Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PLANTS FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH IN EAST KALIMANTAN: LESSON LEARNED FROM LOCAL WISDOM Faiqotul Falah*1 and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo2 1Forest Technology Research Institute for Watershed Management, Jl. Ahmad Yani Pabelan Kotak Pos 295, Surakarta 57012, Indonesia 2Research Institute of Natural Resources Conservation Technology, Jl. Sukarno Hatta Km.38, Samboja, Po. Box 578, Balikpapan 76112, Indonesia Received: 9 September 2014, Revised: 4 April 2017, Accepted: 10 April 2017

SPECIES IDENTIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PLANTS FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH IN EAST KALIMANTAN: LESSON LEARNED FROM LOCAL WISDOM. Traditional communities in East Kalimantan have been using traditional medicinal plants for centuries. This paper aims to identify the plant species used for traditional medicine for women’s health in three tribes in East Kalimantan: Dayak Benuaq around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest, Dayak Bahau around Wehea Forest, and Kutai tribe around Kutai National Park. Medicinal plant species identification is important for plant breeding and developing utilization technology of those species. Data were collected by: 1) interview with traditional midwives and traditional medicinal plants users in those villages; 2) collecting the medicinal plant specimens in their natural habitat; 3) qualitative analysis of the interview records; 4) botanical identification of the specimens in Herbarium Wanariset Samboja; and 5) literature review about the usage of those medicinal plants by traditional communities in other places. This research result showed 44 medicinal plant species from 30 families for cosmetics, maternal uses, and women’s reproductive health. The used parts of the medicinal plants were the roots, leaves, barks, stem, and fruits. The medicinal plants were processed by simple methods. There were 27 species also used by other communities for similar or different efficacies, and the active chemical compounds of 25 species have been known. The utilization of traditional medicinal plants are cheaper, more available, and accessible. However, the quality of the medicinal plants can not be guaranteed, and the dosage was not standardized. Therefore the medicinal plants need to be cultivated to ensure the quality and quantity, and to prevent species extinction.

Keywords: Traditional medicinal plants, species identification, East Kalimantan, tribes, women health

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS TUMBUHAN OBAT UNTUK KESEHATAN PEREMPUAN DI KALIMANTAN TIMUR: PEMBELAJARAN DARI KEARIFAN LOKAL. Masyarakat tradisional di Kalimantan Timur telah menggunakan tumbuhan obat tradisional sejak beratus tahun lalu. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat tradisional yang dimanfaatkan untuk kesehatan perempuan oleh tigasuku di Kalimantan Timur, yaitu: suku Dayak Benuaq (sekitar Hutan Lindung Gunung Beratus), Dayak Bahau (Hutan Wehea), dan Kutai (sekitar Taman Nasional Kutai). Identifikasi jenis tumbuhan obat penting dilakukan sebagai dasar upaya budidaya dan pengembangan teknologi pemanfaatannya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara: 1) melakukan wawancara dengan 5 (lima) bidan tradisional dan pengguna tanaman obat tradisional di desa-desa tersebut; 2) mengumpulkan spesimen tumbuhan obat di habitat alaminya; 3) melakukan analisis kualitatif terhadap hasil wawancara; 4) melakukan identifikasi botani spesimen tumbuhan obat di Herbarium Wanariset Samboja; dan 5) Studi pustaka untuk memperoleh informasi tentang penggunaan jenis-jenis tumbuhan obat tersebut oleh masyarakat tradisional di daerah lain. Penelitian ini telah mengidentifikasi dan mendokumentasikan 44 jenis tumbuhan obat dari 30 famili yang digunakan oleh masyarakat tradisional untuk kosmetika, kebidanan, dan kesehatan reproduksi perempuan. Bagian tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai obat adalah daun, akar, batang, kulit batang, buah, bunga, dan biji. Pengolahan dilakukan dengan metode sederhana.

