DOCSLIB.ORG

Media Accountability Today... and Tomorrow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Media Accountability T Tony Blair demands it, Reuters wants it, the Spokane Spokesman-Review practices some of it and scholars try to define it – media accountability. Media Accountability Today... and Tomorrow The need for media accountability was formulated more than 100 years ago and made manifest with codes of ethics and ”bureaus of accuracy”. The Hutchins Commission used the concept in 1947 as a way to avoid government prescription of media content. The practice of Updating the Concept in Theory and Practice media accountability has since been fueled by market expansion, looser regulation of public service and a technological facilitation of media/public interaction. Torbjörn von Krogh (ed.) In March 2007 these issues were discussed in a two-day international conference at the School of Communication and Design, University of Kalmar, Sweden. Scholars gave overviews oday of Media Accountability Systems (MAS), media journalism, media blogs and the effects of market-driven journalism on media accountability. Practitioners presented cases dealing with ... and T victims of the media in the United Kingdom, news ombudsmen and media critique in Scandinavia, and transparency in Spokane, Washington, USA. To the presentations from Kalmar the conference-initiator Torbjörn von Krogh has added a omor background chapter on the origins and rise of media accountability and some thoughts on its future. He also offers a new working definition of media accountability, building on the work ro of European and North American scholars: w T orbjör Media accountability is the interactive process by which media organizations may be expected or obliged to render an account (and sometimes a correction and/or excuse) of their activities to their constituents. The values and relative n strength of the constituents vary over time and are affected by media systems vo and media technologies. n Kr Contributors ogh Scholars: Claude-Jean Bertrand, Susanne Fengler, Gordon S. Jackson and John H. McManus. Practitioners: Terje Angelshaug, Mike Jempson, Martin Jönsson, Åke Pettersson, Steven A. (ed.) Smith, Olav Anders Øvrebø Editor (and practitioner/scholar): Torbjörn von Krogh NORDICOM Nordic Information Center for Media and Communication Research University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 Fax +46 31 786 46 55 www.nordicom.gu.se ISBN 978-91-89471-58-0 0 0 NORDICOM 8 5 1 7 An International Seminar 4 9 at School of Communication and Design, The Institute 8 NORDICOM for Further Education 1 Kalmar University, 13-14 March 2007 9 of Journalists 8 7 9 ISBN 978-91-89471-58- Media Accountability Today... and Tomorrow Media Accountability Today... and Tomorrow Updating the Concept in Theory and Practice NORDICOM Media Accountability Today... and Tomorrow Updating the Concept in Theory and Practice Torbjörn von Krogh (ed.) © Editorial matters and selections, the editor; articles, individual contributors; Nordicom ISBN 978-91-89471-58-0 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 Göteborg Sweden Translation from Norwegian and Swedish by: Charly Hultén Cover by: Roger Palmqvist Cover illustration by: Lars-Erik Håkansson Printed by: Livréna AB, Göteborg, Sweden, 2008 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 Contents Preface 7 Torbjörn von Krogh Introduction. Media Accountability. A 60-year-old Compromise that Still Holds Promise for the Future 9 Claude-Jean Bertrand M*A*S in the Present World. An Overview of Media Accountability Systems 29 John H. McManus Media Accountability in the Era of Market-driven Journalism 41 EXAMPLE OF INTERNAL MEDIA AccountabilitY SYSTEMS Steven A. Smith “And the Walls Come Tumbling down”. From Fortress Newsroom to the Transparent Newsroom 49 EXAMPLES OF EXTERNAL MEDIA AccountabilitY SYSTEMS Susanne Fengler Media Journalism ... and the Power of Blogging Citizens 61 Olav Anders Øvrebø Journalism After the Monopoly on Publishing Has Been Broken 69 Martin Jönsson Media Journalism 2.0 79 Åke Pettersson From Opinion Journalism to Internal Strife. Vår grundade mening – A Program of Media Criticism on Swedish Public Radio 83 Mike Jempson From PressWise to MediaWise. Promoting Journalism Ethics in the UK, 1993-2007 87 5 Gordon S. Jackson Ten Things I Want Community Leaders to Know About Journalism. A Former (external) Ombudsman at The Spokesman-Review Teaches Media Literacy 99 EXAMPLES OF CooperatiVE MEDIA AccountabilitY SYSTEMS Terje Angelshaug Chink in a Stone Wall. A Presentation of a Readers’ Ombudsman at Bergens Tidende, Norway 105 Terje Angelshaug When Readers Wonder. A Column in Bergens Tidende with a Comment 111 Claude-Jean Bertrand Watching the Watchdog-Watching dog. A Call for Active Press-Councils 115 Torbjörn von Krogh “Constructive Criticism” vs Public Scrutiny. Attitudes to Media Accountability in and Outside Swedish News Media 119 Torbjörn von Krogh Final Words – New Starting Points 137 SUPPLEMENTS Press Councils in the World – 2007 145 110 Media Accountability Systems 149 About the