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LE LAQUAGE DENTAIRE NOIR DES ETHNIES VIETNAMIENNES ______ JURY Monsieur Le Professeur Olivier ROBIN Président

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LE LAQUAGE DENTAIRE NOIR DES ETHNIES VIETNAMIENNES � � ______� JURY � Monsieur Le Professeur Olivier ROBIN Président http://portaildoc.univ-lyon1.fr Creative commons : Paternité - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 2.0 France (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/fr MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) ! UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD-LYON I U.F.R. D'ODONTOLOGIE ! ! Année 2017 THESE N° 2017 LYO 1D 52 ! ! ! T H E S E POUR LE DIPLOME D'ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN CHIRURGIE DENTAIRE ! Présentée et soutenue publiquement le : 7 Décembre 2017 ! par ! MARCOUX Arnaud ! Né le 13 septembre 1987, à Auxerre (89) ! ! ! _____________ ! ! LE LAQUAGE DENTAIRE NOIR DES ETHNIES VIETNAMIENNES ! ! ______________ ! JURY ! Monsieur le Professeur Olivier ROBIN Président Monsieur le Docteur Bruno COMTE Assesseur Monsieur le Docteur Philippe RODIER Assesseur Madame le Docteur Romy MAKHOUL Assesseur ! ! MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) UNIVERSITE CLAUDE! BERNARD LYON I! ! Président de l'Université!!!!!! M. le Professeur F. FLEURY! Président du Conseil Académique !!!!! M. le Professeur H. BEN HADID! Vice-Président du Conseil d’Administration !!!! M. le Professeur D. REVEL! Vice-Président de la Commission Recherche M. F. VALLEE! du! Conseil Académique Vice-Président de la Commission Formation Vie Universitaire M. le Professeur P. CHEVALIER! du Conseil Académique! ! ! SECTEUR SANTE! Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est!!!! Directeur : M. le Professeur G. RODE! Faculté de Médecine et Maïeutique Lyon-Sud!! Directeur : Mme la Professeure C. BURILLON! Charles Mérieux! Faculté d'Odontologie!!!!! Directeur : M. le Professeur D. BOURGEOIS! Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et! Biologiques! !!!!!! Directrice : Mme la Professeure C. VINCIGUERRA! Institut des Sciences et Techniques de la !! Directeur : M. X. PERROT, Maître de Conférences! !Réadaptation !!! ! Département de Formation et Centre de!!! Directrice : Mme la Professeure A.M. SCHOTT! !Recherche en Biologie Humaine!!! ! ! ! SECTEUR SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES! ! Faculté des Sciences et Technologies!!! Directeur : M. F. DE MARCHI, Maître de Conférences! ! UFR des Sciences et Techniques des!!! Directeur : M. Y. VANPOULLE, Professeur Agrégé! !Activités Physiques et Sportives!! ! !Institut Universitaire de Technologie Lyon 1!! Directeur : M. le Professeur C. VITON! Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire !!! Directeur : M. E. PERRIN! !de l’Université Lyon 1! !Institut de Science Financière et d’Assurances!! Directeur : M. N. LEBOISNE, Maître de Conférences! Ecole Supérieure du Professorat et de l’Education! Directeur : M. le Professeur A. MOUGNIOTTE! !(ESPE)! !Observatoire de Lyon! !Directrice : Mme la Professeure I. DANIEL! Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique! Directeur : M. G. PIGNAULT! MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) ! FACULTE D'ODONTOLOGIE DE LYON! ! !Doyen!! :!!! M. Denis BOURGEOIS, Professeur des Universités! !Vice-Doyen ! :!!! Mme Dominique SEUX, Professeure des Universités! !Vice-Doyen ! :!!! M. Stéphane VIENNOT, Maître de Conférences! !Vice-Doyen :!!! Mlle DARNE Juliette! ! SOUS-SECTION 56-01: !! PÉDODONTIE! Professeur des Universités : !! M. Jean-Jacques MORRIER! Maître de Conférences : !! M. Jean-Pierre DUPREZ ! Maître! de Conférences Associée ! Mme Christine KHOURY ! SOUS-SECTION 56-02 : !! ORTHOPÉDIE DENTO-FACIALE! !Maîtres de Conférences :! !! Mme Sarah GEBEILE-CHAUTY, Mme Claire PERNIER,! SOUS-SECTION 56-03 : !! PRÉVENTION - EPIDÉMIOLOGIE! !!!!! ECONOMIE DE LA SANTÉ - ODONTOLOGIE LÉGALE! Professeur des Universités!! M. Denis BOURGEOIS! !Maître de Conférences!!! M. Bruno COMTE! SOUS-SECTION 57-01 :!! PARODONTOLOGIE! Maîtres de Conférences : !! Mme Kerstin GRITSCH, M. Philippe RODIER, ! !Maître de Conférences Associée! Mme Nina ATTIK! SOUS-SECTION 57-02 : !! CHIRURGIE BUCCALE - PATHOLOGIE ET THÉRAPEUTIQUE! !!!!! ANESTHÉSIOLOGIE ET RÉANIMATION! Maîtres de Conférences :!! Mme Anne-Gaëlle CHAUX-BODARD, M. Thomas FORTIN, ! ! M. Arnaud LAFON! SOUS-SECTION 57-03 : !! SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES! Professeur des Universités :!! M. J. Christophe FARGES! !Maîtres de Conférences :!! Mme Béatrice THIVICHON-PRINCE, M. François VIRARD! SOUS-SECTION 58-01 : !! ODONTOLOGIE CONSERVATRICE - ENDODONTIE! Professeurs des Universités :!! M. Pierre FARGE, M. Jean-Christophe MAURIN, Mme Dominique !!!!! SEUX! !Maîtres de Conférences :!! M. Thierry SELLI, M. Cyril VILLAT! SOUS-SECTION 58-02 : !! PROTHÈSE! Professeurs des Universités :!! M. Guillaume MALQUARTI, Mme Catherine MILLET! Maîtres de Conférences :!! M. Maxime DUCRET M. Christophe JEANNIN, M. Renaud ! !!!!! NOHARET, ! M. Gilbert VIGUIE, M. Stéphane VIENNOT! !Maîtres de Conférences Associés! M. Hazem ABOUELLEIL, ! SOUS-SECTION 58-03 :! SCIENCES ANATOMIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES OCCLUSODONTIQUES, BIOMATÉRIAUX, BIOPHYSIQUE, RADIOLOGIE! Professeurs des Universités :!! Mme Brigitte GROSGOGEAT, M. Olivier ROBIN!! !Maîtres de Conférences : !! M. Patrick EXBRAYAT,! Mme Sophie VEYRE-GOULET! SECTION 87 : !!!! SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES FONDAMENTALES ET CLINIQUES! !Maître de Conférences!! ! Mme Florence CARROUEL! MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) ! TABLE DES MATIÈRES ! INTRODUCTION 1 ! PARTIE I: HISTOIRE DE LA PRATIQUE DE LAQUAGE DENTAIRE 1/ Les altérations dentaires volontaires a/ Définition 2 b/ Classification 3 c/ Différentes teintures dentaires dans le monde 4 d/ Géographie des laquages asiatiques 6 ! 2/ Culture du laquage asiatique a/ Le laquage au Vietnam, une pratique de tradition 7 b/ Les différentes ethnies vietnamiennes pratiquant le laquage dentaire noir 7 c/ L’histoire de l’apparition du laquage au Vietnam 12 d/ La réputation des laqueurs de Huè 12 e/ Le laquage de nos jours 13 ! 3/ La signification des dents noires a/ Un trait de beauté traditionnel 14 b/ Une démarcation avec l’ennemi 15 c/ Un signe distinctif de classe 16 d/ Un rôle médical (traité dans III) 16 ! PARTIE II: COMPOSITION ET TECHNIQUE DES LAQUES DENTAIRES ! 1/ Définition d’une laque 17 ! 2/ Composition des différents ingrédients a/ Trois différents types de teintures 17 b/ Les ingrédients 21 c/ Composition biochimique 22 ! 3/ Techniques a/ Description du commandant Bonnifacy 24 b/ Description du Dr Crevost 25 c/ Le délaquage 26 MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) PARTIE III: APPLICATIONS CLINIQUES ! 1/ Hygiène bucco-dentaire 27 ! 2/ Études et expériences a/ Étude dentaire du Dr Roux 28 b/ Étude biologique de Huard 29 c/ Étude biologique de Tayanin 30 d/ Enquête de Phan Hải Linh 32 ! 