Checklist of the , and of Warriors’ Path State Park

VEGETATION PATTERNS Warriors’ Path State Park is a place set aside for preservation and for outdoor enjoyment. Our park’s is a vital part of both the protection and the recreation. Trees and plants mean and health for ourselves and for our fellow creatures. Park visitors and park wildlife alike find much-needed , shelter, shade and food, as well as peace and enjoyment, among the park’s green . We can also find much to satisfy our thirst for discovery among the trees and plants. Spend some observing park vegetation for a season or a year, and you’ll find that each has its own unique life story. Plants and trees have amazing and varied ways to spread and , to survive adverse conditions, to get along with and even make use of the that use them, and to interact with other green lives. Vegetation patterns also have much to teach us about our land. We gardeners know that some plants simply will not grow in some places. As you watch the park’s trees and plants, you’ll notice that certain kinds are usually found in certain types of locations. Some thrive in wetter bottomlands, others on dry ridges. Some need deep , others can grow in thin soil. Some grow best on sunny, south-facing slopes, others thrive in the cool shade of north-facing hillsides. Some few trees and plants can tolerate pollution and other environmental problems. Most do best in more pristine locations. A student of trees and plants can read the vegetation and learn the health of the entire . We can also use vegetation patterns to tell about those who came before us. Plants and trees are fine clues to a land’s history. For example, old wagon roads are populated by those tough little herbs that can grow in hard, compacted soil. Old road edges and fence lines are marked by -bearing shrubs, , and trees, where perching birds have dropped the seeds. Old homesites may still contain a few lonely daffodils or other garden plants, or an overgrown mass of old hedges. Old cropland from the days before soil conservation practices were well-understood is likely to be poor quality, washed-out and gullied land, an ideal place for cedar trees. Areas where forests were logged will have few old straight trees, but may have a number of very old crooked trees, left behind as unfit for timber. Warriors’ Path State Park is an ideal place to “listen to” plants. Park land holds varied terrain, varied environmental conditions, varied land-use history, and varied environmental problems. Much of the park farmland, some up until quite recently, and some not for a century or longer. Some portions of the park hold old settlements and homesites from the early eighteenth century, while a few areas hold pristine woodlands that have not been touched by human activity for many centuries. Parts of the park are heavily used by people today, and the vegetation shows much “wear and tear.” Parts of the park show “wear and tear” from earlier peoples, including evidence of Native American campsites and trails, pathways of early European settlement, and old railroad grades. And much of the park vegetation also holds clues to varied wildlife activity. TIPS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY Identifying plants is like learning the names of new friends. The more we know their unique characters, the more easily we can remember who’s who. There are many fine guides to help you observe and name trees and plants. The best guides include both accurate illustrations and thorough descriptions. But even the best book is no substitute for time with the plants, in all four seasons, out in their . Notice details of shape and form. Try sketching to help you focus in on fine details. Pay attention to the “bigger picture” as well - the overall population of a , and the other plants that interact or coexist with it. You may find it useful to keep vegetation notes. Keep track of when each type of or plant leafs out, blooms, sets , and grows dormant. Note where you find the healthiest populations of each . Note which wild creatures use each kind of plant for food and shelter. Your vegetation notes can provide years of pleasurable outdoor study. Your notes can also help you monitor long-term trends, since plants are great indicators of changes in and environmental health. A NOTE ON THIS LIST This park vegetation list is based on a Master’s Thesis by Ben Begley (ETSU, 1987), and much field study