Authors 157 6 Preface Through a three-year grant from the Stiftelsen [Foundation] Barometern, the School of Communication and Design, IKD, was able to invite a visiting profes- sor in journalism during the academic year 2006-2007. Torbjörn von Krogh, a journalist with a long, distinguished and varied career spent the year with us, exploring the implementation of Media Accountability Systems. MAS cover a wide variety of self-regulating methods by which the mass media can improve their publishing ethics in practice. A symposium with the same title was held at Kalmar University on March 13-14, 2007. The event brought together practicing journalists, researchers pri- marily from the Scandinavian countries, and teachers from Kalmar University. Invited speakers came from Germany, UK and USA as well. Unfortunately, the leading person in global MAS research, late professor Claude-Jean Bertrand from Paris, could not attend due to his illness. The School of Communication and Design wishes to express its thanks to those who attended the symposium and, in particular, to those whose contribu- tions appear in this volume. On behalf of our School, I want to thank professor Torbjörn von Krogh for spending the academic year with us, helping us to convene the symposium and editing this volume. The School of Communication and Design was joined by The Swedish In- stitute for Further Education of Journalists, FOJO, at Kalmar University, in the planning and execution of the symposium. Finally, to the Stiftelsen Barometern, many thanks for your support of our School, and to Nordicom, for publishing this volume. Kalmar in February, 2008 Olof Hultén Head, School of Communication and design Kalmar University 7 Introduction Media Accountability. A 60-year-old Compromise that Still Holds Promise for the Future Torbjörn von Krogh June 12, 2007, Prime Minister Tony Blair held a valedictory in which he ex- pressed harsh criticism of British news media. The media, Blair said, “is a feral beast, just tearing people and reputations to bits”. He was clearly of the opinion that the beast should be tamed, but how to go about it when, just moments before, he had assured his listeners that “a free media is a vital part of a free society”? “It is also a part of freedom”, he continued, “to be able to comment on the media”. He then went on to speak of the need for a new regulatory framework (in which he included institutions of self-regulation). It has to be possible to hold the media, like all other centers of power in society, accountable, Blair argued. Many a prime minister – and others who don’t have Tony Blair’s access to the public – are critical of the media news reporting. Part of the friction has to do with the fact that the media highlight problems and criticize how powerful figures perform their duties. But there is also dissatisfaction among a broader circle of users of the media, who find fault with newsgathering practices and note errors in the reporting. Holding media accountable for what they do – and don’t do – has become a means to tackle problems on several levels. To get an explanation, to get errors corrected, to receive an apology when it is called for. But also, to raise the overall level of quality in news reporting, according to the principle that a medium’s performance will be affected by knowing that it may be called to account and have to explain how it went about its work, i.e., a dynamic ele- ment of interactivity (see also the working definition of ‘accountability’ offered at the end of this chapter). Launched in 1947 by the Hutchins Commission in the USA, the concept of media accountability was a solution to a conflict within the Commission between those who were willing to impose some form of government regulation on the media and those who wanted media to remain free of government influence. The Commission was of the opinion that American media were not fulfilling their proper role in a democracy, i.e., they were not providing the information citizens need, but the group shied away from the idea that legislators should 9 TORBJÖRN von KROGH be able to prescribe media content. They arrived at a compromise: the media would be held accountable through criticism, debate, critical scrutiny and a non-governmental ‘media inspectorate’ that would be privately funded and hosted by an unspecified university. The notion of ‘accountability’ in the abstract has been debated by media theorists ever since; meanwhile, in practice the concept has gained ever wider acceptance among media practitioners. Given the interactivity that both ‘our times’ and new communications technology make possible, the concept would appear to have bright prospects. Some Examples of the Current Interest Speaking at the inauguration of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University in November 2006, Geert Linnebank, then Editor-in-Chief for Reuters, concluded his remarks with the following words: This brings me to the point I want to end on – accountability.
Recommended publications
  • Journalism After the Monopoly on Publishing Has Been Broken

