A51-1/1981 , Agriculture I....,..-*- Canada $67;- . c:::. > '':?~ /! -

~ 1981~ RAPPORT DE LA DIRECTION CENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE

UNIVERSITY OF P. E..I.

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Canada , ,. Research Branch Report 1981 Rapport de la Direction generale de la recherche

RESEARCH BRANCH DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE

AGRICULTURE CANADA Copies of this publication are available from

Research Program Service Research Branch Agriculture Canada Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6

On peut obtenir des exemplaires de celte publication au

Service des programmes de recherche Direction genera Ie de la recherche Agriculture Canada Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC6

@Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1982 Cat. No. A51-1/1981 ISBN 0-662-52071-8 Printed 1982

@Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982 NO de cat. A51-1/1981 ISBN 0-662-52071-8 Impression 1982 CONTENTS

Executive of the Research Branch, v L'executif de /a Direction generate de /a recherche, v Administration Division, VI Division de /'administration, VI Branch Financial Management, VI Gestionjinanciere de /a Direction generate, VI Map of research establishments, VII Carte des etab/issements de recherche, VII Organization of the Research Branch, VIII Organisation de /a Direction generate de /a recherche, IX Foreword, X Avant-propos, XI

INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE D/RECTION DES INSTITUTS ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Executive, 3 L'executif, 3 Preface, 4 Pre/ace, 5 Biosystematics Research Institute, 7 Chemistry and Biology Research Institute, 25 Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, 39 Food Research Institute, 47 Land Resource Research Institute, 57 Research Program Service, 69 ATLANTIC REGION REGION DE L'ATLANTIQUE Executive, 77 L'executif, 77 Preface, 78 Pre/ace, 79 St. John's West, N fld., 81 Charlottetown, P.E. I., 87 Kentville, N.s., 97 Fredericton, N.B., 113 QUEBEC REGION REGION DU QUEBEC Executive, 127 L'executif, 127 Preface, 129 Pre/ace, 128 Lennoxville, Quebec, 131 Sainte-Foy, Quebec, 141 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, 155 ONTARIO REG ION REGION DE L'ONT ARlO Executive, 165 L'executif, 165 Preface, 166 Pre/ace, 167 Research Centre 169 London Research Centre 193 Delhi,Ont., 205 Harrow,Ont., 213 Ottawa,Ont., 225 Vineland Station, Ont., 241 WESTERN REGION REGION DE L'OUEST Executive, 253 L'executif, 253 Preface, 254 Pre/ace, 255 Brandon, Man., 257 Morden, Man., 265 Winnipeg, Man., 273 Melfort, Sask., 289 Regina, Sask., 295 Saskatoon, Sask., 303 Swift Current, Sask., 315 Beaverlodge, Alta., 327 Lacombe, Alta., 335 Lethbridge, Alta., 343 Agassiz, B.c., 361 Kamloops, B.C., 367 Saanichton Research and Plant Quarantine Station, B.C., 371 Summerland, B.C., 379 Vancouver, B.C., 389 Program Structure, 399 Structure du programme, 402

III Dr. E. J. LeRoux

Dr. J. W. Morrison Dr. E. E. Lister Mr. J.-J. Jasmin Dr. J. J. Cartier

Dr. J. E. Andrews Dr. T. H. Anstey EXECUTIVE OF THE RESEARCH BRANCH L'EXECUTIF DE U DIRECTION GENERALE DE U RECHERCHE

Assistant Deputy Minister, Research Sous-ministre adjoint, recherche E. J. LERoux, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Director General, Institutes and Program Coordination Directorate Directeur general, Direction des instituts et de la coordination du programme J. W. MORRISON, B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Director General, Atlantic Region Directeur general, region de l'Atlantique E. E. LISTER, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Director General, Quebec Region Directeur general, region du Quebec J.-J. JASMIN, B.Sc. (Agr.), M.Sc.

Director General, Ontario Region Directeur general, region de l'Ontario J. J. CARTIER, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.

Director General, Western Region Directeur general, region de l'Ouest J. E. ANDREWS, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Senior Adviser, International Research and Development Conseiller principal, programmes internationaux de recherche et de developpement T. H. ANSTEY, B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D.

v ADMINISTRATION DIVISION DIVISION DE L'ADMINISTRATION

Director/ Directeur J. E. RYAN, A.CB.A., R.I.A.

Chief, Administration Section D. J. DOBSON Chef, Section de ['administration

Chief, Human Resources Section G. J. REDMOND Chef, Section des ressources humaines

BRANCH FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT GESTION FINANCIERE DE fA DIRECTION GENERALE

Manager / Gestionnaire J. E. RENAUD,' CD.

Financial planning/ Planijication A. L. DIGNARD' jinanciere

Financial analysis/Analyse VACANT jinanciere

Financial planning and analysis J. B. Moran (Institutes and Ontario) Planification et analyse jinancieres (Instituts et Ontario)

'Seconded from Finance and Administration Branch/ detache de la Direction generale des finances et de i"administration.

VI MAP OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS CARTE DES ETABLISSEMENTS DE RECHERCHE AGAICUL TURE CANADA RESEARCH BRANCH ~fRR~g~I~TNU~~NCtR~Al~ADELA RECHERCHE .~""( 9~\ DECEMBER 1981 DECEMBRE 1981

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"'00,,0'0''''" l. WESTERNi REGION I! I R;GION DE L'OUEST IJ "e ALBERTA! qJ/r ") I . K \ V"'6""'! SASKATCHEWAN! v- .,m'oo" '" u<.! i ''''::"'j't, ~'''''' oK."." \ ~,. i S"n I MANITOBA ~'4 "bon' , • .. I 0 0 M."", s••,,",,::. S"mm,,'''' \, ,.... • I (Si9~eyJ .- .•••••oC ISliyel.Y: hl00n I j Of .<:~~::<: O.OV,", •• ,,' 1::;:;0' I ._.\!;~~b"dg~ ,'. ~":'~nI -.2: ~a~~~,;:)ie$ Re9':' 0 ~ Poltage B'indon. Ii Pralr,e -'_._._.L~2~n:w..:.~':.~

LEGEND I LEGENDE o REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS ADMINISTRATION R~GIONALE

CENTRE, INSTITUTE, CENTRES.1NSTITUTS • OR SERVICE ET SERVICES CENTRE,INSTITUT c.nr'c~,ecne,chC'o_ !"""urd.,ech.rche.u,lc.teI,e. Se,yo<.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT

I I DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL INSTITUTES AND ATLANTIC REGION QUEBEC REGION ONTARIO REGION WESTERN REGION PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE

Research Coordinators Research Stations Research Stations Research Centres Research Stations

