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Redalyc.Distribución Y Uso Tradicional De Sagittaria Macrophylla Zucc. Y S Ciencia Ergo Sum ISSN: 1405-0269 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México Zepeda Gómez, Carmen; Lot, Antonio Distribución y uso tradicional de Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. y S. latifolia Willd. en el Estado de México Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 12, núm. 3, noviembre-febrero, 2005, pp. 282-290 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10412308 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto C IENCIAS NATURALES Y AGROPECUARIAS Distribución y uso tradicional de Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. y S. latifolia Willd. en el Estado de México Carmen Zepeda Gómez* y Antonio Lot** Recepción: 3 de noviembre de 2004 Aceptación: 26 de mayo de 2005 * Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma Resumen. Sagittaria macrophylla y S. latifolia Distribution and Traditional Usage of del Estado de México. son plantas acuáticas emergentes que crecen Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. and S. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ** Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional en las orillas y zonas poco profundas de los latifolia Willd. in the State of Mexico Autónoma de México. cuerpos de agua limpios y de poca corriente. Abstract. Sagittaria macrophylla and S. latifolia Correo electrónico: [email protected] La primera es endémica de México, su are emergent aquatic plants which grow along Agradecemos a la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México por el financiamiento para distribución se restringe a la región del río the shorelines in clean shallow pools with realizar esta investigación (clave 1669/2003), al Lerma y valle de México y está en peligro de slow moving water. Sagittaria macrophylla is Dr. Javier Manjarrez por el apoyo logístico y a los extinción. Sagittarial latifolia se distribuye endemic to Mexico. Its distribution is limited revisores anónimos por sus comentarios. desde Canadá hasta el noroeste de Sudamérica. to the region of to the Lerma River and the En México se localiza al menos en 11 estados. Valley of Mexico. It is nowadays considered to El análisis de la distribución de ambas be in danger of extinction. Sagittaria latifolia it especies muestra una disminución en el is distributed from Canada to the Northwest Estado de México; los factores que of South America. It can be found in at least aparentemente están contribuyendo a este 11 states in Mexico. An analysis of the fenómeno son, en general, la explosión distribution of both species shows a decrease demográfica, la pérdida del hábitat y la in the State of Mexico; apparently, it is due to sobreexplotación. No había registros del uso the following factors: demographic explosion, de S. latifolia en México, actualmente se loss of habitat, and over-exploitation. There reconoce que sus tubérculos o ‘papas de agua’ was no record regarding the use of S. latifolia tienen importancia económica en la región in Mexico, nowadays, its tubers or ‘water del río Lerma. El uso tradicional de ambas potatoes’ are considered to have economic especies indica que podrían ser una alternativa significance for the region of the Lerma más en la dieta humana y animal. River. The traditional usage of both species Palabras clave: Sagittaria macrophylla, suggests another alternative for human and Sagittaria latifolia, ‘papa de agua’, Estado de animal diet. México. Key words: Sagittaria macrophylla, Sagittaria latifolia, ‘water potatoes’, State of Mexico. 282 ZEPEDA-GÓMEZ, C. Y A. LOT DISTRIBUCIÓN Y USO TRADICIONAL DE SAGITTARIA MACROPHYLLA ZUCC. Y ... C IENCIAS NATURALES Y AGROPECUARIAS Introducción Smith, 1932), y útiles como forraje y medicina veterinaria en algunas localidades de Estados Unidos (Smith, 1932). El género Sagittaria es uno de los 11 que componen la fa- Los tubérculos de S. rhombifolia son consumidos por los milia Alismataceae, incluye aproximadamente 25 especies indios pumé de Venezuela (Gragson, 1997). Quizá el regis- que se distribuyen desde Canadá hasta el sur de Argentina y tro más antiguo del uso de sagitarias sea el encontrado en Chile, 11 están registradas en el territorio mexicano y tres o los coprolitos humanos de Dryden Cave, Nevada, datados cuatro especies también están presentes en Europa y Asia de 3000 años a. C., en los cuales se encontraron fragmentos (Haynes y Holm-Nielsen, 1994; Lot et al., 1986 y 1999). de raíces de Sagittaria (Neumann et al., 1989). La Sagittaria macrophylla se distribuye en el centro de la En general, el folklore les adjudica propiedades terapéuti- República Mexicana, en la cuenca del río Lerma y valle cas a varias estructuras de algunas especies, pero actual- de México, por lo que se considera endémica de esta región mente el género y las especies no tienen algún uso en la y del país (Bogin, 1955; Haynes y Holm-Nielsen, 1994; medicina formal, excepto el reporte de