    Journalism After the Monopoly on Publishing Has Been Broken

    69 Journalism After the Monopoly on Publishing Has Been Broken Olav Anders Øvrebø Most journalism that focuses on mass media in Norway has a business orientation. A broader media journalism with a more varied approach may make a decisive contribution to the re-definition of journalism and the role of journalists now that Internet, ‘the Web’, has broken established media’s monopoly on the privilege to publish. Can the press possibly compete with television, “a medium that, in a matter of speaking, lets its audience actually witness events as they happen”? The question was asked in a rhetorical vein by Norwegian editor Chr. A. R. Christensen in 1961, the year after television was introduced in Norway. Christensen was Editor-in-Chief of Verdens Gang, a post he held from the paper’s start in 1945 until his death in 1967.1 Among his many talents, Christensen was a shrewd media analyst, as Martin Eide writes in his biography of Christensen, published in 2006.2 He went on to answer his question about the competitive strength of the press with an emphatic “Yes”: Where television is clearly superior in its speed and ability to provide ‘presence’, the press is unsurpassed when it comes to analysis, interpretation and evaluation, Christensen declared. A history of Norwegian journalism about the media has yet to be written, but when it is, Christensen’s analyses will have a given place in it. Decisive junctures, such as when one or another new media technology appears on the scene, are probably the most interesting periods for historians looking for innovation and definitive steps in the development of journalism.
  • Hypoderma Tarandi, Case Series from Norway, 2011 to 2016

    Hypoderma Tarandi, Case Series from Norway, 2011 to 2016

    Surveillance and outbreak report Human myiasis caused by the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi, case series from Norway, 2011 to 2016 J Landehag ¹ , A Skogen ¹ , K Åsbakk ² , B Kan ³ 1. Department of Paediatrics, Finnmark Hospital Trust, Hammerfest, Norway 2. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway 3. Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Correspondence: Kjetil Åsbakk ([email protected]) Citation style for this article: Landehag J, Skogen A, Åsbakk K, Kan B. Human myiasis caused by the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi, case series from Norway, 2011 to 2016. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(29):pii=30576. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.29.30576 Article submitted on 01 September 2016 / accepted on 14 December 2016 / published on 20 July 2017 Hypoderma tarandi causes myiasis in reindeer and northern hemisphere regions (Alaska, Canada, Nordic caribou (Rangifer tarandus spp.) in most northern countries in Europe including Greenland (self-govern- hemisphere regions where these animals live. We ing territory of Denmark) and Russia) where these ani- report a series of 39 human myiasis cases caused by mals live [5]. H. tarandi in Norway from 2011 to 2016. Thirty-two were residents of Finnmark, the northernmost county Most of the 24 human cases of myiasis caused by H. of Norway, one a visitor to Finnmark, and six lived in tarandi reported in Norway and other countries in the other counties of Norway where reindeer live. Clinical literature from 1982 to 2016 [6-17] developed oph- manifestations involved migratory dermal swellings thalmomyiasis interna (OMI), a condition where the of the face and head, enlargement of regional lymph larva has invaded the eye globe, often leading to vis- nodes, and periorbital oedema, with or without eosin- ual impairment.
  • Print Journalism: a Critical Introduction