Analysts St. John's West, Nfld. Lennoxville, Que. Animal, Ottawa. Onto Brandon. Man. COlinet, Nfld. Sainte-Fay. Que. London, Ont, Morden. Man. Charlottetown, P,E.!. La Pocatj{~re. Que. Portage la Prairie. Man. Advisers Kentville, N,S. Normandin, Que. Winnipeg. Man. Nappan, N.S. Saint-Jean, Que. Research Stations Melfort. Sask. Fredericton, N.B. Frelighsburg. Que. Regina, Sask. Research Institutes Benton Ridge, N.B. L'Acadie. Que. t ndian Head. Sask. Sainte-Marie, N.B. L'Assomption, Que. Delhi, Onto Saskatoon, Sask. Harrow, Onto Scott, Sask. Biosystematics Lavaltrie, Que. Woodslee. Ont. Swift Current. Sask. Chemistry and BiolOgy Sainte-Clothilde. Que. Ottawa.Ont. Beaverlodge, Alta. Engineering and Statistical Kapuskasing. Onto Fort Vermilion, Alta. Food Lacombe. Alta Land Resource Thunder Bay. Ont. Vineland Station. Onto Vegreville, Alta. Smithfield. Onto Lethbridge. Alta. Research Program Service Onefour (Manyberriesl. Alta. Stavely. Alta. Vauxhall. Alta. Agassiz, B.C. Abbotsford. B.C. Kamloops, B.C. Prince George, B.C. Saanich ton Research and Plant Quarantine Station, B.C. Summerland. B.C. Creston. B.C. Kelowna, B.C. December 1981 Vancouver. B.C. ORGANISATION DE SOU5-MINISTRE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA RECHERCHE ADJOINT (RECHERCHE)

RECHERCHE ET AFFAIRES D~VELOPPEMENT ADMINISTRATIVES INTERNATIONAUX

I I DIRECTEUR G~N~RAL DIRECTEUR GEN~RAL DIRECTEUR GEN~RAL DIRECTEUR GEN~RAL DIRECTEUR GEN~RAL R~GION DE L'OUEST DIRECTION DES R~GION DE R~GION DU QUEBEC R~GION DE L'ONTARIO INSTITUTS ET DE LA L'ATLANTIQUE COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME

Stations de recherche Coordonnateurs de la recherche Stations de recherche Stations de recherche Centres de recherche

Brandon (Man.! Analystes Saint-Jean (T.-N.) Lennaxville (Quebed London (Ont.! Morden (Man.) Colinet IT .-N,) Sainte. Fey (Quebec) Zootechnie (Ottawa}(Ont.) Portage-la-Prairie (Man.1 Charlottetown (i..P.-E.) La Pocatiere (Quebec) Conseillers Normandin (Quebecl Winnipeg (Man.) Kentville (N.-EJ Stations de recherche Nappan (N.-E.l Saint-Jean (Quebec) Melfort (Sask.l Fredericton (N.-8.) Frelighsburg (Quebecl Regina (Sask.l I"stituts de recherches indian Head (Sask.l Benton Ridge (N .•8.! L'Aeadie (Quebec) Delhi (Ont.l Saskatoon (Sask.l Sainte-Marie (N.-B.l L'Assomption (Quebec) Harrow (ant.) Scott tSask.l Aliments Lavaltrie (Quebec) Woodslee (Ont.l Swift Current (Sask.1 Biosystematique Sainte-Clothilde (Quebec) Ottawa (ant.) Beaverlodge (Alb.) Chimie et biologie Kapuskasing (ant.) Fort Vermilion (Alb.l Technique et statistique Thunder Bay (ant.) Lacombe (Alb.) Terres Vineland Station (ant.) V~greville (Alb.) Smithfield (ant.) Service des programmes Lethbridge (Alb.) de recherche Onefour IManyberriesl (Alb.) Stavely (Alb.) Vauxhall (Alb.) Agassiz (C.-S.l Abbotsford (C_-B.! Kamloops (C.-B.) Prince George (C.-Sol Station de recherche et de quarantaine des plantes de Saanich ton (Sidney) (C.-S.l Summerland (c.-a.l Creston (C.-B.) Ketowna (C.-B.) Vancouver (C_-B.) dlkembre 1981 FOREWORD The Research Branch of Agriculture institutional services affecting the general Canada conducts about one-half of the agri- welfare of Canadian agriculture. Its members cultural research and development in Canada. include provincial deputy ministers of agricul- It also cooperates with universities and indus- ture, deans of agricultural colleges and col- try by supporting research that augments the leges of veterinary medicine, and representa- Branch's goals and objectives. The budget for tives from the private sector. The Chairman is 1981 was $152 million, of which $7 million the Deputy Minister of Agriculture Canada. was spent on contracted research. In 1981 the The research arm of CASCC is the Canadian Branch staffed 3673 person-years, of which Agricultural Research Council, which advises 916 were professional positions. Dr. A. A. Guitard left his position as the parent committee on the state and needs Director General of the Western Region and of agricultural research and development. was appointed Special Assistant to Dr. Le- Despite resource constraints, the Research Roux. Dr. J. E. Andrews has become Director Branch has maintained a high quality of General of the Western Region. output and has contributed significantly to the This Report is divided into five sections, departmental aims and the government's with each director general describing his policies in support of the Canadian agricul- organizational structure and highlighting tural industry. achievements for the year. The research establishments then give details of their work The Branch also strongly supports and in separate chapters, for which reprints are cooperates in research at the international available. level. This support is partly provided through The Branch conducts basic and applied the Canadian International Development research on soils, plants, and ; pests Agency and the International Development including diseases and weeds; engineering and Research Centre. The Branch also has direct energy; and food. There is close cooperation relations with the Organization for Economic with other branches in the Department, with Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other federal agencies, and with universities, the Food and Agriculture Organization provincial departments of agriculture, the (FAO). Through annual meetings with lead- agricultural industry, and farm organizations. ers of agricultural research in the USA, In Canada there is a unique system for France, and the UK, effective exchanges are coordinating agricultural research and ser- occurring and cooperation is being vices, called the Canadian Agricultural Ser- maintained. vices Coordinating Committee (CASCC). This organization reviews governmental and E. J. LeRoux

