapy) Trigonella foenum-graecum, 64 laying-on of hands, effect of, 185–190 Turnera diffusa, 64 linking with behavioral addictions, 74–75 marijuana, 24, 27, 29 U Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for, United Nations Office on Drug and Crime scientific evidence of, 111–116 (UNODC), 9 neurobiology of, 17–32 opioids, 26 V stress and, 198 Vaccines, for amphetamine abuse, 47 and trauma, 72–74 Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale, 80, 84, 87, web-based interventions for, 153–162 89, 90 yoga, effects of, 195–201 Valproic acid, for psychostimulant relapse Substance abuse disorder (SAD), 219, 220, prevention, 47 222–226 Varenicline, for tobacco detoxification, 44 neuropsychophysiological abnormalities in, Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 8, 22, 24–25, 217–218 124 Substance dependence, 69. See also Substance Ventromedial pre-frontal cortex, 23 abuse Vigabatrin, for psychostimulant relapse characterization of, 3–14 prevention, 47 diagnostic criteria for, 5–8 Vitamin A, 127 etiology of Vitamin B1, 127–128 drug-related variables, 8–9 Vitamin D, 127 epidemiology and current scenario, 9–11 238 Index

W World Health Organization (WHO), 10 Web-based interventions, for substance abuse, 153–162 Y current evidence of Yoga, 195–201 alcohol use, 157 defined, 196 cannabis use, 159–160 effect on substance abuse, 198–201 cost-effectiveness, 160–161 origin of, 195 stimulant use, 158–159 theoretical background of, 154–156 Z Withdrawal symptoms, 19, 27, 41–42 Zinc, 127 mindfulness-based intervention strategies Zolpidem, for benzodiazepine detoxification, for, 108 43 World Drug Report, 9