    Print Journalism: a Critical Introduction

    Print Journalism A critical introduction Print Journalism: A critical introduction provides a unique and thorough insight into the skills required to work within the newspaper, magazine and online journalism industries. Among the many highlighted are: sourcing the news interviewing sub-editing feature writing and editing reviewing designing pages pitching features In addition, separate chapters focus on ethics, reporting courts, covering politics and copyright whilst others look at the history of newspapers and magazines, the structure of the UK print industry (including its financial organisation) and the development of journalism education in the UK, helping to place the coverage of skills within a broader, critical context. All contributors are experienced practising journalists as well as journalism educators from a broad range of UK universities. Contributors: Rod Allen, Peter Cole, Martin Conboy, Chris Frost, Tony Harcup, Tim Holmes, Susan Jones, Richard Keeble, Sarah Niblock, Richard Orange, Iain Stevenson, Neil Thurman, Jane Taylor and Sharon Wheeler. Richard Keeble is Professor of Journalism at Lincoln University and former director of undergraduate studies in the Journalism Department at City University, London. He is the author of Ethics for Journalists (2001) and The Newspapers Handbook, now in its fourth edition (2005). Print Journalism A critical introduction Edited by Richard Keeble First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX9 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Selection and editorial matter © 2005 Richard Keeble; individual chapters © 2005 the contributors All rights reserved.
  • GRA 19502 Master Thesis

    GRA 19502 Master Thesis

    BI Norwegian Business School - campus Oslo GRA 19502 Master Thesis Component of continuous assessment: Thesis Master of Science Final master thesis – Counts 80% of total grade The effect of internet usage on voter turnout in the European Union Navn: Andreas Boug Start: 02.03.2018 09.00 Finish: 03.09.2018 12.00 GRA 19502 0940769 Abstract This master thesis investigates the effect of internet usage on voter turnout in the European Union over the sample period from 1990 to 2016. The methodology applies is both ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation and the fixed effect model approach, in which the dependent variable is voter turnout and the independent variable is the internet usage. Both socioeconomic variables such as population, gender (female) and age, in addition to macroeconomic variables such as GDP per capita and the unemployment rate are used as a control variable in the regressions. The main findings suggest a positive and statistically significant effect of internet usage on voter turnout in the European Union. Moreover, the findings from the OLS estimation and the fixed effects models only differ slightly, which makes the simultaneity problem less likely in the empirical analysis. The sensitivity analysis conducted in this thesis examine the robustness of the main findings by firstly excluding the female variable as a control variable and secondly by excluding Belgium and Luxembourg from the data set due to compulsory voting in these countries. In both cases, the estimated effect of internet usage on the voter turnout remains positive and huge in magnitude and statistically significant at conventional levels. That said, all findings reported in this thesis should be considered with some caution, as more comprehensive sensitivity analysis with respect to control variables not used in the empirical analysis may be conducted.
  • Con!Nui" of Norwegian Tradi!On in #E Pacific Nor#West