x AVANT-PROPOS La Direction generale de la recherche canadien de coordination des services agrico- d'Agriculture Canada realise environ la moi- les (C.C.C.S.A.) dont Ie role est de superviser tie des travaux de recherche et de developpe- les services gouvernementaux et institution- ment agricoles effectues au Canada. Elle nels touchant l'etat general de l'agriculture coopere egalement avec les universites et canadienne. II est compose des sous-ministres l'industrie en appuyant financierement les provinciaux de l'agriculture, des doyens des recherches qui viennent completer ses buts et facultes d'agriculture et de medecine veteri- ses objectifs. En 1981, son budget s'elevait Ii naire ainsi que des representants du secteur 152 millions de dollars dont 7 millions pour la prive. Son president est Ie sous-ministre recherche contractuelle et son effectif etait de federal de I'agriculture. La fonction «recher- 3673 annees-personnes dont 916 employes che» est confiee au Conseil de la recherche professionnels. M. A.A. Guitard a quitte son agricole du Canada qui conseille Ie c.c.c.- poste de directeur general de la region de S.A. sur I'etat et les besoins de la recherche et l'Ouest pour rejoindre M. LeRoux Ii titre du developpement agricoles. Malgre Ie resser- d'adjoint special. M. J.E. Andrews est devenu rement de ses ressources, la Direction genera- directeur general de la region de l'Ouest. Ie a reussi Ii conserver un rendement de haut Le present rapport se divise en cinq sec- calibre et Ii epauler Ie Ministere et Ie gouver- tions, chaque directeur general decrivant nement dans la realisation des politiques I'organisation dont il est responsable et ses axees sur la prosperite de l'industrie agricole principales realisations durant I'annee ecou- canadienne. lee. Chaque etablissement de recherche pre- En outre, la Direction genera Ie encourage sente ensuite ses travaux dans des chapitres la recherche au niveau international et y dont on peut obtenir des tires Ii part. coopere energiquement, entre autres par La Direction generale fait de la recherche l'entremise de l'Agence canadienne de deve- fondamentale et appliquee sur les sols, les loppement international et Ie Centre de plantes, les animaux, les ravageurs, les patho- recherche pour Ie developpement internatio- genes, les mauvaises herbes, Ie genie rural et nal. Elle est egalement en contact direct avec l'exploitation de l'energie, ainsi que I'alimen- l'Organisation de cooperation et de developpe- tation. Elle travaille en etroite collaboration ment economiques (O.C.D.E.) et l'Organisa- avec d'autres Directions generales du Minis- tion des Nations-Unies pour I'alimentation et tere, d'autres organismes federaux ainsi que l'agriculture (F.A.O.). Les reunions annuelles les universites, les ministeres provinciaux de tenues avec les chefs de file de la recherche I'agriculture, I'industrie agricole et les grou- agricole aux Etats-Unis, en France et au pements d'agriculteurs. Royaume-Uni sont I'occasion d'etablir des Le Canada s'est dote d'un mecanisme echanges fructueux et de renouer des liens de particulier de coordination de la recherche et cooperation. des services agricoles. II s'agit du Comite EJ. LeRoux

XI

INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE ~ DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ~ ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME Dr. J. W. Morrison

Mr. P.W. Voisey Mr. G. A. Mulligan

Dr. R.L. Halstead Mrs. E. Larmond EXECUTIVE OF THE INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE L'EXECUTIF DE LA DIRECTION DES INSTITUTS ET DE LA COORDINATION DU PROGRAMME

Director General! Directeur general J. W. MORRISON, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Acting Director General, Institutes Directeur general interimaire G. A. MULLIGAN, B.Sc. (Instituts) Acting Director General, Institutes Directeur general interimaire P. W. VOiSEY, F.I., Mech.E. (Instituts) Acting Director General, Program Coordination Directeur general interimaire R. L. HALSTEAD, B.S.A., Ph.D. (Coordination du programme) Program Specialist, Institutes Specialiste en programmes E. LARMOND, B.Sc. (Instituts)

Research Coordinators/Coordonnateurs de La recherche

Animals/ Animaux F. K. KRISTJANSSON, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Crops/ Cultures W. J. SAIDAK, B.S.A., M.S., Ph.D. Food/ Aliments R. R. RIEL, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Production/ Production C. J. BISHOP, B.Sc., A.M., Ph.D., F.R.S.C., F.A.S.H.S., FALC. Program accountability/lmputabilite W. BAIER, Diplomlandwirt, Dr. Agr., M.Sc. des programmes Protection/ Protection R. M. PRENTICE, B.Sc., M.Sc. Resources/ Ressources R. L. HALSTEAD, B.S.A., Ph.D.

Analysts/ AnaLystes

Con tracts/ Contrats J. R. AITKEN, B.s.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Program/ Programmes J. C. ST-PIERRE, B.Sc. (Agr.), B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D.

Special Advisers/Conseillers speciaux

Animals/ Animaux J. R. LESSARD, B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Crops/ Cultures L. DESSUREAUX, B.A., B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Crops/ Cultures P. P. LUKOSEVICIUS,Diplomlandwirt, M.Sc., Ph.D. Protection/ Protection C. MADHOSINGH, D.I.C.T.A., B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Resources/ Ressources J. L. NOWLAND, B.A., M.Sc.

INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION DIRECTORATE 3 PREFACE The Institutes and Program Coordination Assistant Deputy Minister of Research and Directorate, located in Ottawa, consists of the Research Branch Management Commit- Biosystematics Research Institute, Chemistry tee. Program Coordination serves also as a and Biology Research Institute, Engineering training ground for potential managers. Dr. and Statistical Research Institute, Food Re- W. Baier is now Program Accountability search Institute, Land Resource Research Coordinator and Dr. J. C. St-Pierre has been Institute, Research Program Service, and the appointed to the Program Analyst position. Program Coordination Group. In 1981, the Drs. F. K. Kristjansson and L. Dessureaux institutes' programs were conducted by a staff retired at the end of the year. The Branch was of 577 and with a budget of $18.9 million. saddened by the death in January of Dr. Alan A cooperative mycotoxin program was Chan, who contributed significantly to the initiated in Chemistry and Biology Research program of the Department over the years. Institute, Biosystematics Research Institute, In July the Director General of the Insti- and Animal Research Centre in 1981 to tutes and Program Coordination Directorate, investigate the potential hazards of these Dr. J. W. Morrison, left for sabbatical leave fungal metabolites in food and feed. at the University of Manitoba. The Director- An improved vegetable-blancher system ate was then divided into two groups, Insti- developed by Engineering and Statistical tutes and Program Coordination. Mr. J. J. Research Institute and Kentville Research Jasmin, Director General for the Quebec Station has been commercialized through an Region, Dr. C. J. Bishop, and Dr. R. L. industrial development project and has re- Halstead served as Directors General of ceived a 1981 food-processing award. Program Coordination for the remainder of At Land Resource Research Institute, a the year. Dr. Halstead has now been ap- convenient, reliable technique for measuring pointed Acting Director General on a continu- soil water in situ, called time domaine reflec- ing basis. tometry (TDR), was developed and tested in Mr. P. W. Voisey, Director of Engineering cooperation with Energy, Mines, and Re- and Statistical Research Institute, and Mr. G. sources Canada. A. Mulligan, Director of Biosystematics The Food Research Institute has continued Research Institute, served as Acting Directors to characterize the important components of General of Institutes during Dr. Morrison's oats. New fractionation processes developed absence. with the Ottawa Research Station have been evaluated at pilot plant level and patents have During the year, Elizabeth Larmond was been filed. appointed Program Specialist for the In Research Program Service a national Institutes. computerized Pesticide Research Information Further information about our programs System (PRIS) was established in July. This may be obtained by writing to the Research system was set up in consultation with the establishments concerned or by addressing pesticide industry, provincial and federal inquiries to Program Coordination Director- members of the Expert Committee on Pesti- ate, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, cide Use in Agriculture, and concerned units Sir John Carling Building, Ottawa, Onto KIA of Agriculture Canada. OC5, or Institutes Headquarters, Research Program Coordination is located at Head- Branch, Agriculture Canada, Room 2077, K. quarters. Staff consists of coordinators, pro- W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ont. KIA OC6. gram analysts, and special advisers for the J. W. Morrison