by park Naturalist staff. This is a list of vascular plants we have found in the park. Mosses, lichens, and are not listed. Please let us know if you find any tree or plant in the park that is not on this list. Your input will help us better care for park natural resources. You’ll find the list includes both the scientific name and a . Common names are easier for many of us to remember and to use, but they can lead to confusion. Several different plants may have the same common name, and some plants may be known by more than one common name. Scientific names may be a bit harder to pronounce and to remember, but every plant has a unique scientific name. Learn this name, and you can communicate about this plant to any botanist in the world. and their Relatives Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) American () Running Cedar (Lycopodium clavatum) Slippery Elm () Purple-Stemmed Cliff Brake (Pellaea atropurpurea) Shining Clubmoss (Lycopodium lucidulum) Winged Elm () Frost Grape (Vitus vulpina) Broad Beech (Thelypteris hexagonaptera) Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) Summer Grape (Vitus aestivalus) Common Grape Fern (Botrychium dissectum) Black Gum (Nyssa sylvatica) Hairy Lip Fern (Cheilanthes lanosa) Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium) Hay Scented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) Lip Fern (Cheilanthes ruta-murara) Southern Black Haw (Viburnum rufidulum) Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum) Hearts-a-Burstin’ (Euonymus americanus) Venus’ Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum capillus-veneris) Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Marginal Shield Fern (Dryopteris marginalis) Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum) Mockernut Hickory () Shield Fern (Dryopteris intermedia) Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra) Walking Fern ( rhizophyllum) Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) American Holly (Ilex opaca) Green Polypody (Polypodium virginianum) Japanese Honeysuckle () Grey Polypody (Polypodium polypodoides) Hop Tree (Ptelea trifoliata) Scouring Rush (Equisetum hymenale) American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) Blackstem Spleenwort (Asplenium resiliens) Hop Hornbeam ( virginiana) Ebony Spleenwort () Huckleberry (Vaccinium stamineum) Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioica) Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Great Laurel () Common Apple ( pumila) Mountain Laurel () Crab Apple (Malus angustifolius) Leatherwood ( palustris) Red Ash (Fraxinus pensylvanica) Black Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) White Ash (Fraxinus americana) Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Wild (Rhododendron nudiflorum) Black () Basswood (Tilia heterophylla) Red Maple () American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Silver Maple () Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens) Maple () Blackberry (Rubus allegheninesis) Mimosa Tree (Albizia julibrissin) Blackberry (Rubus argutus) Mock- (Philadelphus hirsutus) Bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) Moonseed (Menispermum canadense) Blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans) Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) Box Elder (Acer negundo) Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) Bull Brier ( bona-nox) Muscadine (Vitus rotundifolia) Cat Brier (Smilax herbacea) Nine Bark (Physocarpus opulifolius) Buckeye (Aesculus octandra) Black Oak () Carolina Buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana) Oak (Quercus prinus) Buffalo Nut (Pyrularia pubera) Chinquapin Oak (Quercus prinoides) Bugles (Ajuga reptans) Pin Oak () Butternut (Juglans cinera) Post Oak (Quercus stellata) Catalpa Tree (Catalpa speciosa) Red Oak (Quercus rubra) Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Shumard’s Red Oak (Quercus shumardii) Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Spanish Oak (Quercus falcata) (Castanea dentata) White Oak (Quercus alba) Cucumber-Tree ( acuminata) Yellow Oak () Alternate-leaved Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) Osage-Orange (Maclura pomifera) Flowering Dogwood (Cornus ) PawPaw () Red Willow Dogwood (Cornus amomum) Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Pine (Pinus virginianum) Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata) White Pine () Panic