    Con!Nui" of Norwegian Tradi!On in #E Pacific Nor#West

    Con!nui" of Norwegian Tradi!on in #e Pacific Nor#west Henning K. Sehmsdorf Copyright 2020 S&S Homestead Press Printed by Applied Digital Imaging Inc, Bellingham, WA Cover: 1925 U.S. postage stamp celebrating the centennial of the 54 ft (39 ton) sloop “Restauration” arriving in New York City, carrying 52 mostly Norwegian Quakers from Stavanger, Norway to the New World. Table of Con%nts Preface: 1-41 Immigra!on, Assimila!on & Adapta!on: 5-10 S&ried Tradi!on: 11-281 1 Belief & Story 11- 16 / Ethnic Jokes, Personal Narratives & Sayings 16-21 / Fishing at Røst 21-23 / Chronicats, Memorats & Fabulats 23-28 Ma%rial Culture: 28-96 Dancing 24-37 / Hardanger Fiddle 37-39 / Choral Singing 39-42 / Husflid: Weaving, Knitting, Needlework 42-51 / Bunad 52-611 / Jewelry 62-7111 / Boat Building 71-781 / Food Ways 78-97 Con!nui": 97-10211 Informants: 103-10811 In%rview Ques!onnaire: 109-111111 End No%s: 112-1241111 Preface For the more than three decades I taught Scandinavian studies at the University of Washington in Seattle, I witnessed a lively Norwegian American community celebrating its ethnic heritage, though no more than approximately 1.5% of self-declared Norwegian Americans, a mere fraction of the approximately 280,000 Americans of Norwegian descent living in Washington State today, claim membership in ethnic organizations such as the Sons of Norway. At musical events and dances at Leikarringen and folk dance summer camps; salmon dinners and traditional Christmas celebrations at Leif Ericsson Lodge; cross-country skiing at Trollhaugen near Stampede
  • Journalism, Media & Communication

    Journalism, Media & Communication

    Journalism, Media & Communication 2006/07 Textbooks www.oup.com.au 2 Highlights PAGE 3 PAGE 4 PAGE 8 Publisher’s Message Are you interested in writing a textbook? Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford University Press Australia and New Zealand is committed to publishing high quality textbooks to meet the needs of Australian and New Zealand students. We aim to deliver to our authors the benefi ts that come from publishing with a focused and dedicated Higher Education team, operating as part of a large and international publisher. If you have an idea for a new textbook, we would be pleased to talk with you about it. Lucy McLoughlin Publishing Editor, Higher Education Email: [email protected] Look out for our locally published titles marked with this icon 13 Digit ISBN From January 2007, the ISBN will be expanded from a 10-digit (ISBN-10) to a 13-digit number (ISBN-13), which will bring it in line with the 13-digit European Article Number (EAN) used throughout the world to identify products in other retail and wholesale channels. This is happening because there is a shortage of ISBNs in some countries. For much of 2006 catalogues, order forms, and the OUP web site will display both ISBNs. Increasingly during the fi nal quarter of 2006, and certainly from 1 January 2007 only ISBN-13 will be displayed. OUP will continue to accept orders for titles that have an ISBN-10 after 1 January 2007.
  • Cheque-Book Journalism

    Cheque-Book Journalism

    CHEQUE-BOOK JOURNALISM 1. Introduction 2. Background to the debate: the Rose West trial 3. Definitions 4. Why are the payments made? 5. Why not ban the practice? 6. The public interest 7. Cheque-book journalism and the law 8. Copyright 9. Payments in court cases: Contempt of Court Act 1981 10. Codes of conduct 11. Remedies 1. Introduction PressWise accepts that there are legitimate occasions when payments are made by editors in return for information. However enticing people to supply 'exclusive' information with offers of large sums of money is a pernicious corruption of the notion of press freedom, especially since the primary purpose is usually to boost the circulation/profits of a newspaper. The purchase of an 'exclusive' which has the effect of restricting access to important information or limiting the choice of the public should be avoided. PressWise advises people NOT to sell the exclusive rights to their story, largely because few appreciate the longer-term consequences of such 'deals'. They lose control of their lives and their image because they rarely retain the right to influence how the material is used or presented. Editorial control remains in the hands of the editor, and as a result many become 'victims of press abuse'. When a newspaper pays for an exclusive, rival publications seek to undermine it with 'spoilers'. Little thought is given to the effect this can have on the 'victim'. People who sell their story are regarded as 'fair game' in the circulation battles that ensue. Women in 'kiss and sell' stories often discover too late the risk of being branded for their actions; others are victimised because newspapers encourage informants to embellish the stories the papers want to buy.
  • News Set up Designed.Pmd