4 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1981 PREFACE La Direction des instituts et de la coordina- Le Groupe de coordination des programmes tion du programme a Ottawa se compose de se trouve a l'administration centrale. Le I'Institut de recherche biosystematique, de personnel se compose de coordonnateurs, I'Institut de recherche chimique et biologique, d'analystes de programmes et de conseillers de I'Institut de recherche technique et statisti- speciaux au sous-ministre adjoint a la recher- que, de I'Institut de recherche sur les ali- che et au Comite de gestion de la Direction ments, de l'Institut de recherche sur les terres, generale de la recherche. Le Groupe sert aussi du Service aux programmes de recherche et a la formation de futurs gestionnaires. W. du Groupe de coordination des programmes. Baier est maintenant Ie coordonnateur de En 1981, I'execution des programmes des l'imputabilite du programme et J.c. Saint- instituts a ete assuree par un personnel de 577 Pierre a ete nomme analyste du programme. personnes qui disposait d'un budget total de F.K. Kristjansson et L. Dessureatix ont pris 18,9 millions de dollars. leur retraite a la fin de I'annee. En janvier, la En 1981 toujours, un programme sur les Direction genera Ie a deplore Ie deces d'Allan mycotoxines a ete mis sur pied conjointement Chan, Ph.D., dont Ie travail a ete si precieux par l'Institut de recherche chimique et biolo- pour Ie programme du Ministere pendant de gique, I'Institut de recherche biosystematique nombreuses annees. et Ie Centre de recherche zootechnique dans Ie En juillet, Ie directeur general de la Direc- but d'evaluer les dangers qui pourraient etre tion des instituts et de la coordination du relies a la presence de ces metabolites fongi- programme, J.W. Morrison, a quitte la Direc- ques dans les aliments pour consommation tion en conge sabbatique pour se joindre a humaine et animale. I'universite du Manitoba. Apres son depart, la Un systeme de blanchiment des legumes Direction a ete divisee en deux groupes- con9u par I'Institut de recherche technique et Instituts et Coordination du programme. J.J. statistique, et la station de recherche de Jasmin, directeur general de la region du Kentville, a ete mis sur Ie marche dans Ie Quebec, c.J. Bishop et R.L. Halstead ont a cadre d'un projet de developpement industriel. tour de role occupe Ie poste de directeur En 1981, les concepteurs se sont vus attribuer general de la Coordination du programme un prix de l'industrie alimentaire. jusqu'a la fin de l'annee. R.L. Halstead a ete A I'Institut de recherche sur les terres, on a nomme directeur general par interim de fa90n mis au point et eprouve, de concert avec permanente. Energie, Mines et Ressources Canada, une P.W. Voisey, directeur de l'Institut de technique dite de reflectometrie (intervalle recherche technique et statistique et G.A. entre l'emission de signaux et leur reflexion) Mulligan, directeur de l'Institut de recherche liable et pratique pour mesurer la teneur en biosystematique, ont occupe Ie poste de eau du sol sur place. directeur general par interim des instituts L'Institut de recherche sur les aliments a durant l'absence de J.W. Morrison. poursuivi ses recherches visant a caracteriser Au cours de l'annee, Elizabeth Larmond a les elements importants de I'avoine. De nou- ete nommee specialiste du programme pour veaux procedes de fractionnement elabores en les instituts. collaboration avec la station de recherche II est possible d'obtenir de plus amples d'Ottawa ont ete evalues a l'echelle pilote et renseignements sur nos programmes en ecri- des demandes de brevets ont ete deposees. vant aux etablissements de recherche ou en Le Service aux programmes de recherche a s'adressant a la Direction de la coordination etabli en juillet 1981 un systeme d'informa- du programme, Direction genera Ie de la tion sur la recherche en defense de cultures recherche, Agriculture Canada, immeuble Sir (SIRDC). Ce systeme a ete mis au point de John Carling, Ottawa (Ont.) KIA OC5 ou a concert avec les fabricants de pesticides, les l'Administration centrale des instituts, Direc- membres provinciaux et federaux du Comite tion generale de la recherche, Agriculture d'experts sur l'emploi des pesticides en agri- Canada, piece 2077, immeuble K.W. Neatby, culture et les services concernes d'Agriculture Ottawa (Ont.), KIA OC6. Canada. J.W. Morrison

INSTITUTES AND PROGRAM COORDINATION 5

Biosystematics Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario

PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Administration

G. A. MULLIGAN, B.Sc. Director I. M. SMITH, B.Sc., Ph.D. Assistant Director E. GAvORA,' I.N.G., B.L.S. Librarian, Botany R. A. SHARRETT,' B.A., M.L.S. Librarian, Entomology J. E. H. MARTIN Manager, National Identification Service, Zoology; Unit Curator of miscellaneous orders P. M. LECLAIR Manager, National Identification Service, Botany

Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera

J. M. CAMPBELL, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D Head of Section; Staphylinidae (rove ) S. A. ALLYSON, B.Sc., M.Sc. Lepidopterous larvae (caterpillars) Y. BOUSQUET, B.Sc., M.Sc. Colydiidae, Elateridae (click beetles and wireworms, and other stored- products beetles) D. E. BRIGHT, B.Sc., M.s., Ph.D. Scolytidae (bark beetles), Curculionidae (weevils) P. T. DANG,2 B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Microlepidoptera of forest importance (spruce budworm) J. D. LAFONTAINE, B.A., Ph.D. Noctuidae (cutworm moths); Unit Curator of Lepidoptera- Trichoptera J. F. LANDRY, M.Sc. Microlepidoptera of agricultural importance L. LESAGE, B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Tortricidae (leafroller moths) F. SCHMID, Lic. es Sc. Nat., D. es Sc. Nat. Trichoptera (caddisflies)