Grass (Panicum capillare) Poison Ivy (Rhus Radicans) Panic Grasses (Panicum lanuginosum, P. White Poplar (Populus alba) clandestinum, and P. boscii) Princess-Tree (Paulonia tomentosa) Sweet Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) Privet (Ligustrum sinense) Wedge Grass (Sphenopholis nitida) Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) Wild Oat Grass (Danthonia spicata) Redbud (Cercis canadensis) Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis) Multiflora (Rosa multiflora) Oats (Avena sativa) Swamp Rose (Rosa palustris) Bull Rushes (Scirpus validus, S. atrovirens, & Trailing Rose (Rosa wichuraiana) S. cyperinus) Wild Rose (Rosa carolina) Leathery Rush (Juncus coriaceus) Sassafrass (Sassafrass albidum) Slender Rush (Juncus tenuis) Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) Seven-Bark (Hydrangea arborescens) Spike-Rush (Eleocharis obtusa) Sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum) Woodrush (Luzula acuminata var. carolinae) Spicebush () Woodrush (Luzula echinata) Running Strawberry-Bush (Euonymus obovatus) Rye (Secale cereale) Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Sedges (Species include: Carex retroflexa, C. Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra) rosea, C. cephalophora, C. vulpinoides, C. Sweetgum () leptalea, C. pennsylvanica, C. platyphylla, Sycamore () C. crebifolia, C.laxiflora, C. frankii, and C. Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) lurida) Tulip-Poplar (Liriondendron tulipifera) Umbrella Sedges (Species include: Cyperus Maple- Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium) brevifolius, C. flavescens, C. strigosus, and Cross (Anisostichus capreolata) C. lancastriensis) Trumpet Vine (Campsis radicans) Timothy (Phleum pratense) Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) Wheat (Triticum aestivus) Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpurea) Black Walnut () Herbaceous Plants Black Willow (Salix nigra) Ageratum (Eupatorium coelestinum) Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica) Agrimony (Agrimonia gyrosepala, and A. pubescens) Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Witch-Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Alum (Heucheria americana) Ammania (Ammania coccinea) Sedges, Grasses and Relatives Angle-Pod (Matelea gonocarpa) Arrowhead ( latifolia) Asparagus (Asparagus officinale) Cane (Arundinaria gigantea) Blue-violet Aster (Aster prenanthoides) Common Cat-Tail (Typha latifolia) Calico Aster (Aster lateriflorus) Dropseed (Sporobolus poirtii) Frost Aster (Aster pilosus) Fescue (Festuca elatior) Golden Aster (Chrysopsis villosa) Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) Hairy Purple Aster (Aster oblongifolius) Beard Grass (Andropogon virginicus) Late Purple Aster (Aster patens) Blue Grass (Poa cuspidata) New England Aster (Aster novae-angliae) Kentucky Blue Grass (Poa pratensis) Purple-Stemmed Aster (Aster puniceus) Bottle Brush Grass (Hystrix patula) White Aster (Aster infirmis) Brome Grass (Bromus purgans) White Aster (Aster divarcatus) Cut Grass (Leersia virginica) Avens (Geum canadense and G. virginianum) Dallis Grass (Paspallum dilitatum) Common (Satureja vulgaris) Fox Grass (Setaria geniculata and S. glauca) Basil Balm (Monarda clinopodia) Goose Grass (Elusine indica) Basil- (Satureja calamintha var. nepeta) Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) Bear’s Foot (Polymnia uvedalia) Melic Grass (Melica mutica) Beard Tongue (Penstemon smallii) Beard Tongue (Penstemon calycosus) Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum) Beard Tongue (Penstemon pallidus) Green-Headed Coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata) Beard Tongue (Penstemon brevisepalus) Crested Coral Root (Hexalectris spicata) Bedstraw (Galium pilosum, G. aparine, & G. latifolium) Crested Coral Root (Corallorhiza odontorhiza) Beech Drops (Epifagus virginiana) Coral Root (Corallorhiza wisteriana) Beggarticks (Bidens tripartita and B. frondosa) Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense) Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana) Corn Salad (Valerianella radiata) Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata and U.grandiflora) Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) Wild Bergamot () Cow Bane (Oxypolis rigidor) Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium) Crane’s Bill (Geranium carolinianum) Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida and R. hirta) Rock Cress (Arabis lyrata and A. laevigata) 3-lobed Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba) Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale) Blazing Star (Chamaelirium luteum) Winter Cress (Barbarea verna) Yellow Bleeding-Heart (Corydalis flavula) Yellow Cress (Rorippa islandica and R. obtusa) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) Crown-Beard (Verbesina occidentalis) Blue-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium mucronatum) Star Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus) Narrow Blue-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium Daffodil (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus) angustifolium) Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) Peruvian Daisy (Galinsoga ciliata) False Boneset (Kuhnia eupatorioides) Dame’s Rocket (Hesperis matronalis) Upland Boneset (Eupatorium sessilifolium) Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Bouncing Bet (Saponaria officinalis) Dwarf Dandelion (Krigia biflora) Viriginia Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus) False Dandelion (Pyrrhopappus carolinianus) Nodding Bur Marigold (Bidens cernua) Day Lily (Hemerocallis fulva) Burdock (Arctium minus) Dock (Rumex acetosella) Buttercup (Ranunculus aborvitus and R. recurvatus) Dodder () Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) Beaked Dodder (Cuscuta rostrata) Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens) Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) Butterflyweed ( tuberosa) Draba (Draba ramosissima) Buttonweed (Diodia virginiana and D. teres) Dutchman’s Breeches (Dicentra cucullaria) Camphorweed (Heterotheca mariana) Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia macrophylla) 1-Flowered Cancer Root (Orobanche uniflora) Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia serpenteria) Cardinal (Lobelia cardinalis) Elephant’s Foot (Elephantopus carolinianus) Cat’s Ear (Hypochoeris radicata) Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circaea lutetiana) Sweet Chervil (Osmorhiza longistylis) Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Chickweed (Stellaria media and S. pubera) Showy Evening Primrose (Oenothera speciosa) Chickweed (Cerastium holosteoides) Eyebane (Euphorbia maculata) Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Downy False-Foxglove (Aureolaria virginica) Sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii) Smooth False-Foxglove (Aureolaria laevigata) Cinquefoil (Species include: Potentilla Field Pansy ( rafinesquii) canadensis, P. intermedia, P. recta, and P. Figwort (Scrophularia marilandica) norvegica) Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus) Clearweed (Pilea pumila) Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) Hop Clover (Trifolium campestre) Foam Flower (Tiarella cordifolia) Korean Clover (Lespedeza stipulacea) Fog- (Lippia lanceolata) Red Clover () Small Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis laxa) White Clover (Trifolium repens) Spring Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis verna) White Sweet Clover (Melilotus alba) True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpiodes) Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis) White Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis macrosperma) Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum) Frostweed (Verbesina alternifolia) Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) Galax (Galax aphylla) Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) Gall-of-the- (Prenanthes trifoliata) Columbine (Aquiligia canadensis) Field (Allium vineale) Gentian ( villosa and G. austromontana) Leafcup (Polymnia canadensis) Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum) Leather-flower (Clematis viorna and C. glaucophylla) Purple Gerardia (Agalinis purpurea) Wild Leek (Allium ampeloprasum) Slender Gerardia (Agalinis tenuifolia) Lespedeza (Lespedeza violacea) American Germander (Teucrium canadense) Lespedeza (Lespedeza intermedia) Purple Giant Hyssop (Agastache scrophulariaefolia) Bicolor Lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor) Yellow Giant Hyssop (Agastache nepetoides) Blue Lettuce (Lactuca floridana) Gill over the Ground (Glecoma hederacea) White Lettuce (Prenanthes altissima) Wild (Asarum canadense) Wild Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis) Wild Ginger (Hexastylis