* ** Corresponding author: [email protected]

© 2017 IJFR All rights reserved. Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license. doi: https://doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.49-67 49 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

Paling sedikit ada 27 jenis yang juga digunakan oleh masyarakat di tempat lain untuk khasiat yang sama maupun berbeda, dan senyawa kimia aktif 25 jenis telah diketahui. Penggunaan tumbuhan obat tradisional lebih murah, lebih tersedia, dan mudah diakses. Namun kualitas tumbuhan obat tersebut tidak bisa dijamin dan dosisnya tidak terstandar. Oleh karena itu tumbuhan obat tersebut perlu dibudidayakan untuk memastikan kualitas dan kuantitasnya, dan untuk mencegah kepunahan jenis.

Kata kunci : Tumbuhan obat tradisional, identifikasi jenis, Kalimantan Timur, suku, kesehatan perempuan

I. INTRODUCTION drugs (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2015). Therefore, Traditional communities living around the further medical based research and cultivation forest, especially those who had difficulties efforts of the medicinal plant species is needed. to reach modern health facilities, have been The tropical rain forests of East Kalimantan utilizing traditional medicinal forest plants from are rich in medicinal plant species. However, the time immemorial. In those olden days herbal medicinal plants are only known by their local remedies provided the only relief when modern names or specific characteristics. Traditional medicines were not available (Kulip, 2003). medicinal plant species identification has not Traditional medicine is the only feasible source yet been conducted. Species identification of healthcare for a vast number of people is important to plan further research on living in less developed countries, especially phytochemical contents and to conduct species in rural areas (Marshall, 2011). Traditional cultivation in the future. medicine is the total sum of the knowledge, The women (as a different sex from men) skill, and practices based on the theories, have specific needs of medicine due to their beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different biological and social conditions. Women are the cultures, used in the maintenance of health, main consumers of the herbal drugs, especially and in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement for the dietary supplements (Rinaldi & Shetty, or treatment of physical and mental illnesses. 2015). The women in traditional communities There is a significant demand for traditional and around remoted forest areas are no exception for complementary medicine (TCM) both in terms those specific need of medicine. The women in of practices and practitioners worldwide. Over traditional communities usually use traditional 100 million Europeans are currently users of medicinal plants for daily reproductive health, traditional and complementary medicines. There maternal purposes and beauty treatments. The are many more T&CM users in Africa, Asia, knowledge of women’s daily medicine needs Australia and North America (World Health has been inherited from mothers to daughters Organization, 2013). The Food and Agriculture for years. A traditional community usually has Organization (FAO) reported in 2011 that an one or several traditional midwives who are estimated 80% of the population in Africa and considered to have special knowledge in child Asia rely largely on these plant-based drugs for birth, maternal, and reproductive health issues their health care needs (Marshall, 2011). In the (Falah, Noorcahyati, & Sayektiningsih, 2013; 21st century, natural products represent more Mupfimira, 2012; Okonofua, 2002; Strathy, than 50% of all drugs in clinical use. During 2000). the last 3 decades, up to 50% of the approved Knowledge about traditional medicinal herbal medicines are either directly or indirectly plants for women’s health has been handed taken from natural products, including plants, down for generations orally, without written microorganisms, fungi and animals (Sakhya, documentation. Moreover, in the inheriting 2016). The growing demand of herbal drugs are process, the species used was only mentioned also driven by emphasis on a healthy living, and by local name, or even only by mentioning concerns over the side-effects of mainstream the specific characteristics of the species. The