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 7 A. SMETANA,M.U.DR., Cando SC. BioI. Aquatic beetles, Staphylinidae (rove beetles); Unit Curator of Coleoptera

Diptera and

K. G. A. HAMILTON,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Unit Curator of Hemiptera; Cicadellidae (), Cercopidae (spittlebugs) L. A. KELTON,B.SA, M.Sc., Ph.D. (plant bugs), Anthocoridae (flower bugs) J. F. McALPINE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Lonchaeidae (lance flies), Chamaemyiidae (silver flies) D. R. OLIVER,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Chironomidae (nonbiting midges) R. V. PETERSON,B.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Simuliidae (black flies), Nycteribiidae and Streblidae (bat flies) H. J. TESKEY,B.Sc., M.S.A., Ph.D. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies), dipterous larvae; Unit Curator of Diptera J. R. VOCKEROTH,B.A., M.A., D.Phil. Syrphidae (flower flies), Scatophagidae (dung flies) D. M. WOOD, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Tachinidae (parasitic tachinid flies), Culicidae (mosquitoes)

Hymenoptera and Arachnida

E. E. LINDQUIST,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Acari (mites and ticks) J. R. BARRON,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps) V. M. BEHAN-PELLETIER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Oribatei (oribatid mites) C. D. DONDALE,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Araneae (), Opiliones (harvestmen); Unit Curator of Arachnida H. GOULET,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Symphyta (sawflies) L. MASNER,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Proctotrupoidea (proctotrupid wasps), Bethyloidea (bethylid wasps), Sphecoidea (digger wasps), Evanioidea (ensign wasps); Unit Curator of W. R. M. MASON,B.Sc., Ph.D. Braconidae (braconid wasps) M. J. SHARKEY,B.Sc., M.Sc. Braconidae (braconid wasps) C. M. YOSHIMOTO,2B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps), Cynipoidea (gall wasps)

8 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1981 Mycology: Plant Disease and Biodegrading Fungi

R. A. SHOEMAKER,B.S.A., M.S.A., Ph.D. Head of Section; Ascocarpic parasites of cereals D. J. S. BARR, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Zoosporic parasites of vegetable crops J. D. BISSETT,B.Sc., Ph.D. Conidial parasites of forage crops M. P. CORLETT,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Ascocarpic parasites of fruit crops Y. DALPE, B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mycorrhizae J. H. GINNS, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Curator of National Collection of Fungus Cultures; Basidiocarpic tree wood rots S. J. HUGHES,B.SC., M.Sc., D.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.S.C. Conidial molds of wood and G. A. NElSH, B.Sc., Ph.D. Mycotoxin fungi J. A. PARMELEE,B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. Curator of National Mycological Herbarium; Obligate parasites of plants (rusts, smuts, mildews) S. A. REDHEAD,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Mushrooms

Nematology and Experimental

R. V. ANDERSON,B.A., M.S., Ph.D . Head of Section; Unit Curator of • Nematodes; Hoplolaimidae (spiral nematodes), Tylenchorhynchidae (stylet nematodes), Aphelenchoidea (foliar nematodes) J. W. ARNOLD,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect hemocytology (blood cells) B. A. EBSARY,B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Criconematidae (ring nematodes), Paratylenchidae (pin nematodes), Hemicycliophoridae (sheath nematodes) E. S. EVELEIGH,B.sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Dorylaimida (dagger nematodes), acarine systems (mites) B. N. A. HUDSON,B.Sc., Ph.D. Chemical taxonomy of insects- polymorphic enzymes R. MATSUDA,B.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. Comparative morphology

Vascular Plants

E. SMALL,B.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Head of Section; Cultivated crops, Medicago S. G. AIKEN, B.sc., M.Sc., M.S., Ph.D. Grass flora of Canada G. BAILLARGEON,B.S.A., M.Sc. Weeds, Cruciferae I. J. BASSETT,B.A. Hay-fever plants, palynology, weeds B. R. BAUM, M.Sc., Ph.D. Cultivated crops, Hordeum P. M. CATLING,B.Sc., Ph.D. Sedges, aquatic plants W. J. CODY, B.A. Curator of Herbarium; Canadian flora, ferns G. A. MULLIGAN,B.Sc. Weeds, Cruciferae S. I. WARWICK,B.Sc., Ph.D. Weeds, genecology

BIOSYSTEMATICSRESEARCHINSTiTUTE 9 Honorary Research Associates

E. C. BECKER,B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Elateridae (click beetles, wireworms) J. A. DOWNES,B.Sc. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) G. P. HOLLAND,B.A., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C. Siphonaptera (fleas) R. MACRAE,B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Basidiocarpic wood rots, polypores W. C. MCGUFFIN,B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Geometridae (geometer moths, loopers) O. PECK, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chalcidoidea (chalcid wasps) D. B. O. SAVILE,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., Plant rusts F.R.S.C. G. E. SHEWELL,B.Sc., M.Sc. Lauxaniidae (lauxaniid flies), Calliphoridae (blow flies) A. WILKES,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Insect genetics

Departures

J. McNEILL, B.Sc., Ph.D. Weeds, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae W. R. RICHARDS,B.SC., M.Sc., Ph.D. Aphidoidea (aphids, plant lice), Psyllidae (psyllids), Coccoidea (scale insects), Thysanoptera (thrips), Psocoptera (psocids, book lice), Collembola (springtails)

Transfer

J. R. BYERS,B.S.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. Reproductive biology and behavior of cutworm moths

'Seconded from Libraries Division. Finance and Administration Branch. 'Seconded from Environment Canada.

10 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1981 INTRODUCfION

The Biosystematics Research Institute maintains and develops the major National research collections of insects, , nematodes, vascular plants, and fungi; conducts research on all aspects of the biosystematics of these organisms of importance to Canadians; prepares and transfers interpretive material to workers in related fields; and provides the National Identification Service utilized by clients throughout Canada. The program of the Institute emphasizes collection development and taxonomic study of organisms of special interest to Canadians, and production of identification guides and inventories of organisms having economic or environmental impact. These activities steadily improve the effectiveness of the National Identification Service, and the policies and procedures of this Service are reviewed regularly to ensure that the needs of clients are met efficiently. Reprints of research publications are available from the authors. Correspondence on other matters should be addressed to the Director, Biosystematics Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa,Ont. KIA OC6.

