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in the new South Africa Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download Growing up Titles.indd 1 2010/02/26 1:46 PM in the new South Africa CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN POST-APARTHEID CAPE TOWN Rachel Bray • Imke Gooskens • Lauren Kahn • Sue Moses • Jeremy Seekings Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download Growing up Titles.indd 2 2010/02/26 1:46 PM in the new South Africa CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN POST-APARTHEID CAPE TOWN Rachel Bray • Imke Gooskens • Lauren Kahn • Sue Moses • Jeremy Seekings Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download Growing up Titles.indd 2 2010/02/26 1:46 PM Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2010 ISBN (soft cover) 978-0-7969-2313-4 ISBN (pdf) 978-0-7969-2314-1 ISBN (e-pub) 978-0-7969-2315-8 © 2010 Human Sciences Research Council Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. Copyedited by Mark Ronan Typeset by Baseline Publishing Services Cover design by Michelle Staples Printed by [printer], Cape Town, South Africa Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables and figures vii Preface ix The Fish Hoek valley: Maps and photographs 1 1. Growing up in post-apartheid South Africa 21 2. Discourses and realities of family life 48 3. The familiar world of the neighbourhood 97 4. Segregated and integrated spaces: Mobility and identity beyond the neighbourhood 135 5. The real worlds of public schooling 170 6. The social aspects of schooling: Navigating an educational career 203 7. Freedom, ‘fitting in’ and foreign territories: The world of friends, dating and sex 253 8. The quiet violence of contemporary segregation in Cape Town 294 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download 9. Conclusion 323 Notes 331 The authors 334 References 335 Index 350 v Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download Tables and figures Table 1.1 Details of participants in ethnographic research 35 Table 1.2 Markers or indicators of the transitions to adulthood 40 Table 2.1 Whereabouts of (biological) mothers and fathers of children aged 0–13 in Cape Town (% of total) 51 Table 2.2 Whereabouts of (biological) mothers and fathers of adolescents aged 14–17 in Cape Town (% of total) 51 Table 2.3 Proportions of adolescents aged 14–17 who report spending time with mother, father or both parents, according to parental whereabouts (%) 82 Table 5.1 Distribution of test scores by neighbourhood income quintile (16-year-olds) 176 Figure 1.1 Household incomes in the Valley 26 Figure 2.1 Family-based household types, adolescents aged 14–17 52 Figure 2.2 Proportion of children aged 0–13 in Cape Town co-resident with parents, by race and household income 53 Figure 2.3 Proportion of life spent with parents, by race and income, adolescents aged 14–17 54 Figure 2.4 Frequency that adolescents spend time with absent parents 81 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download Figure 3.1 Safety in the neighbourhood as reported by young people aged 17–20 105 Figure 3.2 Perceptions of friendliness and helpfulness of neighbours 108 Figure 3.3 Participation in sports or religious or music/dancing groups among adolescents aged 14–17 114 Figure 5.1 Matric candidates and results (1993–2006) 172 Figure 5.2 Grade attainment in the Valley (2001) 173 Figure 5.3 Test scores by current grade (2002) 174 Figure 5.4 Test scores by neighbourhood income (Cape Town, 2002) 175 Figure 6.1 Who in the family helps with homework? 214 Figure 6.2 Educational expectations of parents of adolescents aged 14–17, by neighbourhood 217 Figure 6.3 Educational expectations of adolescents aged 14–17, by neighbourhood 218 vii Figure 6.4 Educational expectations of adolescents aged 20–22, by neighbourhood 218 Figure 6.5 Current educational reality of adolescents aged 20–22, by neighbourhood 219 Figure 6.6 School attendance by age, Ocean View (%) 227 Figure 6.7 School attendance by age, Masiphumelele (%) 228 Figure 6.8 School attendance by age, Fish Hoek (%) 228 Figure 6.9 Reasons for not being enrolled in school, ages 15–17 231 Figure 6.10 Premature departure from school, by age and neighbourhood type 232 Figure 6.11 Study and work status, by age and neighbourhood type 243 Figure 7.1 Sexual activity and pregnancy among girls, Cape Town 258 Figure 7.2 Sexual activity and impregnation among boys, Cape Town 258 Figure 7.3 Sexual activity and pregnancy among girls, by type of neighbourhood and age, Cape Town 259 Figure 7.4 Sexual activity and impregnation among boys, by type of