50 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo) species identification of women’s medicinal B. Material and Tools plants has not been studied intensively. Once the The objects of this research were: 1) the medicinal plants species have been thoroughly traditional midwives and village women in five identified and documented, then future research villages (Tanjung Soke, Gerunggung, Nehas on their biological and phytochemical potential Liah Bing, Menamang Kiri, and Menamang may provide important information on their Kanan villages) who considered have much safety and efficacy for women worldwide, who knowledge about medicinal plants for women’s are searching for natural treatment for their health; and 2) medicinal plants around the medical problems. Furthermore, the cultivation Gunung Beratus Protection Forest, Nehas Liah effort of the medicinal plant species should be Bing village, Wehea Forest, and Menamang conducted. villages. This paper studies species identification and Materials used in this study included: 1) an utilization of women’s health medicine plants interview guidance, and 2) methylated spirit in three forest traditional communities in East for preservation of medicinal plant specimens. Kalimantan. In addition to the purpose of Tools used in data collection were recorder, documenting traditional knowledge, this paper camera, plastic bags, machetes, cutting scissors, is also expected to contribute information for label paper, and newsprint. ethno-botanists in developing technology for the utilization of medicinal plants. C. Data Collection and Analysis Methods This research used qualitative methods of II. MATERIAL AND METHOD the moderate participant observation, where A. Studi Site the researchers were involved in the day-to- The field research has been conducted from day activities of the informants (like farming June to November, 2010. Primary data was activities or participation in traditional meeting), collected in three sites: a) Tanjung Soke and but did not follow the overall activities of the Gerunggung villages, around Gunung Beratus informants within a day (Sugiyono, 2007). The Protection Forest (GBPF), sub district of key informants were the traditional midwives, Bongan, West Kutai Regency; b) Nehas Liah who according to the members of the Bing village, sub district of Muara Wahau, East traditional community were considered most Kutai Regency (around Wehea Forest); and c) knowledgeable or could recognize women’s Menamang villages, around the Kutai National medicinal plants. There were five key informants Park (KNP), sub district of Sebulu, Kutai who were selected using purposive sampling, Kartanegara Regency. The three study sites were one traditional midwife for each village of selected because traditional communities who Tanjung Soke, Gerunggung, Nehas Liah Bing, lived in the surroundings have the knowledge Menamang Kiri, and Menamang Kanan. In and habit of using traditional medicinal plants addition to the key informants, interviews were for health. The research subjects included: also carried out with several village women who a) Dayak Benuaq tribe community in Tanjung still use traditional medicines in everyday life. Soke and Gerunggung villages; b) Dayak Bahau Interview with the village women have been community in Nehas Liah Bing village, and c) conducted in their house separately (in Tanjung Kutai tribe community in Menamang Kiri and Soke and Gerunggung, and Menamang), and Menamang Kanan villages. The literature study collectively in the community service centre had been conducted in 2013, and then it had (gotong royong) in Nehas Liah Bing. been deepened in 2017. The data were collected through the four General condition of the research location steps outlined below : is described in Table 1. 1). Structured interviews with the key

51 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

Table 1. General conditions of research location

Tanjung Soke and No Aspect of condition Nehas Liah Bing Menamang Gerunggung 1. Name of nearest Gunung Beratus Wehea Forest Kutai National forest area Protection Forest (38,000 ha) Park (198,604 ha) (19,800 ha) 2. Geographic location 1o00’00.00” – 010 34’ 04.3” LU 1160 57’ 7.3” LU of the forest area 1005’03.24” LS 1160 46’ 02.2“ BT 0013’41.7” BT 16015’51.61” - 116021’22.98” BT 3. Major tribe Dayak Benuaq Dayak Bahau Kutai Menamang 4. Other tribe Banjar Javanese, Buginese, Javanese, Banjar, and other tribes of Buginese Dayak 5. Number of residents 117 (Tanjung Soke), 2500 people 1089 people 99 (Gerunggung) 6. Major religion Islam Catholics Islam 7. Major education level Elementary school Elementary school Elementary school (> 70%) (>60%) 8. Major livelihood Farmers Farmers Farmers 9. Other livelihoods Wood industries labors, Chainsawmen, oil Oil palm plantation elementary school palm plantation labors teacher and coal mining labors, fishermen, merchants 10. Customary ritual/ Still carried out several Ritual ceremony Not actively ceremonies Dayak ceremonies as before starting the carried out, only cultural heritages rice planting and for wedding harvest festival ceremonies