Sharma et al. (1975), Novelo y Lot, 1990; Smith, 1894). Actualmente es una es- quienes observaron la actividad antiinflamatoria de un ex- pecie amenazada de extinción de acuerdo con la NOM-059- tracto de S. sagittifolia del cual aislaron un nuevo diterpeno, ECOL-2001. Sagittaria latifolia es la especie del género más el Sagittariol. Tradicionalmente, las hojas maceradas de al- ampliamente distribuida en el continente americano (Haynes gunas plantas son aplicadas a úlceras infectadas, picaduras y Holm Nelsen, 1994): abarca desde Canadá a Sudamérica de culebras e insectos, enfermedades del prurito, o como y las Antillas. En México se desarrolla en 11 estados de febrífugo (Hamel y Chiltoskey, 1975) o para reumatismo la república (Bogin, 1955; Haynes y Holm Nielsen, 1994; (Herrick, 1977). Los pedicelos de S. sagittifolia son usados Lot et al., 1986; Novelo y Lot 1990; Lot et al., 1999). Para en la India para inducir abortos o, junto con pimienta ne- el Estado de México sólo se registra en el lago de Chalco gra, para retener al feto (Sensarma y Ghosh, 1995), se cree y Lerma. que el consumo de los tubérculos crudos es peligroso por- Ambas especies crecen típicamente en una gran diversi- que produce flujos, hemorroides e induce nacimientos pre- dad de hábitats acuáticos y palustres, predominan en panta- maturos (Porterfield, 1940), no obstante, también se cita nos o ciénegas de agua dulce y de poca corriente. Son plan- que en combinación con otros productos resultan útiles para tas herbáceas, perennes por la formación de rizomas, la constipación y para padecimientos dermatológicos estolones y tubérculos. En cada estación de crecimiento, los (Herrick, 1977). rizomas producen una roseta de hojas de la cual pueden Una de las especies de Sagittaria más empleadas en el emerger nuevos estolones como proyecciones alargadas con mundo es S. Latifolia. Los indios Chinoc de Oregon in- nodos e internodos que permiten la expansión vegetativa. cluían desde 1854 en su dieta sus tubérculos (‘wapato’, Estos estolones poseen una yema apical, que según las con- Porterfield, 1940). En otras localidades de Estados Unidos diciones climáticas permitirá la formación de una nueva los tubérculos aún son consumidos (Rogers, 1980; Turner planta o de un tubérculo. Los tubérculos de estas especies y et al., 1990) en diversos platillos como ensaladas o panqués de otras que crecen en ambientes templados permanecen (Clarke, 1977), con fines medicinales (Hamel y Chiltoskey, durante la época invernal como estructuras latentes (Bogin, 1975; Herrick, 1977; Rogers, 1980; Smith, 1932), son úti- 1955, Zepeda y Lot, 1999, Zepeda, 2001). les como forraje (Smith, 1928), para pescar (Smith, 1933) y Etnobotánicamente los tubérculos formados en el invier- como fertilizantes (Herrick, 1977). En Argentina y sur del no por algunas especies del género Sagittaria, así como las continente americano, las plantas de esta especie se usan hojas, son comestibles y tienen importancia económica en con fines ornamentales en acuarios y jardines, y probable- algunas regiones, por ejemplo; en el Viejo Mundo S. mente en programas de manejo y restauración de cuerpos sagittifolia o ‘Chinese arrowhead’ es común en los arrozales, de agua (Gordon, 1996). y aun cuando no es cultivada, se incorpora a la dieta como En México sólo se reporta el uso de los tubérculos de S. una planta de valor secundario (Porterfield, 1940). Los tu- longiloba en Guanajuato (Lot et al., 1999) y de S. macrophylla. bérculos de S. trifolia var. edulis son cultivados y reconoci- Respecto al último caso, Martínez y Matuda (1979) y Mi- dos en China como ‘ye ci qu’ o ‘Chinese arrowhead’ (Kays randa Arce (1980) mencionan que sus tubérculos se co- y Dias, 1995). La hoja sagitada llamada T’zu-Ku descrita en nocen con el nombre de ‘papas de agua’, y se consu- el Pen-tsao por los chinos se ha identificado como S. trifolia men y venden hervidos en el Estado de México. Hasta (Porterfield, 1940). Los tubérculos de S. cuneata son medi- ahora no había registros de algún uso directo de S. latifolia cinales (Hart, 1981; Smith, 1932), comestibles (Fowler, 1989; en México. CIENCIA ergo sum, Vol. 12-3, noviembre 2005-febrero 2006 283 C IENCIAS NATURALES Y AGROPECUARIAS Figura 1. Mapa de distribución de Sagittaria macrophylla y Sagitaria latifolia en México (modificado de Lot (Alexiades, 1996) a comerciantes y et al., 1999). recolectores de los tubérculos conoci- dos como ‘papas de agua’ en los prin- cipales mercados semanales o ‘tian- guis’ de ocho municipios de la cuenca alta del río Lerma (Acambay, Temas- calcingo, Atlacomulco, Temoaya, Al- moloya de Juárez, Zinacantepec, Oco- yoacac y Toluca). Cada entrevista con- tenía 25 preguntas y se aplicó a las personas que estuvieran dispuestas a ser entrevistadas, que conocían las plan- tas y las zonas de crecimiento. A quie- nes ignoraban estos datos y sólo eran vendedores, únicamente se preguntó el precio por unidad o montón de papas y se calculó la cantidad que vendían.
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