I. M. Smith Acting Director

COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT collections were donated to the herbarium, 2163 as exchange and 623 as gifts from other The holdings of the Canadian National herbariums. The holdings of the National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nema- Mycological Herbarium stand at 235 939 todes increased by 350 000 specimens during specimens, an increase of 4513 accessions 1981, and the classified holdings increased by during 1981. A total of 1021 specimens were 239 000 specimens. Major contributions were donated, 831 as exchange from other herbari- made by 14 officers of the Institute, resulting urns and 190 as gifts. Approximately 1100 from regional surveys and samplings of target collections were made by staff members groups conducted throughout temperate and during the year. The National Collection of northern North America. Three entomologists Fungus Cultures has increased its holdings and one arachnologist collected specimens in from 6558 to 7128, an increase of 570 the Yukon Territory, especially in glacial cultures. These cultures were received for refugial areas. Donations to the collection deposit from other institutions, through the from other sources totaled 49 400 specimens, Identification Service, or from isolations made and purchases of material of exceptional by staff members. At present, 2270 cultures scientific interest amounted to 27 600 speci- have been successfully lyophilized for long- mens. Growth of the Collection mainly in- term preservation. volved acquisition of specimens required for current research activities of Institute scien- tists, but new acquisitions also increased SECfIONAL RESEARCH representation of other groups of importance to Canadians. The overall scientific value of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera the Collection, which now comprises over 15 million specimens, was evidenced by the 170 Coleoptera. Alleculidae: A paper was ac- requests from other scientists for loans total- cepted for publication in which a new species ing 49 700 specimens during 1981. The of alleculid is described from California. holdings of the Vascular Plant Herbarium : The first draft, complete with now stand at 716 807 collections, an increase maps, of a handbook of the Buprestidae of of 26 211 during 1981. Approximately 4400 Canada for The Insects and Arachnids of collections were made during field trips by Canada series has been completed. staff members in Ontario, the eastern and Carabidae: A paper on the zoogeography of western provinces, the Yukon Territory, cen- the Elaphrus americanus complex was ac- tral United States, and Turkey. Some 2786 cepted for publication and a similar paper on

BIOSYSTEMA TICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE II the E. finitimus complex was submitted for Noctuidae: Three papers on the genus publication. Euxoa were accepted for publication. A Histeridae: A handbook on the hister revision of Euxoa in North America for the beetles of Canada was prepared on contract Moths of America north of Mexico series is for inclusion in The Insects and Arachnids of nearing completion; 188 taxa are treated. Canada series. The manuscript treats all Pyralidae: Papers on the larva of the species of the 33 genera known to occur in cabbage webworm and on North American Canada. species of the subfamily Pyraustinae were Scarabaeidae: A handbook treating the published. A manuscript was completed with Canadian species of scarab beetles is nearing the description of a new species of Dioryctria completion. The manuscript is being prepared from Eastern Canada. on contract for the Institute and is to treat all Tortricidae: Studies were completed in species known to occur in Canada. 1981 for the preparation of a paper in which Scolytidae: A paper on bark larvae the status of the eastern and western spruce and several others on various aspects of budworms, Choristoneura fumiferana and C. scolytid taxonomy and life history were occidenta/is, is to be reviewed. This review is published or completed. A monograph of the based on hybrid fertility, pheromone specific- genus Pityophthorus in North and Central ity results, host plant specificity, and adult America was published; it includes keys, morphology. Manuscripts on the genera Eu- descriptions, illustrations, and distribution cosma, Laspeyresia, and Taniva were com- maps for all known species. pleted in 1981. Staphylinidae: Three scientists completed Trichoptera. The third part of the Trichop- or published 15 papers on various rove beetle tera of Canada for The Insects and Arach- groups in 1981. These papers included a nids of Canada series was completed. It memoir-sized revision of the subfamily Xan- includes 10 families: Beraeidae, Brachycentri- tholininae in America north of Mexico; the dae, Calamoceratidae, Goeridae, Helicopsy- genus Lordithon (subfamily Tachyporinae); chidae, Hyalopsychidae, Molannidae, Odon- and the systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeog- toceridae, Psychomyiidae, and Sericosto- raphy of the genus Myllaena (subfamily matidae. Aleocharinae). Shorter papers were com- pleted on the subfamilies Aleocharinae (tribes Diptera and Hemiptera Deinopsini and Gymnusini), Omaliinae (gen- era Acidota, Arpedium, Eucnecosum, and Diptera. The text, including introductory Olophrum), Oxytelinae (new genus), Staph- chapters, of Volume 2 of the Manual of ylininae, and Xantholininae. Nearctic Diptera is nearing completion; the Tenebrionidae: The European flour beetle, preparation of illustrations and captions and Tribo/ium maden Halstead, was recorded in the scientific review of chapters covering 65 Canada for the first time; it was found in families are in progress. A catalog of Diptera large numbers in boxcars that contained flour types is also being prepared, with 23 families for export. completed to date. Miscellaneous: Papers were completed and Anthomyiidae: Sampling for wheat bulb fly submitted on the larvae of four beetle families in Ontario and Quebec yielded one collection, near Levi, Que., along with many negative (Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Helodidae, reports; no evidence of damage to winter Phengodidae). Substantial progress was made wheat was noted. on an inventory of pest species of Coleoptera of agricultural importance. A major, coopera- Lonchaeidae: Progress was made on a tive revision of the Coleoptera of the Arctic revision of this family, with keys to the world was initiated. genera and a revision of the species of Neosi/ba completed. As well, treatments of Lepidoptera. Arctiidae: A paper was com- Nearctic species of Chaetolonchaea and pleted on the monotypic genus Acsala, in Protearomyia and keys to the Nearctic spe- which an analysis of adult and immature cies of Dasiops, Earomyia, and Lonchaea stages resulted in transfer of the genus from were completed. the Lymantriidae to the Arctiidae. Chironomidae: Manuscripts including def- Geometridae: The fourth memoir in the inition of the 32 genera of Holarctic Diamesi- series Guide to the Geometridae of Canada nae and Orthocladiinae by reference to the on the subfamily Ennominae was published. pupae, a review of Nearctic species of Bri//ia

