International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015 1 ISSN 2250-3153

Wild Medicinal in the Hill of Manipur, : A traditional therapeutic potential.

Th. Inaocha Devi *, Kh. Ujala Devi* and E.J Singh**

*Institutional Biotech Hub, Presidency College, Motbung, Senapati District, Manipur,India. ** Department of Botany, D. M .College of Sc. (PG) Imphal, Manipur, India.

Abstract- The present study revealed that a total of 100 wild by the herbal or pharmaceutical industry are collected from wild medicinal plants belongs to 41 families had been collected in habitat. Manipur has rich heritage and long history on use of which 63 plants are aromatic and 37 plants are non-aromatic. In medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) as medicine, cosmetics, aromatic, family recorded highest species health hygiene, toiletries, fragrance and food supplements in (13) whereas in non-aromatic, family Asteraceae shown improving the quality of life. However, increasing demand on maximum plant species (7). Out of the total medicinal plants, plants and human exploitation become a great threatening in their 20% of plants are used for treatment of diabetics, blood pressure indigenous habitation. Medicinal plants in relation to their and piles, 21% for rheumatism and gout, 9% for asthma, 6% for unutilized and conservation resource have been conducted in stone case, 2% for cancer, 16 % for cosmetics(hair lotion) and different parts of the world (Joy et al., 2001); (Lyle, 2007); 26% for others. Some important medicinal plants which are used (Shankar et al., 2010). Many western explorers (Clarke, 1989; by the local peoples are Zingiber cassumunar, Paederia foetida, Kaith, 1936) were attracted by the rich flora of the state. Some of Polygonum perfoliatum, Melothria purpusilla, Clerodendrum the noteworthy account of the floristic study of Manipur had siphonanthes ,Clerodendrum viscosum, rhombifolia, been given out by Mukherjee (1953), Deb (1961 a & b), Jain and Hiptage benghalensis,. cubeba, Schefflera venulosa, Shukla (1979) and Phukan (1999). Zanthoxylum rhesta, amada, Curcuma caesia, In Manipur, medicinal plants are associated with folk rotunda, Hedychium marginatum. However, Litsea traditions and many local physicians ( Maiba or Amaiba) depend cubeba, , Curcuma caesia, Kaempferia rotunda on the medicinal plants for the treatment of disease . Still, about and Hedychium marginatum are critically endangered. Living in 1200 medicinal plants are used by practitioner in traditional the far interior hill environment where no immediate modern herbal home remedies (Tombiraj 2011). Jain et. al, 2007 also medical facilities depends mainly on plants to cure of all reported that over 90% of villagers consult with traditional diseases. The increase exploitation of various indigenous wild healers before attending healthcare centers. Many workers Jain plants by human activities arise the need for the conservation of et.al, 2007; Singh, 2011; Debala et. al, 2014; Leisangthem and natural bioresources at present for future generation . Sharma, 2014 had studied medicinal plants of Manipur. However, the study of medicinal plants in hill districts is limited. Index Terms- Medicinal plants, Conservation, Endangered, Therefore the present study focus on identification and Sadar hill. conservation of wild medicinal and aromatic plants.

I. INTRODUCTION II. METHODOLOGY anipur is widely rich in biodiversity belonging to different The present study was carried out at Sadar hill, Senapati climatic conditions varying from tropical, subtropical, and district, Manipur and it falls at 230 47’ to 250 41’ N Latitude and M 0 0 temperate zones which covers the major occurrence of medicinal 93 61’ to 94 48’ E Longitude at an altitude varying from 1061 plants. Medicine and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) and their m to 1788 m above sea level. The climate of the study site is derivatives are used for prevention as well as curing of human monsoonal. health problems (diseases and disorders) since time immemorial The detailed survey was conducted at different sites from and there is global resurgence now in use of plant based drugs January 2014 to December 2014. Survey is based on information where modern drugs are either unavailable, unaffordable or collected from different persons like elderly men and women, unsatisfactory (Marshall,2011). The medicinal value of the drug herbalists, and traditional healers through discussions concerning plants are due to the presence of specific chemical substances the indigenous or traditional healing technique from medicinal like , glucosides, resins, gums, tannins, essential and wild plants. Information and voucher specimens including fatty oils etc. The main constituents of essential oils are mono medicinal uses, procedure, composition, does etc. were recorded and sesquiterpenes including carbohydrates, phenols, aldehydes, following standard field and ethno botanical methods (Jain and alcohols, ether and ketones are responsible both for the fragrance Rao ,1977). Collected specimens were identified with the help of and for the biological activity of aromatic and medicinal plants experts and books such as Sinha, 1996; Singh et al., 2003 and (Kalemba and Kunika,2003). Most of the medicinal plants used Lal and Singh, 2009.