informants. The local name, efficacy, 40 cm long pieces of organs were collected, used part, and utilization method of each mostly branches with leaves, flowers and medicinal plant were recorded; fruit. Collected plant specimens were 2). Field observation guided by the key diluted in 70% alcohol in airproof plastic informants, and collecting herbarium bag. These specimens were later dried and specimens of the medicinal plants from pressed in the Herbarium at Wanariset their natural habitat around settlements, Samboja, East Kalimantan. gardens, and the forest areas. Specimens 3). Identifcation of the herbarium specimens that were easily identified in the field were was done in the Herbarium at Wanariset. only recorded, not collected. Unidentified Species identification used morphological specimens were numbered, collected and characteristics that could be compared brought to the Herbarium at Wanariset with known databases in the Herbarium Samboja for further identification. Whole Wanariset. Characteristics observed parts of the small plants were should be included general characters, the structures collected. From a large plants or trees, 30- of stems, roots and leaves, embryology

52 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

and flowers. The specimens were also 2010; Trubus, 2010). They stated that the deposited if have not yet been collected in knowledge of traditional medicine can only be the Herbarium Wanariset. passed on to people who have great intention 4). Literature review to get information about and high willingness to learn (Falah et al., 2013). the usage of those medicinal plants by In terms of delivering knowledge on traditional communities in other places in utilization of medicinal plants, the results the world. of interviews of several traditional healers indicated that they tend to be enclosed to III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION outsiders. This is due to the consideration People have found remedies within their that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants habitat, and have adopted different strategies is a heritage to be protected and kept secret. depending upon the climatic, phyto-geographic Knowledge is only delivered to certain people. and faunal characteristics, as well as upon the Level of disclosure of information about the peculiar culture and socio-structural typologies medicinal plants to outsiders is different at (Nichter, 1992 in Samuel et al., 2010). Due to each location. For example, for the Dayak their spesific biological and physical conditions Siang people in Central Kalimantan, the act of and the socio-cultural demands, female human delivering the information on medicinal plants have specific needs of medication in order to to outsiders may be subject to a customary fine maintain their health and beauties, as well as for called jipen (Noorcahyati, 2012). The people of the prevention and treatment of illnesses. For Dayak Benuaq in Tanjung Soke village required the women who live in the remote or isolated area embedding nails and certain things of ritual where it is difficult to get medication or modern offerings before taking specimens of medicinal cosmetics, their special medicines were obtained plants in Gunung Beratus Protected Forest from the plants that grew in the surrounding (Falah et al., 2013). area, based on their ancestral knowledge passed Respondents with the deepest traditional down for decades or hundreds of years. They knowledge on women’s health medicine were gained the knowledge and experience based the traditional midwives who were all over 50 on empirical and experimental observation of years age. At the present the usage of traditional the existing plants in the vicinity, for example medicine for women’s health become abandoned plant species that taste bitter allegedly is able and obsolette due to several factors such as the to cure malaria, or a plant species that is able to influence of modern education and lifestyle regenerate quickly have the capability to recover changes. The utilization of traditional plants the stamina (Falah et al., 2013). is fading due to migration, restriction from religion, lost interest of younger generations A. Knowledge Inheritance System and heavy dependence on modern medicine The knowledge of utilization of traditional (Kulip, 2003). Deforestation for agricultural plants for women’s health medicine passed development and timber harvesting makes the down from mothers to daughter, usually being resources scarce which also contributing to a secret or clandestine of a family lineage the loss of the knowledge. Currently, modern (Hariyadi, 2011; Noorcahyati, 2012; Trubus, medicine is preferred by the youth because it is 2010). In the Dayak community, although at more practical (no need to collect ingredients, the same tribe, each family can have traditional and to process and mix the potion) and is medicine knowledge which is different from relatively easy to obtain (Falah et al., 2013). On their ancestors. The process of transfering the other hand, traditional herbal medicine has medicinal plant knowledge is conducted orally, some advantages, especially for those living in being a closed information or a secret, and not remote areas : it’s cheaper and affordable, the documented (Noorcahyati, 2012; Setyawati, materials are available around the villages, the