    News Set up Designed.Pmd

    DIPLOMA IN JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION DJMC-2 News Set Up Block 2 News Set Up Unit - 1 Reporting Departments, Role, Function and Qualities of a Reporter Unit - 2 Role and importance of news sources, Ethical aspect of sourcing News and Reporting 1 Expert Committee Members Dr. Mrinal Chatterjee (Chairman) Professor, IIMC, Dhenkanal Abhaya Padhi Former, ADG, Prasar Bharati Dr. Prdeep Mohapatra Former HOD, JMC, Berhampur University Sushant Kumar Mohanty Editor, The Samaja(Special Invitee) Dr. Dipak Samantarai Director, NABM, BBSR Dr. Asish Kumar Dwivedy Asst. Professor, Humanities and Social Science (Communication Studies), SoA University, BBSR Sujit Kumar Mohanty Asst. Professor, JMC, Central University of Orissa, Koraput Ardhendu Das Editor, News 7 Patanjali Kar Sharma State Correspondent, News 24X7 Jyoti Prakash Mohapatra (Member Convenor) Academic Consultant, Odisha State Open University Course Writer: Sanjay Kumar Sahoo Edited By: Jyoti Prakash Mohapatra 2 DJMC-2 Block 2 Content Unit - 1: Reporting Departments, Role, Function and Qualities of a Reporter 1.0 UNIT STRUCTURE 4 1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 1.2 INTRODUCTION 4 1.3 NEWS ORGANISATION 5 1.4 THE NEWS DEPARTMENT 8 1.4.1 NEWS DEPARTMENT IN NEWSPAPER 8 1.4.2 NEWS DEPARTMENT IN MAGAZINE 11 1.4.3 NEWS DEPARTMENT IN NEWS AGENCY 12 1.4.4 NEWS DEPARTMENT IN RADIO 13 1.4.5 NEWS DEPARTMENT IN TV NEWS CHANNEL 14 1.5 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 17 1.6 ROLE, FUNCTION & QUALITIES OF A REPORTER 18 1.6.1 QUALITIES OF A REPORTER 18 1.6.2 ROLE & FUNCTION OF A REPORTER 20 1.6.3 ROLE, FUNCTION & QUALITIES
  • Chequebook Journalism and Envelope Journalism), Which the Sources, Seeks for Favorable Coverage in the Media

    Chequebook Journalism and Envelope Journalism), Which the Sources, Seeks for Favorable Coverage in the Media

    MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION STUDIES “Fall14 Masters one year, Changarawe Francine The Implications of the Chequebook and Envelope Journalism to the Effectiveness of Media Reporting” Name: Francine S. Changarawe Master’s Thesis submitted for review to the department of Informatics and Media, Uppsala University May 2013 for obtaining the Master’s Degree of Social Science in the field of Media and Communication Studies. Supervisor: Ylva Ekström Date: 19th August.2014. 1 Acknowledgement I want to express my gratitude and acknowledge those who have helped me on the way toward completing this dissertation and who through their time and generous support have made me pursuit of a Master studies in Uppsala Media and Communication Studies possible and my graduate student life in Sweden enjoyable. As my thesis advisor, Ylva Ekström has provided essential intellectual and professional mentorship. She was excited about this project when I proposed it and has offered her continued sincere encouragement and support all the days. My work has benefited from her ability to see connecting lines and bring the research into focus when my own thoughts were clouded with too many ideas. I feel indebted to the Department of Media and Information and my colleagues at the Social Science Studies of the Uppsala University. I want to thank my colleagues in particular: Synthia Bintey Rahman without forgetting my brother Edmund Mabhuye with his effort and encouragement. I would like to thank the wonderful librarians in Ekonomikum Library who were consistently able to assist me and were very dedicated to solving any problem I might bring to them, always with a cheering smile.
  • ED084249.Pdf