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TABLE 1: Wild medicinal plants A. Aromatic plants

Sl. Botanical Name Common Name Family Flowering Parts Medicinal No & Local Name & Fruiting Used Uses . 1 Aquilaria agalocha Eagle-wood & Rutaceae May-Aug , tonic, carminative and Roxb. Agor wood stimulant

2 Artemisia indica Worm seed & Asteraceae Sept-Feb Whole plant Stomach pain, anti-septic Linn. Laibakngou- nakuppi 3 Artemisia nilagirica Indian worm Asteraceae Oct-Feb Whole plant Tonic, anti-septic ,insect (Clarke) Pamp. wood fleavane & repellant Roxb. Laibakngou 4 Acorus calamus Sweet flag & Araceae Non- Leaves, , Cough, fever, itching Linn. Oak-hidak flowering 5 Ageratum Goat weed & Asteraceae Oct-July Leaves Hair care lotion, cough, conyzoides Linn. Khong-jai-napi colic, wound, gastro- intestinal diseases 6 Alpina nigra (Retz.) Shell & Zingiberacea May-July Rhizome, Gout, colicpain, Rosc. Pullei e leaves, rheumatism, sex diseases inflorescenc e 7 Alpina galanga Greater galangal Zingiberacea May-June Rhizome, Gout, colicpain, Wild. & Kanghoo e inflorescenc rheumatism, stimulant, e carminative 8 Amomum dealbatum Bengal Zingiberacea April-Aug Rhizome, High B.P, constipation, Roxb. cardamom & e inflorescenc stomachic, stimulant Namara e 9 Acacia catechu Babul bark & Mimosaceae Oct-Feb Seed, tender, Ringworms, gout, (L.F) Wild Ching-gonglei pod muscular pain, cough, fever, piles, astringent 10 Artocarpus Monkey jack tree Moraceae July-Aug , leaves Constipation, fever, skin lakoocha Wall. & Hari-kokthong diseases, tonic, heart diseases 11 Aegle marmetos Indian bael & Rutaceae March- Fruit, leaves Diabetes, stomachulcer, (L). Correa Hei-khagok June dyspepsia, dysentery 12 Artabotrys Tai grape & Amonacea April-May Inflorescenc Insect repellent, cholera, hexapetalus (L.F.) Chini-champra e, leaves perfume 13 Ardisia crenata Coralberry & Myrsinaceae March- Leaves Diabetes, urinary Sims. U-thum June disorder, cough, diarrhoea 14 Betula Flame of the Betulaceae March - Bark, small Tonic, astringent cylindrostachys forest & Pareng June branches Gamble 15 Blumeopsis flava Maiden-hair fern Asteraceae Oct-Feb Whole plant Cold, cough, bronchial (D. Don) Merr. & Haochak congestion, skin diseases 16 Clerodendrum Bharmgt & Lamiaceae July-Sept Leaves, Cold, cough, serraturn (L.) Moirang- inflorescenc rheumatism, dyspepsia, Moon. khanambi e root asthma 17 Curcuma amada Mango ginger & Zingiberacea Aug-Sept Rhizome Stomachic, carminative, Rosc. Heinouyai e healing, sprain 18 Cucurma East Indian Zingiberacea April-May Inflorencenc Anti-fungal, anti- angustifolia Rosc. arrow root & e e bacterial, cough, Yaipal diarrhoea 19 Curcuma caesia Black zedoary Zingiberacea Aug-Sept Rhizome Fever, cough, Roxb. &Yaimu e constipation,

