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The Impact of Cultural Assumptions About Technology on Choctaw Heritage Preservation and Sharing

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The Impact of Cultural Assumptions About Technology on Choctaw Heritage Preservation and Sharing Syracuse University SURFACE School of Information Studies - Dissertations School of Information Studies (iSchool) 5-2013 The Impact of Cultural Assumptions about Technology on Choctaw Heritage Preservation and Sharing Jake A. Dolezal Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/it_etd Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Dolezal, Jake A., "The Impact of Cultural Assumptions about Technology on Choctaw Heritage Preservation and Sharing" (2013). School of Information Studies - Dissertations. 78. https://surface.syr.edu/it_etd/78 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Information Studies (iSchool) at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Information Studies - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT Neither the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on culture nor the cultural roles of ICT are widely understood, particularly among marginalized ethno-cultures and indigenous people. One theoretical lens that has received attention outside of Native American studies is the theory of Information Technology Cultures, or “IT Culture,” developed by Kaarst- Brown. This theory was a groundbreaking and foundational way to understand underlying assumptions about IT and the conflicts surrounding IT use. Kaarst-Brown identified five archetypal cultural patterns or sets of “underlying cultural assumptions” about IT that impacted strategic use, conflict, and technology innovation. These dimensions included assumptions about the control of IT, criticality of using IT, value of IT skills, justification of IT investments, and perceived beneficiaries of IT. These dimensions clustered in five archetypal patterns: the Fearful, Controlled, Revered, Demystified, and Integrated IT Culture. The research study described in this thesis builds on Kaarst-Brown’s work. This thesis determines the appropriateness and fit of the IT Culture theory and pervasiveness of archetypal patterns within a Native American tribe—the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. A mixed-method design, rather than traditional ethnography, is used to explore evidence of Kaarst-Brown’s five cultural patterns and their dimensions within the Choctaw Nation. By extending this theoretical lens and utilizing a mixed-method approach, this thesis research contributes to an understanding of the assumptions about technology within a subset of culturally respected Choctaw families. This thesis project highlights the challenge of applying a broad IT theory to a specific ICT and context. Even though there was not 100% correlation between the theoretical lens and the data gathered, this theoretical application yielded valuable results. These results offered insights into the nature of the assumptions about ICT found in a multi-generational subset of people, and potential implications for future ICT development. Choctaws deeply invested in the Tribe’s cultural heritage preservation and sharing efforts can now understand the potential impact of ICT before a new ICT is even introduced, rather than after the fact. Also while the original IT Culture theory utilized metaphor and symbols to explain the archetypal patterns, this thesis interpreted a new set of symbols from Choctaw folklore better suited to describe assumptions about ICT within the specific ethno-cultural context. In this project, the researcher is a non-Native American embedded in a community of a once-marginalized and long-suffering Native people, and thus, special considerations are discussed. The Choctaw have found their voice in contemporary society and are passionately asserting their self-determination as a proud Nation. As such, this thesis concludes with a discussion of practical implications for the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, as well as implications for Native American, ICT, and mixed-method research. THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY ON CHOCTAW HERITAGE PRESERVATION AND SHARING by Jake A. Dolezal B.S., Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 1998 M. Tech., Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Professional Studies in Information Management Syracuse University May 2013 ©2013 Jake A. Dolezal All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the help of many people. First and foremost, I want acknowledge my doctoral committee members, Dr. Art Thomas, Dr. Murali Venkatesh, and especially my chair, Dr. Michelle Kaarst-Brown. Each of these individuals guided and inspired much of this project. As one will see, this thesis extends the work of Dr. Kaarst-Brown. Her mentorship was critical to the successful outcomes I enjoyed. Also, it is worth noting my readers, Dr. Kenneth Lavender and Dr. Dorothy Leidner (Baylor University), and the graduate examination chair, Dr. Tiffany A Koszalka. I also recognize the alumni and current students of the Doctorate of Professional Studies program in the School of Information Studies at Syracuse University. The alumni paved the way for others like myself to follow, while the students I went through the program with offered genuine support and friendship. My best wishes go with them and their future ventures (and successes, no doubt). I also recognize Dr. John Jackson, my executive at the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, who supported me as I completed this degree and worked a full load at the office. He earned his doctorate in a similar manner, and he showed much empathy and support to me as I attempted to balance it all. I also acknowledge Gregory E. Pyle, Chief of the great Choctaw Nation, for his support of my pursuit of this degree and the permission to conduct my study with his people. I will always count it as a great honor to have had this opportunity. v In my past, I also want to thank Dr. W. Jerry Polson, my undergraduate advisor. He was the person who initially inspired me to earn my doctorate some twenty years ago. Never give up on a dream—even if it takes two decades to fulfill it. I also recognize my parents, Gib and Patti Dolezal, and my father and mother-in-law, Rick and Sharon Munholland, who believed in me and encouraged me to always do my best. I also acknowledge all my grandparents on both my and my spouse’s sides—our “elders.” Last and most of all, I acknowledge the two loves of my life: my partner Stephanie Dolezal and our daughter Audrey. The true source of my inspiration comes from these two beautiful souls. This degree and this work are for them. vi CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 The Research Problem ................................................................................................................................3 Overview of the Research Project .............................................................................................................5 Overview of the Selected Theory 6 Overview of the Selected Methodology 7 The Research Questions 8 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE ............................................................................................... 10 Describing the Research Context ........................................................................................................... 11 Historic Background and Contemporary Situation of the Choctaw Nation 11 The Interchange of the Terms Indigenous, Native American, and Choctaw in This Review 14 The Importance of This Thesis Research to the Choctaw Today 16 Bringing Information Field Research to Light in the Choctaw Context 20 Framing of the Research Problem .......................................................................................................... 22 Lags in Choctaw ICT Infrastructure and Use 22 Implications of the Choctaw Language on the Study 24 Potential Consequences of a Haphazard ICT on Choctaw Culture 25 Signaling a Gap in the Literature ............................................................................................................ 27 Gaps in Literature on Indigenous Artifact Curation and Digital Libraries 27 Gaps in Literature on Indigenous Community-Created Media 30 Gaps in Literature on Participatory Development and Design with Indigenous People 32 Establishing the Relevancy of Organizational Culture as a Lens ...................................................... 38 Consideration of an Ethno-cultural Lens 40 Consideration of a National Culture Lens 42 Consideration of an Organizational Culture Lens 43 “IT Culture” as a Theoretical Lens to Provide Insights of Future IT Development ..................... 46 Overview of Cultural ICT Theories Considered 47 Overview of “IT Culture” Theory 52 Extension of “IT Culture” Theory 60 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................. 65 Conducting Research with the Choctaw ............................................................................................... 66 Authorization to Conduct the Research 67 Two Institutional Review Boards 67 vii The Issue of Bias and the Researcher’s Role and Relationship within the Context 68 The Chahta Sia Pilot Study ....................................................................................................................... 70 Research Design: A Mixed-Method Strategy of Inquiry ....................................................................
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