arifolia) Great Lobelia (Lobelia siphilicata) Golden Alexander (Zizia aurea) Spiked Lobelia (Lobelia spicata) Goldenrod ( erecta) Four-Flowered Loosestrife (Lysmachia quadriflorum) Goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis) Fringed Loosestrife (Lysmachia ciliata) Late Goldenrod () Whorled Loosestrife (Lysmachia quadrifolia) Sweet Goldenrod (Solidago odora) Lopseed (Phyrma leptostachya) Tall Goldenrod () Prickly Mallow (Sida spinosa) Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis) Common Mallow (Malva neglecta) Green Dragon (Arisaema dracontium) May-Apple (Podophyllum peltatum) Ground-Cherry (Physalis heterophylla) Early -Rue (Thalictrum dioicum) Rattlesnake Hawkweed (Hieracium venosum) Tall Meadow-Rue (Thalictrum polygamum) Yellow Hawkweed (Hieracium pratense) Three-Seeded Mercury ( virginica) Heal-All ( vulgaris) Three-Seeded Mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea) Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) Four-leaf Milkweed (Asclepias quadrifolia) Henbit (Lamium amplexicale) Purple Milkweed (Asclepias purpurascens) Hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba) Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Herb Robert (Geranium robertanium) Gray Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum incanum) Hog Peanut (Amphicarpa bracteata) Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum flexulosum) Morning Honeysuckle (Gaura biennis) Mint ( cardiaca) Honeywort (Cryptotaenia canadensis) Pepper Mint (Mentha piperata) Water Horehound (Lycopus americanus) Spear Mint (Mentha spicata) Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) Miterwort (Mitella diphylla) Large Houstonia (Houstonia purpurea) Moneywort (Lysmachia nummularia) Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora) Monkey Flower (Mimulus ringens) Indian (Lobelia inflata) Common Morning Glory (Ipomea purpurea) Dwarf (Iris verna) Red Morning Glory (Ipomea coccinea) Iron (Veronia altissima) Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) Jack-In-The-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) Mullien (Verbascum blattaria) Jacob’s Ladder (Polemium reptans) Wooly Mullien (Verbascum thapsus) Jewelweed (Impatiens pallida) (Brassica napus) Spotted Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) Purple Dead Nettle () Joe Pye Weed (Eupatorium purpureum) False Nettle ( cyclindrica) Pink Joe-Pye-Weed (Eupatorium incarnatum) Hedge-Nettle (Stachys tenuifolia) Jumpseed (Tovara virginiana) Horse Nettle () Knotweed (Polygonum lapathifoium) Stinging Nettle () Bristly Knotweed (Polygonum caespitosum) Wood Nettle ( canadensis) Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) Common Nightshade (Solanum americanum) Pink Knotweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) Nodding (Allium cernuum) Water Knotweed (Polygonum punctatum) Wild Onion (Allium canadense) Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes gracilis) Cranefly Orchid (Tipularia discolor) Spring Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes vernalis) Rattlesnake Orchid (Goodyera pubescens) Larkspur (Delphinium tricorne) Green Fringed Orchis (Habenaria lacera) Oxeye (Heliopsis helianthoides) Sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale) Hedge Parsley (Torilis arvensis) Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum pubescens) Meadow Parsnip (Taenidia integerrima) False Solomon’s Seal (Smilacina racemosa) Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) Sheep Sorrell (Rumex obtusifolius) Milk Pea (Galactia volubilis) Spanish Needles (Bidens bipinnata) Partridge Pea (Cassia fasciculata) Bird’s Eye Speedwell (Veronica persica) Passion Flower ( incarnata) Common Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides) Corn Speedwell (Veronica arvensis) Pennywort (Oboloria virginica) Water-Speedwell (Veronica anagallis-aquatica) Pepper Root (Erigenia bulbosa) Spiderwort (Tradescantia subaspera) Pepper-Grass (Lepedium campsetre) Spikenard (Aralia racemosa) Periwinkle (Vinca minor) Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica nd C. caroliniana) Wild Petunia (Ruellia purshiana and R. caroliniensis) Flowering Spurge (Euphorbia corollata) Phacelia (Phacelia bipinnatifida) Wood Spurge (Euphorbia commutatus) Phlox (Phlox amplifolia) Squaw Root (Conopholis americana) Summer Phlox (Phlox paniculata) Squirrel Corn (Dicentra canadensis) Pigweed (Chenopodium album) St. Andrew’s Cross (Hypericum