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wellurination, sprain 20 Cymbopogan Citronella grass Poaceae Sept-Dec Leaves Throat problem, back – flexuosus &Houna pain, hair care lotion 21 Cynodon dactylon Doob grass Poaceae Non- Leaves Dropsy, piles, throat (L) Pers. &Tingthau flowering problem, wound 22 Cinnamomum Camphor tree April-June Leaves Stimulant, muscular camphora (Linn.) &Karpur strains, rheumatism, Nees and Eberm.) antiseptic, hair care lotion 23 Carnarium East Indian Bromeliacea May – Leaves, bark chronic dysentery bengalensis Roxb. Copal & Mekruk e July, Nov– Jan. 24 Cinnamomum Bayleaf&Tezpat Lauraceae. Feb. – Leaves Cold, cough, toothache, tamala(Linn.) Nees a Mar, June liver problem, urinary and Eberm. – Oct. problem 25 Cinnamomum & Lauraceae March- Bark dyspepsia, cold zeylanicum Breyn. U-shingsha Apr, vomiting, astringent June – carminative. cough. Aug.

26 Citrus ganrhhini Citron & Hei- Rutaceae March- Fruit Flavouring confectionary Lush. jang June

27 Citrus laltipes DC. Khasipapeda & (Rutaceae March- Fruit Anti-dandruff, good Hei-ribob Sept Nov. complexion, stone case 28 Citrus maxima Nobaab Rutaceae Feb-May Fruit Cold, influenza, intestinal worm 29 Costus Speciosus Male bamboo & Zingiberacea May-July Root Astringent, purgative, (K) sm Khongbal e stimulant, tonic Takhellei 30 False Myrtaceae June-Aug, Fruit, leaves, Stomach ulcer,nerve Linn. & Awa-phadi- Nov-Jan root problem, muscle pain, gom high B.P 31 Eupatorium Maiden hair fern Asteraceae May-Aug. Leaves Stop bleeding, odoratum Linn.) & Hanurei anti-dandruff

32 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus & Myrataceae Oct-Nov. Leaves Healing, sinusitis,hair citriodora Nasik lotion 33 Gynura cusimba L. Silk cotton tree Asteraceae May-Aug Leaves Colitis, stimulant, tonic, & Terapaibi stomachulcer, wound 34 Helianthus annus Sunflower & Asteraceae Sept- Seed, leaves Muscular pain, kidney Linn. Numit lei March diseases, cold, cough, bronchitis 35 Hedychium Cogon grass & Zingiberacea Aug-Oct Inflorescenc Bronchitis aurantiacum Wall. Eengel lei e e, rhizome 36 Hedychium White ginger lily Zingiberacea July-Aug Rhizome Throat problem, tonic, coronarium Koenig & Takhel lei e dyspepsia angouba 37 Hedychium Redginger lily & Zingiberacea July-Sept Rhizome, Carminative,stimulant, marginatum C.B. Takhel-lei e leaves bronchitis, tonic Clarke. angangba 38 Houttuynia Molucca bean & Sauraceae July-Sept Leaves, Dysentery, cordataThunb. Toningkhok rhizome stomachulcer, gonorrhoea, muscular pain, measles 39 Kaempferia Aromatic ginger Zingiberacea May-June Rhizome Sinusitis,Abortificient, rotunda(L) & Yai tham- e mumps,tumour, high namanbi blood pressure

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40 Litsea cubeba Tumila Lauraceae Nov.-Jun Fruit, Diarrhoea,astringent, (Lorus) Pers. Leaves toothache 41 Lantana camara Large Verbenaceae Througho Leaves,fruit Anti-fungal,diabetes, Linn. lantana & Nong- ut the year anthelmintic ban- lei 42 Magnifera indica Mango & Anacardiace April- Fruit Dysentery, diarrhoea, Linn. Heinou ae May, Jun- gastricproblem, diabetes Aug. 43 Mesua ferrea Linn. Iron wood & Clusiaceae Oct-Aug, Seed, Piles, dysentery, cough, Nageshore Oct-Dec inflorescenc diarrhoea e 44 Magnolia Fragrant Magnoliacea May-Mar Inflorescenc Dyspepsia, gonorrhoea, champaca (L) Baill champaca& e e, root stomach complain Leihao 45 Paederia foetida L. Stinkvine & Rubiaceae Mar-Oct Leaves Stomach disorder, piles, Oi-nam dysentery,paralysis, rheumatism pain, dyspepsia 46 Perilla ocymoides Frangipani & Lamiaceae In cold Leaves, fruit Cough, womb problem, L. Khamella season lung affections