12 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1981 and Pegastia, and a description of a new Miridae: Guides to the plant bugs associ- genus were completed. ated with apple trees in Quebec and a Streblidae: A review of the bat flies of technical bulletin on the plant bugs associated Dominica was completed, including reinter- with fruit crops in Canada were completed. pretation of the homologies of the wing New species and new records of European venation and terminalia. bugs in North America were reported, and Simuliidae: Keys to adults and pupae of keys to seven subfamilies and 36 genera were Canadian Simulium were prepared as the prepared as part of a handbook to the plant initial work on a handbook to Canadian black bugs of Eastern Canada. flies, and three new species were described. A Aphididae: The manuscript for a handbook section on the morphology and biology of to the genera of Canadian aphids was North American black flies with keys to completed. genera was written for a university textbook. Hymenoptera and Arachnida Tabanidae: Treatments of the species of Hybomitra were prepared, including a de- Hymenoptera. The first of three important scription of a new species, as part of a papers leading to reclassification of some handbook on Canadian horse and deer flies. major groups of Hymenoptera was published, Syrphidae: Treatments of the species of six and manuscripts for the other two were nearly genera were prepared as part of a handbook completed. These contribute to a general to Canadian flower flies, and several new classification basis for the introductory vol- Nearctic species were described and new ume on Hymenoptera for the faunal series synonymies were recognized in the genera The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, on Syrphus. Platycheirus. and Epistrophe. which work is also progressing. A paper Culicidae: A French-language guide, in- describing a new mechanism for collecting cluding keys, to the Canadian mosquitoes was flying hymenopterous insects was published. prepared. Symphyta (sawflies): A paper on distingu- Tachinidae: Keys were prepared for 320 ishing species of Phymatocera, and one on Nearctic genera and subgenera, and several recognizing species of Gilpinia, in North new combinations were recognized; keys were America were published. Work was furthered prepared to the 165 Canadian genera and on a handbook on genera of sawflies of subgenera as part of a handbook on Canadian Canada, for the series The Insects and tachinids. Arachnids of Canada. Braconidae: An important revisionary work Hemiptera. A manuscript on the morphol- on Apanteles and related genera comprising ogy and phylogenetic development of the the subfamily Microgastrinae was published, hemipteran head capsule was completed. providing a reclassification of this group of Cercopidae: The manuscript for a hand- parasites of lepidopterans into natural as- book to the Canadian spittlebugs was edited. semblages. Cicadellidae: A guide to the leafhoppers of Ichneumonidae: A revision of North Amer- fruit and ornamental trees in Canada was ican species of Ctenopelma, parasites of prepared, and a revision of the New-World pamphiliid sawflies, was published. A revision Macropsini and Neopsini was completed. The of the species of the genus Pyracmon of the Nearctic species of Gyponana and Evacan- Northern Hemisphere, parasites of soil-dwell- thus were reviewed as part of a handbook on ing coleopteran larvae, was submitted for Canadian leafhoppers. The taxonomy and publication. distribution of the leafhoppers of the Holarc- Calcidoidea: A revision of North American tic Region were reviewed to establish the species of Pnigalio, ectoparasites mostly of validity of names and distribution records, leaf-mining lepidopterans, was submitted for resulting in numerous changes including publication. A guide to families and subfami- recognition of many new synonymies and new lies of chalcidoid wasps was completed and combinations, and description of several new submitted for the handbook series The Insects species and subspecies. Manuscripts, includ- and Arachnids of Canada; the guide includes ing keys to the species, of Eratoneura and the taxonomic keys, illustrations, diagnoses, and Typhlocyba gillettei complex, and an account notes on living habits and distribution con- of the host associations of grass-feeding cerning 16 families and 49 subfamilies of species were completed. these parasitic wasps represented in Canada.

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 13 A paper on the family Mymaridae was combinations, and a key to facilitiate identi- presented at the annual meeting of the fication of Pestalotiopsis and related fungi on Entomological Society of America in San Vitaceae were included. Manuscripts on Diego, CA, in 1981. commonly occurring septorioid fungi parasitic Proctotrupoidea: A revision of the platyga- on Gramineae were submitted. strid genus Metaclisis for North America was published. A large paper revising North Hyphomycetes. Descriptions of two com- American species of the scelionid genus mon species of Stemphylium occurring on Gryon, parasites of heteropterans, was sub- legumes, including a key to all of the known mitted for publication. A paper treating leguminicolous species of Stemphylium, were species of the scelionid genus Oethecoctonus, completed. Taxonomic studies of the Cana- parasites of tree crickets in North America, dian species of Helminthosporium and Bac- was completed. trodesmium are nearing completion.

Arachnida. Araneae (spiders): A revision- Mushrooms. The causal agent of a low- ary study of North and Central American temperature crown rot of western forage crops species of the wolf genus Arctosa was was described as a new mushroom species of submitted for publication; the genus was Coprinus; a description of the new species was redefined, and all species were treated. A necessary to classify this pathogen. The new manuscript revising the closely allied genus mushroom genus Resinomycena was de- Allocosa was nearly completed. A paper scribed. A new species of Marasmius from revising the nigra group of the lycosid genus wetlands was published, along with descrip- for North America was published. tions of other wetland agarics in Canada; Acari (mites): A large manuscript describ- parasitism of peat moss by both cup fungi and ing the larval representatives of 12 known mushrooms was documented. North American genera and reviewing the Mycorrhizae. A new research area con- higher classification of the water mite super- cerns mycorrhizal mushrooms, the ecten- family Lebertioidea was completed; these domycorrhizae, which are mainly ascomy- mite larvae are parasites of various aquatic cetes associated with Ericaceae, as well as insect adults, especially chironomid midges. vascular-arbuscular endomycorrhizae (Giga- Sections of a large systematic monograph on spora and Glomus species) found on roots of the world genera of Tarsonemidae were many important economic crops. The first reviewed internally, and other sections were objective is to develop a representative collec- redrafted and prepared for similar review; tion for reference in identification of these these mites feed mostly on fungi and vascular organisms. Different techniques of infecting plants, though a few are parasites of insects or roots and of preparing axenic cultures are predators of other mites. Taxonomic and being developed to improve growth of mycor- faunistic studies of oribatid mites, an impor- rhizal plants. tant group of soil organisms, were initiated. Mycotoxin fungi. Collaborative work with Mycology scientists at the Animal Research Centre and Ascomycetes. A taxonomic investigation of the Chemistry and Biology and the Food the Canadian species of Mycosphaerella Research institutes has been concerned pri- parasitizing certain economically important marily with studies on vomitoxin (deoxyni- groups of plants (grasses, legumes, and cruci- valenol) and zearalenone production by Fu- fers) progressed, as well as a study on a sarium graminearum with emphasis on the previously undescribed hypodermataceous development of methods for producing large fungus parasitizing the needles of white pine. amounts of purified vomitoxin for use in Work was concluded on some Lophodermium animal feeding trials. The toxigenic potential parasites of Ericaceae. of strains of F. acuminatum. F. equiseti, F. poae, and F. sporotrichioides was also investi- Coelomycetes. A manuscript was prepared gated. Some of this work was done in collab- describing a disease on Cissus rhombifolia oration with scientists at the University of Baker (grape ivy) in Ontario greenhouses Saskatchewan and the Saskatoon Research caused by Pestalotiopsis menezesiana. Reas- Station. F. poae and F. sporotrichioides, two sessment of other species of Pestalotiopsis species common on Gramineae, were occurring on Vitaceae, resulting in some new described.