    ED084249.Pdf

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 084 249 SP 007 485 TITLE Sport for All. Five Countries Report. INSTITUTION Council for Cultural Cooperation, Strasbourg (France) . PUB DATE 70 NOTE 135p. AVAILABLE FROM Manhattan Publishing Company, 225 Lafayette Street, New York 12, NY($3.00) EDRS PRICE EF-$0.65 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Athletic Activities; *Athletics; *Foreign Countries; *National Programs; Physical Activities; Physiology; *Sociocultural Patterns; Teacher Education; Womens Athletics IDENTIFIERS Sport for All ABSTRACT This document is a compendium of reports from five countries on their "Sport for All" programs. The five countries are the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdor.. It.is stated that the basic idea of "Sport for All" is of a sociocultural nature: it regards sport and its functions as an integral part of permanent education. All of the reports place emphasis on medico-biological motives, sociological. motives (the question of the use of leisure time), and educational motives (the place of sport in our civilization as a whole). Topics covered in the five reports are various methodologies of each country's program, the attitude of women towards sport, the training of instructors, the general public response, and the future needs of the "Sport for All" program. (Related document is SP 007.501.) (JA) IJ(;,.)`)IIIINI1U {el I t)yr. It ,,,A1BY MICRO FIcHE ONLY N WI' COL4 1)1 C.1 OF Ili l-K0ANI, out ,,,N1 /:, ON', OPt PT. ,.{Ot 1$i ilf)t.):10,1,11 ()It t)I;( t t Pt, Otlk!(nON Do I 'ODI 1111 t P.
  • The Construction of National Identity in Norwegian Fashion Photography

    The Construction of National Identity in Norwegian Fashion Photography

    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2006 East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon: The construction of national identity in norwegian fashion photography Anne-Britt Kjoensburg Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Photography Commons Recommended Citation Kjoensburg, A. (2006). East o' the Sun and West o' the Moon: The construction of national identity in norwegian fashion photography. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1284 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1284 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
  • Establishing Public Broadcasting Monopolies: Reappraising the British and Norwegian Cases

    Establishing Public Broadcasting Monopolies: Reappraising the British and Norwegian Cases

    Media History Monographs 8:1 (2005-2006) Establishing Public Broadcasting Monopolies: Reappraising the British and Norwegian Cases Asle Rolland The Norwegian School of Management BI Center for Media Economics The Norwegian School of Management BI Nydalsveien 37, N-0442 Oslo, Norway E-mail: [email protected] And Statistics Norway Department of Social Statistics P. O. Box 8131 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) pioneered a development that from the 1920s onwards led to the establishment of broadcasting monopolies all over Europe. This essay reviews a comparative study of the origins of the British and Norwegian monopolies, in which their establishment is explained as the result of constraints on the policymakers. Also reviewed is an attempt to justify the Norwegian monopoly - indirectly the broadcasting monopoly institution as such - as economically and legitimately unavoidable. The essay argues that the British and Norwegian policymakers did have freedom of choice. In both countries the unfounded but imperative demand that broadcasting must be nation-wide was used to secure the transfer from private to public broadcasting. Once it had served its purpose, however, and the state monopolies were established, this demand was relegated to the second rank of public service broadcasting principles. The essay further argues that for the policymakers the establishment of state-controlled broadcasting monopolies was a political goal in itself, and not a means to correct market failures as in macroeconomic theory. ©2005 Asle Rolland Media History Monographs 8:1 Rolland: Establishing Public Broadcasting Monopolies Establishing Public Broadcasting Monopolies: Reappraising the British and Norwegian cases 1. Introduction broadcasting monopoly.5 Did Britain have the solution to what all Europeans could see–or hear– Great public institutions have their official was the problem with the American model of historians.