47 Pogostemon Passion Lamiaceae In cold Leaves ,root Hair care lotion, piles, bengalensisKuntz. & Lamthoiding season wound 48 Pogostemon Phangla & Asteraceae Oct-Dec, Whole plant Antibiotic to wound & parviflorus Benth Sangbrei Dec-Jan. cut, Piles, Hair care lotion, Colic 49 Plectranthus White champa & Lamiaceae Sept-Nov, Leaves Disinfectant, ternifolius Don. Khoiju Jan-Mar. antifungicide 50 Pinus kesiya Baguio pine & Pinaceae Feb-Mar. Wood, Cough, headache, anti Uchan leaves bacterial 51 Santalum album Sandal wood & Santalaceae Apr-Jun. Wood Headache, high fever, Linn. Cha-chandan skin diseases 52 Scheffler avenulosa Needle wood & Araliaceae Dec-Feb, Wood, Dropsy, paralysis C.B. Clarke Utang Mar-Jun leaves

53 Spondia spinnata Indian hog plum Anacardiace Mar-June Fruit, leaves Piles, hairgrowth, (Linn.f.) Kurtz. & Heining ae dysentery, gonorrhoea

54 Sesbania sesban Egyptian pea & Fabaceae Mar-Sept Seed, leaves, Cough, fever diabetes, (L.) Chuchu-rangmei root epilepsy, antitumor 55 Tithonia Mexican Asteraceae Sept-Feb Leaves,seed Gastric problem, wound, diversifolia sunflower & bruises. Lam numit-lei 56 Toona ciliate M. Red cedar & Meliaceae Feb-Oct Leaves Skin diseases, anti- Roem. Tairel fungal, anti-bacterial 57 Viola pilosa Blume Cat tail millet & Violaceae Jan-Mar Whole plant Skin diseases, Huikhong constipation, well urination, cold, cough 58 Vitex trifolia (L.) Chinese chaste Verbenaceae June-Sept Leaves Muscular sprain, anti- tree & Urik-shibi fungal, anticancer, tuberculosis 59 Vitex negundo (L) Chinese chaste Verbenaceae June-Sept Leaves, root Foetidulcer, rheumatism, tree & Urik- tonic shibi 60 Zanthoxylum Winged leaf Rutaceae Sept-Oct, Fruit,leaves chronic fever, acanthopodiumD.C. prickly ash & Dec-Feb indigestion, cough, Mukthrubi bronchitis

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61 Zanthoxylum rhesta Indian pepper & Rutaceae Mar-Apr, Leaves Astringent, flavour, anti- D.C. Ngang Nov-Dec. inflammatory, body ache

62 Zingiber Mexican ginger Zingiberacea July-Aug., Rhizome Burns, Boils, Stomach captitatum. & Lam-shing e Oct-Nov. pain

63 Zingiber Wild & Zingiberacea Aug-Sept Rhizome Tonic, Carminative, cassumunar Roxb. Tekhao-yaikhu e Womb related diseases, Irregular menstruation

B. Non-aromatic plant

64 Adiantum capillus- Arjunterminalia Polypodiaceae Jun-Oct Leaves Diabetes, cough, burns, veneris (L.) & Mayur-pambi chest diseases 65 Anaphalis contorta Cud wood & Asteraceae Oct-Apr Seed, tender High B.P, intestinal (D.Don). Phunil shoot disorder 66 Argyreia nervosa Opium poppy & Convolculacea Aug- Stem Rheumatism, muscular (Burm.f) Boj Pungding-uri e Oct sprain 67 Bonnaya brachiata Mexicanpineap Scrophulariace Sept- Whole plant Dysentery, asthma, (L.) ple & Kihom- ae Feb urinary stone cases maan 68 Basella rubra (L.) Indian spinach Basellaceae June- Leaves, Constipation, & Urok-sumbal Aug inflorescenc gonorrhoea, suppuration, e boils, muscular sprain 69 Croton chlorocalyx Iton-phaibi Euphobiaceae May- Leaves Constipation july 70 Clerodendrum Turk’s turban & Verberaceae July- Stem, leaves Cough,fever,dysenter, siphonanthes R.Br Charoi-tong Oct asthma, bronchitis 71 Clerodendrum Turk’s turban & Verbenaceae Aril- Leaves Cough, skin diseases colebrookianum Kuthab-lei Feb