neighbourhood and age, Cape Town 260 Figure 7.5 Young women’s expected and actual ages of maternity (2002–2005) 278 Figure 8.1 Control over life, by neighbourhood (17–20-year-olds, Cape Town) 297 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download viii Preface This book is the product of a collaborative effort by researchers in the Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR) at the University of Cape Town. It presents primarily qualitative research, and has its origins in a perceived need to go beyond quantitative research. The CSSR was established in 2001 with the goal of strengthening capacity in quantitative social science. One of the CSSR’s major projects was the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS), for which a ‘panel’ of almost 5 000 adolescents across Cape Town were interviewed repeatedly over several years as they grew into adulthood. CAPS was a joint project of the CSSR and scholars at the University of Michigan, and was co-directed by Jeremy Seekings (from the CSSR) and David Lam (from the University of Michigan). The first wave of interviews was conducted in 2002, and subsequent waves in 2003/04, 2005 and 2006. It soon became clear that progress in understanding transitions into adulthood would require a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, and so an ethnographic research project was initiated within the CSSR in 2004 by Rachel Bray and Jeremy Seekings. Rachel Bray led the ethnographic study and, with Imke Gooskens and Susan Moses, conducted 15 months of fieldwork in the Cape Town neighbourhoods of Masiphumelele, Fish Hoek and Ocean View respectively. This qualitative research proceeded in parallel to the successive waves of CAPS. Analysis of the qualitative data from each neighbourhood was conducted both individually and collaboratively by Imke, Rachel and Sue. Jeremy analysed the quantitative data and participated in discussions about the qualitative research. Rachel Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Free download and Jeremy took responsibility for integrating material into composite chapters, with Rachel taking primary responsibility for about two-thirds of the chapters and Jeremy for one-third. Just about every chapter, however, includes substantial contributions from Rachel, Sue, Imke and Jeremy. The one exception is Chapter 7, for which Lauren Kahn was primarily responsible. Lauren had conducted fieldwork among adolescent girls in the same neighbourhoods in Cape Town, focusing specifically on their friendships and sexual relationships. She incorporated findings from her own research and from the research by Rachel, Imke and Sue into a composite chapter. Every chapter was discussed repeatedly in collective workshops, and read and reread by each member of the team. Both Rachel and Jeremy restructured and rewrote almost every chapter. Some sections of the book have appeared in other forms. Sue, Imke and Lauren drew on their analyses for their master’s dissertations (Gooskens 2006; Kahn 2008; Moses 2005). Jeremy, Sue, Imke and Lauren contributed articles to a special issue of Social Dynamics (32[1] 2006). Rachel and Imke co-wrote an article on the ethics of conducting research with children in Anthropology Southern Africa (Bray & Gooskens 2006). Rachel drew on this and further ethnographic work with mothers ix and young children to co-write work on childcare, poverty and HIV/AIDS with Rene Brandt in, among others, the Journal of Children and Poverty (Bray & Brandt 2007). Most of these papers – and others – were published as working papers in the CSSR Working Paper Series. Ariane de Lannoy, a PhD student in the CSSR, who is researching educational decision-making among young people in Cape Town, provided particular input to Chapter 6. Katherine Ensler, a visiting student from Princeton, assisted with observational research in high schools in Fish Hoek and Masiphumelele. This research was only possible because of the enthusiasm shown by many children and adolescents in Fish Hoek, Ocean View and Masiphumelele, and by many of their family members and neighbours. We are especially grateful to the six teenage residents of the Valley who volunteered to join the team as young researchers: Riccardo Herdien, Thandolwethu Mbi, Karen Painter, Samantha Peacocke, Zahir Slarmie and Siyabulela White. All names used in the text are pseudonyms. We were able to conduct research inside schools through the generous assistance of the principals and teachers at Fish Hoek Primary, Middle and Senior High; Marine Primary; Ocean View Secondary; Ukhanyo Primary; and Masiphumelele High.