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Mudanças Climáticas Globais, Florestas E Mercado De Carbono

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Mudanças Climáticas Globais, Florestas E Mercado De Carbono Mudanças Climáticas Globais, Florestas e Mercado de Carbono Eder Zanetti Para a Letícia, que com carinho, amor, dedicação e paciência, transforma o ambiente dos que tem a felicidade de conviver com ela. 1. As Mudanças climáticas globais..................................................................................... 1.1 A Terra e as Mudanças Climáticas Globais.......................................................... 1.2 A Atmosfera Terrestre as Mudanças Climáticas Globais Antropogênicas........ 1.3 As Florestas e as Mudanças Climáticas Globais (Naturais e Antropogênicas).. 1.3.1 Adaptação.................................................................................................. 1.3.2 Mitigação................................................................................................... 2. As Florestas e seu Múltiplo Uso 2.1 Florestas 2.2 Manejo Florestal Sustentável de Múltiplos Usos 2.3 Serviços Ambientais das Florestas 3. As florestas e o Mercado de Carbono............................................................................ 3.1 O Mercado de Carbono para Florestas: DCP e LB&M ..................................... 3.1.1 DCP............................................................................................................... 3.1.1.1 Estudo de Caso: Estimativa de Carbono em Projeto de Reflorestamento com Pinus spp............................................................ 3.1.2 LB&M........................................................................................................... 3.1.2.1 Estudo Comparado de Metodologias A/R do MDL............................ 3.2 Exigências UNFCCC para Metodologias de Linha de Base e Monitoramento em projetos A/R do MDL do Protocolo de Quioto................................................ 3.2.1 Metodologia AR-AM0001........................................................................... 3.2.2 Metodologia AR-AM0002........................................................................... 3.2.3 Metodologia AR-AM0003........................................................................... 3.2.4 Metodologia AR-AM0004........................................................................... 3.2.5 Metodologia AR-AM0005........................................................................... 4. Os projetos REDD e REDD+......................................................................................... 4.1 Metodologias de Linha de Base e Monitoramento para Projetos REDD e REDD+................................................................................................................................. 4.2 Financiamento de Projetos REDD e REDD+................................................. 4.3 Os Projetos REDD e REDD+ no Brasil........................................................... 4.4 Críticas ao Modelo de Projetos REDD e REDD+.......................................... 5. Análises e Perspectivas para o Enfrentamento das Mudanças Climáticas Globais no Setor Florestal................................................................................................................. 5.1 As Mudanças Globais e as Implicações para a Reserva Legal e a Área de Preservação Permanente................................................................................... 5.2 A Prevenção como Medida Pró-ativa............................................................... 5.3 Perspectivas para o Setor Florestal.................................................................. 5.4 O Armazém Florestal e o Corredor Florestal da Amazônia.......................... 6. A Madeira como Contribuição para Reduzir Emissões de GEE no Brasil.............. 6.1 Introdução........................................................................................................ 6.2 As mudanças climáticas globais e os Produtos Florestais........................... 6.3 As Formas de Estimar o Carbono em Produtos Florestais ......................... 6.4 A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida - ACV de Produtos Florestais....................... 6.5 O Uso de Produtos Florestais.......................................................................... 6.6 Perspectivas para o Mercado de Carbono..................................................... 6.7 O Carbono nos Produtos Florestais Brasileiros........................................... 6.7.1 Carbono em Casas Populares no Brasil............................................ 6.7.2 Resultados............................................................................................ 6.8 Discussão............................................................................................................ 7. Oportunidades para os Produtos Florestais e Carbono – BRIC............................... 7.1 Introdução......................................................................................................... 7.2 Produtores e Consumidores Mundiais de Produtos Florestais.................... 7.3 A Crise Econômica Global de 2008 e 2011..................................................... 7.4 O Setor Florestal e os BRIC............................................................................ 7.5 Leis e Regulamentos......................................................................................... 7.6 Certificação Florestal....................................................................................... 7.7 Carbono Florestal.............................................................................................. 7.8 Integração Florestal entre BRIC................................................................... 7.9 Harmonização da Legislação........................................................................... 7.10 Harmonização da Certificação Florestal e de Carbono............................... 8. Os Recursos Ambientais e o Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Proposta de Política Nacional de Bens e Serviços Ambientais e Ecossistêmicos............................................. 8.1 Introdução........................................................................................................ 8.2 Perspectiva....................................................................................................... 8.3 A experiência de Mato Grosso: UBSAE/MT e PNBSAE/MT.................... 8.4 Propostas de Legislação Nacional, Estadual e Municipal......................... 8.5 Resultados Esperados................................................................................... 8.6 Discussão e Conclusão.................................................................................. 9. Bibliografia....................................................................................................................... Mudanças Climáticas Globais, Florestas, Madeira e Mercado de Carbono Eder Zanetti Introdução É um fenômeno natural, ou é o homem responsável pelas mudanças climáticas globais? Qual o papel das florestas? O que a Amazônia tem com isso? Existe um mercado de carbono, para as florestas? Como ele funciona? E no Brasil, existe esse mercado de Carbono? O que podemos esperar para os próximos anos? Foi esse tipo de questionamento, que motivou esse trabalho. A intenção, é encontrar respostas, ou pelo menos investigar a fundo, cada uma dessas questões, de maneira simples e objetiva. Para responder a primeira pergunta, é preciso entender antes, quais são as influências naturais envolvendo as mudanças climáticas globais. Ocorre que, como o próprio título já sugere, são mudanças “globais”, ou seja, alcançam todo o planeta. Quais seriam essas influências naturais, capazes de modificar o clima de um planeta? Durante o primeiro capítulo, a investigação recaiu sobre essa questão. São quatro eixos principais de influências naturais, modificando o clima da Terra, ao longo de escalas geológicas de tempo: a gravitação universal – incluindo os aspectos de deslocamento do eixo terrestre, os raios cósmicos, a atividade solar e as fontes de CO2 (vulcões, gêiseres, incêndios florestais etc.). E a responsabilidade do homem? A humanidade, por todas as suas atividades, influencia as mudanças globais. A densidade demográfica é o principal indicador. Já no aspecto das mudanças climáticas, a principal influencia, está relacionada com o Efeito Estufa. Há uma condição natural, que resulta em uma determinada composição de gases na atmosfera. Por força da atividade humana, de queima de combustíveis fósseis, das mudanças de uso da terra e da exaustão das funções dos ecossistemas pela exploração excessiva, está ocorrendo um aumento da proporção de alguns gases na atmosfera. Esse aumento, não consegue ser explicado pelas influências naturais. A questão seguinte, aborda o papel das florestas. A forma como as florestas influenciam, ou são influenciadas, pelas mudanças climáticas globais, está ligada as respostas fisiológicas dos vegetais. Como resultado dessa percepção, de que existem influências naturais e influências antropogênicas, nas mudanças climáticas globais, as florestas apresentam diferentes comportamentos. A questão da adaptação e da mitigação das mudanças climáticas globais, é a forma como a ciência tem estudado o tema, com resultados que, por sua vez, influenciam as mudanças nos acordos internacionais sobre o clima, e a importância que as florestas podem ter, no comércio de créditos de carbono. Para o Brasil, a importância da floresta Amazônica, pelas suas características e dimensões, é prioridade quando o tema é mudanças climáticas globais. Contudo, a Amazônia brasileira, não é só importante por conta das mudanças climáticas globais, ela
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