72 Clerodendrum Turk’s turban & Verbenaceae Jun- Tender Diabetes, high B.P, viscosum vent Kuthab-ukabi Sept leaves asthma, bronchitis 73 Cuscuta reflexa Climbing Convolculacea Non- Stem Jaundice, chronic fever, Roxb. weed & Uri- e flowerin liver diseases sana-machu g 74 Dryopteris Worm seed & Polypodiaceae Non- Leaves Boils, burns, dysentery marginata (Wall) Lai- flowerin Christ chankhrang g 75 Euphorbia Taro & Euphorbiaceae Throug Whole plant Asthma, dysentery, euterophylla (L.) Pakhang-leiton hout the mouthsore, year genitorurinary tract diseases, skin diseases 76 Eupatorium Ngai-camphor Asteraceae Jan- Leaves Stomach ulcer, fever, nodiflorum &Tamu- April cough langthrei 77 Equisetum debile Horse tail & Equisetaceae Mar- Whole plant Gonorrhoea, small pox Roxb. Lai-utong Nov

78 Eclipta alba (L.) & Asteraceae Throug Leaves Toothache, cough, fever, Hask. Uchi-sumbal hout the liver enlargement year 79 Fagopyrum Buck wheat & Polygonaceae July- Leaves Diabetes, kidney esculantum Moeuch Wakha-yendem oct diseases

80 Galinsoga Cocklebur & Asteraceae Throug Leaves Dysentery, boils, fever, parviflora Cav. Hamengsampak hout the small pox pi year

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81 Hiptage Red cedar & Malpighiaceae Mar- Leaves Chronic, rheumatism, benghalensis kurz. Madhabi Apr asthma, skindiseases, insecticide 82 Jatropha curcus(L ) Physic nut & Euphorbiaceae July- Leaves Cough, dysentery, fever Awa-ke-ge Sept 83 Linaria ramosissima Indianpenny Scrophulariace July- Fruit,leaves Urinary stone case, (L.) wort & ae Nov anthritis, diarrhoea Nungai-peruk 84 Mikania scandens Climbing hemp Asteraceae Aug- Leaves Dysentery, wound, Wild weed & Uri- Sept ringworm, other skin hingchabi diseases 85 Melothria perpusilla Stinking Cucurbitaceae Jun- Whole plant Jaundice, kidney (Blume) passion flower Sept affection, highfever, & Lam- diarrhoea thabi/paba sari 86 Mallotus phippensis Kamala tree & Euphorbiaceae July- Seed Abortifacient, skin Muell. Ureirom-laba Nov diseases 87 Marsilea minuta Water clover Marsileaceae Jun- Whole plant Insomia, paralysis, (L.) fern & Ishing- Sept urinarydisorder, yenshang haemorrhage 88 Nasturticum Khasi pine & Brassicaceae Apr- Whole plant Urinary disorder, kidney indicum (L.) Uchi-hangam Sept stone case 89 Plantago erosa Gurjan tree & Plantaginaceae Jun-Feb Leaves, Fever, boils, muscular Wall Yempat seed, root sprain, gout 90 Passiflora edulis Wild passion Passifloraceae May- Leaves, fruit High B.P, tonic, Sims fruit & Lam Oct stimulant radhika-nachom 91 Portulaca oleracea Common Portulacaceae April- Whole plant Gonorrhea, diabetes, (L.) purslane&Leiba Aug burns, liver diseases k-kundo 92 Polygonum Litchi & Lil-har Polygonaceae May- Leaves Injuries, wound, perfoliatum (L.) Sept emollient 93 Ranunculus Blister butter Ranunculaceae Throug Leaves, Urinary disorder, scleratus (L.) cup & Kakyel- hout the inflorescenc blisters, skin diseases, khujil year e tonic, rheumatism 94 Spilanthes acmella Horse tail & Asteraceae Throug Inflorescenc Jaundice, cut, injuries, Hook.f. Lallu-kaoba hout the e, leaves sore throat year 95 Sonchus asper Male bamboo & Asteraceae Dec- Leaves Wound, skin itching Khom-thokpi May 96 Sida rhombifolia Broom Jun-Dec Leaves Rheumatism, (L.) jhutesida & U- tuberculosis, urinary hal disorder 97 Thevetia neriifolia Yellow oleader Apocynaceae Mar-Jun Leaves, root Purgative, narcotic, (J)ex Steud & Utong-lei tumours 98 Verbena officinalis Vervain & Verbenaceae May- Leaves Astringent, rheumatism, (L) Tharoi phijhub Aug leucodermal infection 99 Wendlandia Ivy like fig & Rubiaceae Feb- Shoot Cough, dysentery glabrata DC. Pheija June ,inflorescenc e 100 Xylosma longifolia Pomelo & Flacourtiaceae Aug- Leaves,fruit Piles, stomach pain, anti- Clos Nong-lei shang Oct bacterial