53 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 efficacy had been proven by older people, and Soke used the roots from various species to is considered to have no side effects compared make potions for maternal uses, due to special to the mainstream modern chemical drugs. phylosophy that every plant that could naturally germinat after being uprooted has the efficacy B. Utilization Method of Medicinal Plants to recover health and stamina for the mother This study has gathered data of about after childbirth (Falah et al., 2013). But from 44 medicinal plants species from 30 families the conservation perspective, the uses of roots which are used for women’s health in forest as medicine ingredients could led to the death communities around Gunung Beratus of the plants (Noorhidayah & Sidiyasa, 2005). Protection Forest, Wehea Forest, and the People used simple methods to process the villages of Menamang Kiri and Menamang medicinal plants, such as squeezing, soaking, Kanan. Out of the total seven species were boiling, shredding, and pounding. The treatment used as reproductive health medicinal plants, 30 dose was determined only by habits (such as a species as postpartum and maternal medicine, glass of water) or size of the patient's body. and 9 species as cosmetics. The families that had Most of the medicinal plants were found used most as medicinal plants are Leguminosae in the forest (58.33%), while the rest grow (6 species), Zingiberaceae (five species), wild in the resettlement area (41.67%). This Rubiaceae (5 species), and Euphorbiaceae (5 indicates that cultivation of medicinal plants species). Three species used as medicine for has not been conducted by the community. more than one efficacies are:Callicarpa longifolia, Collecting medicinal plants from the wild often Blumea balsamifera, and Brucea javanica. causes inconsistent quality (variations in active The types of herbs that were often used ingredients) depending on the area the plants by people have different life forms such as grow (Sakhya, 2016). Collecting from the wild shrubs, trees, bushes, epiphytes, lianas, roots also often results in the plants being mistaken and grass. Utilization of shrubs as an ingredient and unwanted plant material included (World in traditional medicines is more favorable than Health Organization, 2013). trees because it was easily collected by women. The use of trees as medicinal plants could be C. Species Identification of Medicinal a possible threats to the species extinction, Plants Used for Women’s Health because they could be extinct if people are The species of traditional medicines plants taking them excessively (Noorhidayah & used for women’s health could be divided into Sidiyasa, 2005). In addition, cultivation of the three categories, i.e: a) medicinal plants species trees is a long time process and the growth for women’s reproductive health; b) medicinal requirements are difficult. In GBPF, people plants species for maternal purposes; and c) did a specific ritual before taking the plants, medicinal plants species used as cosmetics by driving a nail to mark the location of the for women’s beauty care. Each category of medicinal plants. In terms of conservation, women’s medicinal plants would be described the ritual was performed by the community in the following paragraphs. to prevent excessive removal to and avoid the scarcity of medicinal plants in the future (Falah 1. Species identification of medicinal plants et al., 2013). used for women’s reproductive health The mostly used parts of the plants as An immense number of plant species have medicine were the roots (43.18%). Other used been and continue to be used by women and parts were the leaves (29.54%), barks (13.63%), traditional healers worldwide in all aspects stem (6.82%), fruits (4.54%), and all parts of women’s health, such as menstruation, (2.27%). The roots become the most used conception, pregnancy, birth, lactation, and parts, because the Dayak Benuaq in Tanjung the menopause (Stuart, 2004 in Michel et al.,

54 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

2007). Just like women and traditional healers in species which are easily taken according to other traditional communities, women around women physical condition, and could be found Gunung Beratus Protected Forest, Wehea in gardens, yards, or the forest edge. The herbs Forest, and Kutai National Park have used were utilized to cure the regular problems medicinal plants for maintain their reproductive of women’s reproductive organs. The herbs health and cure reproductive organ illnesses. processing was very simple and done manually, The species of medicinal plants used for and the dosage was determined subjectively, women’s reproductive health were described in only by habit or based on estimation of body- Table 2. sized. The medicinal plants for women’s Almost all of the medicinal plants species in reproductive health (Table 2) includes the Table 2 are also used as folk medicinal plants