14 RESEARCH BRANCH REPORT 1981 Rust fungi. Three rusts parasitizing the nematode virus vectors and root-lesion nema- Campanulaceae (bluebell family), including a tode complexes. Of significance, a new species species which alternates to Pinaceae (pine of pin nematode (Longidorus) was experi- family: Pinus banksiana) and two species mentally proven to be the natural vector of attacking Araliaceae (ginseng family), were peach rosette mosaic virus in Ontario. Work is described. Parasitic fungi of 113 species were in progress to resolve difficult species com- reported for Riding Mountain National Park, plexes of the virus-transmitting dagger nema- Man.; 53 taxa were reported from this region todes (Xiphinema). Research to establish for the first time. reliable diagnostic characters of root-lesion nematodes, aided by scanning microscopy, Wood rots. Studies on wood decay fungi in was expanded. the genera Hericium and Steccherinum cen- tered on description of features produced in Biosystematics of cutworms. Published laboratory culture and cirumscription of the data on field trials using traps baited with species. females of one species demonstrated that Work on a reference book on plant disease males of the North American species of fungi in Canada continues. It is intended to Xestia adela and X. dolosa are significantly supplement the 1967 book An Annotated attracted to conspecific females, and that Index of Plant Diseases in Canada and will reproductive isolation has resulted from dif- be an up-to-date reference for plant patholo- ferences in sex pheromones. Experiments gists, ecologists, and other biologists. confirmed that laboratory populations of these species do not hybridize, and that their larvae Zoosporic fungi. Ultrastructural examina- have different rates of development and show tion of selected species has shown fundamen- allozyme differences. A manuscript was com- tal differences in their flagellar apparati and pleted establishing that characteristics of the microtubular rootlet systems. On this basis hemocyte complex reflect the level of special- the natural relationships of Oomycetes (in- ization of noctuid cutworms and can be used cluding the phytopathogenic genera Phy- to elucidate the phylogeny of species within thium and Phytophthora) with heterokont taxonomic groups. Special staining proce- algae and of Plasmodiophoromycetes with dures revealed unequivocal examples of mito- Protozoa were elucidated. No relationship of sis in spherule cells of Lepidoptera, indicating Chytridiomycetes with eukaryotic organisms that these cells have greater potential to that have modern-day representatives was divide than was reported previously. evidenced. These data, and a comprehensive review of the literature on fungal thalli, life 'Evolutionary concepts. Theoretical studies cycles, and chemotaxonomy, were included in of the possible influence of environmentally a chapter on the systematics of the zoosporic induced hormonal gene regulation on the fungi submitted for a book entitled Zoosporic evolution of animals were continued. Plant Pathogens. Vascular plants Nematology and experimental taxonomy Alfalfa. Numerical analysis resulted in a Nematology. Descriptions of several new key to the principal subspecies of alfalfa. An Canadian species of plant-parasitic nema- analysis of infection specificity of the main todes, including a new genus and three species subspecies of alfalfa by a seed chalcid was (Tylenchorhynchidae) recorded from the completed, showing that resistance to attack Canadian Arctic for the first time, were was correlated with the extent of coiling of the published. Species groups of ring, spiral, fruits. Differences between subspecies of stunt, wild rice root, and pin nematodes were alfalfa in ability to accumulate agronomically studied, along with a rare, aquatic species of significant chemicals were documented, per- Eutylenchus. Keys were prepared to facilitate mitting new insight into the study of nutrient identification of III species of these groups. content and the value of tissue analysis as a An initial study of the predaceous nematodes means of assessing nutrient deficiency. of the genus Paractinolaimus in Canada Studies revealed that flavonoid characters of resulted in the identification and publication species of Medicago are of taxonomic impor- of two undescribed species. tance, and that the taxonomic values of Cooperative work with the Vineland Re- different sets of characters (fruiting, floral, search Station continued, with emphasis on chemical, pollen, vegetative) were similar,

BIOSYSTEMATICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE 15 except for pollen characters that were appar- species in Canada were prepared, and stan- ently less reliable. dard garden trials were initiated to compare populations from different areas. These in- Barleys. The first report of a worldwide cluded silky bent grass, Johnson grass, vel- barley registry that includes pedigrees, coef- vetleaf, wild proso millet, hairy galinsoga, ficients of parentage, synonyms, and other f1ower-of-an-hour, giant foxtail, and pertinent data was published and sent to jimsonweed. barley breeders worldwide for feedback of information. Plantain. A paper was submitted on gen- Fescues. An assessment of taxonomic prob- ecology of populations of Plantago major L. lems in the genus Festuca in Canada was comparing growth, flowering, and population initiated, and a grass garden was started to variability in two subspecies, as well as determine how Festuca species from various populations from different habitats. localities in Canada grow under uniform Marsh hedge-nettle. A paper was com- conditions in Ottawa. pleted discussing Stachys palustris L., an Trefoils. Palynological investigations of introduced weed of fields in the Maritimes. trefoil (Lotus) and related genera showed a Further studies are continuing on the cytotax- clear separation of the North American and_ onomy of the entire genus in North America Old-World taxa. The two groups could be north of Mexico. distinguished on the basis of both ultrastruc- tural and light-microscopic details. Solanaceous weeds. Weedy and poisonous Canadian taxa of Solanum. Physalis. Datura. Wheat group. Analyses based on ultra- and Hyoscyamus were examined. New seed structure wax morphology as revealed by characters for diagnosing taxa were prepared, electron microscopy and chemistry were as well as distribution maps and photomicro- carried out, providing assessments of generic graphs of seed characteristics. relationships and of the relative importance of various characters. A new phylogenetic classi- Inventory of Canadian weeds. Preparation fication of Triticeae was completed, and an of an inventory of all weeds and other noxious invited lecture on this subject was presented, or potentially noxious plants found in Canada which will be published in a book on cladistic was essentially completed. For each of the methodology. approximately 1500 species included, infor- mation will be published on the correct Inventory of cultivated crop plants of scientific name, widely used synonyms, En- Canada. Literature collection continued glish and French names, geographic distri- toward the compilation of treatments of all bution, and habitat. plants known to be cultivated outdoors for crop purposes in Canada. Aquatic plants. An inventory of Canadian Biology of weeds series. Accounts of the aquatics was begun. An article was prepared poisonous water-hemlocks and poisonous concerning the status and identification of two cherries that have caused heavy livestock very similar species, Hydrocharis morsus- losses in Cana