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Families

Fig. 1: Family dominance curve of the wild aromatic plants.

Families Fig. 2: Family dominance curve of the wild non-aromatic plants.

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Fig. 3: Percentage of plants use as cosmetics and medicine for different ailments.

potential of the area and to identify the more plants of therapeutic III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION properties and the plants for their uses. The investigation reported, altogether 100 species of wild medicinal plants belonging to 41 families were collected (Table 1). Based on the smell, plants are categorised as aromatic (63) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT and non-aromatic (37). In aromatic (Fig.1), family Araceae to The Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi is highly Santalaceae recorded one species each then gradually increases acknowledged for financial assistance to the Institutional Biotech till Zingiberaceae and it shows the highest plant species (13). In Hub at Presidency College, Motbung, Senapati District, Manipur. non-aromatic plants (Fig 2), family Asteraceae shows maximum plant species (7) than the remaining families. Highest species in Zingiberaceae and Asteraceae might be due to the favourable REFERENCES climatic and soil condition of the study sites. sare shown in figure [1] A. Debala, O. Ibeton, T. Chand and E. J. Singh, “A study of Aromatic plant 3. In this, plants used for treatment of diabetics, blood pressure species especially in Thoubal District, Manipur.”International Journal of and piles recorded 20 percent, asthma 9 percent, stone case 6 Science and Research Publication, 2014, 4(6):1-12. percent, rheumatism and gout 21 percent, cancer 2 percent and [2] A. Jain, S. Roshnibala, P.B Kanjilal, R. S. Singh and H.B. Singh, “Aquatic/semi aquatic plants used in herbal remedies in the wetlands of others 26 percent. However, cosmetic is 16 percent. Some of the Manipur North-eastern India.” Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge important medicinal wild plants which used by the local people .2007, Vol. 6(2):346-351. are Zingiber cassumunar, Paederia foetida, Polygonum [3] C. B. Clarke, “On the plants of Kohima and Moneypore’’. J. Linn. Soc. perfoliatum, Melothria perpusilla, Clerodendrum siphonanthes, Bot.1889, 25: 1-107. Sida rhombiliatum, Hiptage benghalensis ,Clerodendrum [4] D .B .Deb, “Dicotyledonous plants of Manipur Territory’. Ebid, 1961, (3 viscosum ,Litsea cubeba, Schefflera venulosa, Zanthoxylum & 4): 253-350. rhesta, Curcuma amada, Curcuma caesia, Kaempferia rotunda, [5] D.C. Kaith, Reports on the working of Manipur forests. Forest department, Govt of Manipur,1936. Hedychium marginatum. However, Litsea cubeba, Curcuma [6] D. Kalemba and A. Kunicka, “Antibacterial and antifungal properties of amada, Curcuma caesia, Kaempferia rotunda, Hedychium essential oils’’. Current medicinal chemistry, 2003, 1:813-829. marginatum are critically endangered. Such plants are still [7] E.C. Lyle, “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.” Future Opportunities ,2007 growing wild and over exploited. These wild plants with high [8] E. Marshall, “Health and wealth from medicinal and aromatic plants, rural commercial value are also threatened by many factors. It is infrastructure and agro- industries division FAO of the United Nation suggested that an urgent need to explore ethno medicinal Rome’’. 2011. [9] H.B. Singh, R.S, Singh and J. S, Sandhu, “Herbal Medicine of Manipur, A Colour Encyclopaedia.”Daya Publishing House, Delhi: 2003.

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