hypericoides) Pine- (Monotropa hypithys) St. John’s Wort (Hypericum frondosa) Pineapple-Weed (Matricaria matricarioides) St. John’s Wort () Pineweed (Hypericum gentianoides) St. John’s Wort (Hypericum punctatum) Pink (Dianthus armeria) Yellow Star Grass (Hypoxis hiruta) Fire Pink (Silene virginica) Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogallum umbellatum) Rose Pink (Sabatia angularis) Stonecrop (Sedum sarmentosum and S. ternatum) Pipsissewa (Chimphila maculata) Ditch Stonecrop (Penthorium sediodes) Common Plantain (Plantago major) Stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis) English Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) Indian Plantain (Cacalia atriplicifolia) Mock Strawberry (Duchesnea indica) Narrow Plantain (Plantago aristata) Hairy Sunflower (Helianthus hirsutus) Robin’s Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) Small Wood-Sunflower (Helianthus microcephalus) Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) Tall Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus) Wild Vine (Ipomea pandurata) Ten- Sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus) Prickly Pear (Opuntia compressa) Tickseed Sunflower (Bidens polylepis) Pussy-toes (Antennaria plantaginifolia) (Synandra hispidula) Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota) Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) Rabbit-Tobacco (Gnaphalium obtusifolium) Thimbleweed (Anemone virginiana) Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia) Thistle (Carduus discolor) Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Bull Thistle (Carduus lanceolatus) Ragwort (Senecio smallii) Canada Thistle (Carduus arvensis) Ragwort (Senecio obovatus) Sow-Thistle (Sonchus asper) Golden Ragwort (Senecio aureus) Hyssop-leaf Thoroughwort (Eupatorium Lyre-Leaved Sage (Salvia lyrata) hyssopifolium) Saxifrage ( virginiensis) Late-Flowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium Golden Saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum) serotinum) Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) Tick Trefoil (Species include: Desmodium Wild Senna (Cassia herbecarpa) nudiflorum, D. canescens, and D. ciliare) Wild Sensitive Plant (Cassia nictitans) Tickseed ( lanceolata) Sericea (Lespedeza cuneata) Greater Tickseed (Coreopsis major) Shepherd’s Purse (Lepedium virginicum) Tooth cup (Rotala ramosior) Silverrod (Solidago bicolor) Toothwort (Dentaria cocancentata) Skull Cap (Scutellaria elliptica) Bitter Toothwort (Cardamine hirsuta) Snakeroot (Sanicula canadensis) Two-Leaf Toothwort (Dentaria diphylla) Samson Snakeroot (Psoralea psoralioides) Nodding Trillium (Trillium flexipes) White Snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum) Turtlehead (Chelone glabra) Water-Willow (Justica americana) Twinleaf ( diphylla) Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum) Venus’ Looking-Glass (Specularia perfoliata) Wax Weed (Cuphea viscosissima) Verbena (Verbena simplex) Whitlow-Grass (Draba verna) Blue Verbena (Verbena hastata) Windflower (Thalictrum thalictroides) White Verbena () Wood Sorrel (Oxalis dillenii) Common Vetch (Vicia angustifolia) Wood Sorrel (Oxalis stricta) Milk Vetch (Astragalus canadensis) Violet Wood Sorrel (Oxalis violacea) Wood Vetch (Vicia caroliniana) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Violet (Viola palmata) Yellow Flag (Iris pseudacorus) Blue Violet (Viola cucullata) Yellow-Root (Xanthorhiza simplicissima) Common Blue Violet (Viola papilionacea) Yerba-De-Tajo (Eclipta alba) Creeping Violet (Viola striata) Early Yellow Violet (Viola rotundifolia) Green Violet (Hybanthes concolor) Long-Spurred Violet (Viola rostrata) Smooth Yellow Violet (Viola ericarpa) Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare) Virgin’s Bower (Clematis virginiana)

A FINAL NOTE We at Warriors’ Path State Park hope this little list helps you as you study park resources. Remember that the park Naturalist staff would be delighted to assist you in your nature explorations. We also offer a wide range of interpretive programs and environmental special events.

If you have found this checklist useful, think how valuable it would be to have a vegetation list of your land or your neighborhood environments. You could be the one to discover the richness of trees and plants. Your studies of nearby vegetation patterns could lead your community to a deeper understanding, and a healthier environment as well.