3/ Caractéristiques médicales a/ Utilisation pharmacologique des plantes médicinales 33 b/ Le noircissement comme vernis dentaire 34 c/ Protocole hygiénique 35 d/ Les effets indésirables 36 ! ! CONCLUSION 37 ! BIBLIOGRAPHIE 38 ! TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS 40 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) ! ! Introduction ! ! Quand on est face à un sourire, l’individu traduira un sentiment de sympathie, de bonheur, de plaisir ou d’amusement, le scientifique pensera à une expression du visage qui se forme par la tension de muscles, le chirurgien-dentiste analysera les problèmes d’alignement et de teinte afin de parfaire ce sourire. Sur ce dernier point, la perfection d’un sourire peut exprimer des aspects curieusement différents à travers le monde. ! ! Les traditions et spécificités culturelles vietnamiennes prennent ainsi un caractère étonnant lorsqu’elles concernent le sourire dentaire. En effet, nombre de voyageurs s’interrogèrent, et s’interrogent encore, sur ces dents noires, loin des critères européens et nord-américains, croisés aussi bien dans les montagnes du pays que dans les villages situés aux alentours de la capitale. Arborant fièrement ce sourire noirci, les vietnamiennes âgées, et quelques rares vieux hommes aux dents teintées, marquent le souvenir d’une tradition existant depuis des millénaires. ! ! Cette particularité ethno-esthétique fut l’objet de nombreuses études depuis sa découverte par les voyageurs et récemment par les locaux qui ne la pratiquent plus et en oublient ses caractéristiques. Plusieurs spécialités, sociologique, ethnologique, biologique, médicale, veulent définir cette coutume et apprendre des différentes motivations de la réalisation de ce noircissement dentaire. ! ! S’agit-il d’une simple tradition destinée à établir un critère esthétique ancien ou le laquage dentaire noir possède-t-il des caractères médicaux propres à cette pratique? Du temps où la dentisterie n’était qu’à son commencement, ce procédé opératoire complexe de noircissement et l’utilisation vraisemblablement primitive de ses ingrédients peuvent-ils apporter de nouvelles perspectives à nos connaissances actuelles? ! ! Dans la première partie de ce travail seront présentées l’histoire du noircissement dentaire dans le monde, sa pratique et sa signification dans la culture vietnamienne. Le protocole opératoire sera ensuite traité dans la deuxième partie avec la présentation biologique des ingrédients utilisés. Enfin, la troisième partie ciblera les applications cliniques de cette pratique guidées par des études réalisées par des spécialistes variés (biologistes, anthropologues, chirurgiens-dentistes…). ! ! Page 1 MARCOUX (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) PARTIE I: Histoire de la pratique de laquage dentaire ! 1/ Les altérations dentaires volontaires a/ Définition [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] ! Les altérations dentaires volontaires regroupent tous les phénomènes consistant à modifier l’aspect d’une ou plusieurs dents de façon intentionnelle. Elles s’inscrivent dans les 6 types de mutilations ethniques décrites par Magitot en 1885 : on comprend par mutilations ethniques toutes les modifications ou altérations que l'homme se fait subir à lui-même sous l'influence de la mode, des habitudes, des idées mystiques ou religieuses, des sentiments de vanité ou d'orgueil, des aberrations
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