Table 2. The traditional medicinal plants used for women’s reproductive health

Life Proceed and No Species/Family Local name Location* Efficacy form usage methods

1. Callicarpa longifolia Garam payau Little 1 Leucorrhoea Squeezing the (Verbenaceae) trees treatment leaves, boiling, then drinking the potion 2. Drymoglossum Kete-kete Epiphyt 3 Endometriosis A minimum of 3 piloselloides treatment leaves shredded, (L.) Presl. filtered, then (Polypodiaceae) drink once a day 3. Flemingia Kayu Lianas 3 Maintaining Boiling the roots macrophylla kemudaan (vines) feminine organ then drink the (Willd.) Merr. muscle in good potion (Leguminosae) condition 4. Macaranga winkleri Nge-laq meh Trees 2 Treatment for Boiling the stems, Pax & K.Hoffm biang menstrual cycle drink the potion (Euphorbiaceae) problem 5. Parameria Manggarsih/ Trees/ 3 Firm vaginal Boiling the roots, polyneura Hook.f. Serapat Shrubs muscles and then drinking for (Apocynaceae) strengthen the 3 times a week uterus 6. Phyllanthus Niur Songo Shrubs 3 Fertilizer Washing then urinaria L. eating the fruits (Euphorbiaceae) after menstrual period 7. Tinospora crispa Sampai Lianas 3 To treat Washing then (Menispermaceae) abdominal eating the roots pain during sufficiently menstrual period Endometriosis Key* = 1. Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2. Wehea Forest 3. Menamang

55 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 for the same or different efficacies in Asia and uprooted has the efficacy to recover health and the tropical region worldwide (see Table 5). stamina for the mother after childbirth (Falah Parameria polyneura is also used by the Malay et al., 2013). people for the same efficacy. The species have At least 22 medicinal plant species in Table 3 commercially produced as herbal medicine for are also used for the same or different efficacies women in Indonesia and Malaysia. in other communities, such as Eurycoma longifolia Some species belonging to the same genus and Ficus deltoidea. Those two species not as the medicinal plants in Table 2 are also used only have been used as medicines for various by other traditional communities as herbs for ailments in the Malay Archipelago, but also women. For example, in Lao PDR, Macaranga pharmaceutically tested to have medicinal denticulate (Blume) Müll. Arg. (the same genus as chemical compounds (see Table 5). Eurycoma Macaranga winkleri) is also used for postpartum longifolia and Ficus deltoidea have been distributed recovery treatment. Also in Lao PDR, Callicarpa and formulated as capsules, tea, and tonic arborea Roxb. (the same genus as Callicarpa tea throughout Malaysia (Bunawan, Amin, longifolia) is used for postpartum recovery Bunawan, Baharum, & Noor, 2014; Effendy, treatment, expelling lochia, postpartum Mohammed, Muhammad, Mohammad, & abdominal pain, perineal healing, and for uterus Shuid, 2012). The species Arbus precatorius that retracting (Lamxay, de Boer, & Bjork, 2011). is used to make easy and smooth the childbirth by the Kutai people in Menamang villages also 2. Species identification of traditional medicinal used for the same efficacy in Guinea-Bissau plants used for maternal uses and Ivory Coast. The same species is also used The traditional midwives usually gave for antifertility, contraceptive, and abortifacient medicinal plants for childbirth, postpartum use in several communities in Asia and Africa (see to recover mothers’ stamina after delivering Table 5), and has pharmaceutically be proven to a baby, and increasing breast milk supply have some medicinal effects, i.e. abortifacient, (lactogogue). The species of medicinal plants antiestrogenic, antifertility, anti-implantation, used for maternal use is described in Table 3. antispermatogenic, and contraceptive and/or Delivering a baby (childbirth) is a riskfull interceptive effects (Ross, 2003). and exhausting struggle, therefore traditional midwives tend to used easily gained plants from 3. Species identification of traditional medicinal the surrounding gardens, yards, or forest edge, plants used for cosmetics so the postpartum medicinal treatment could Women always have an instinct to care for be done quickly and efficiently for the safety and beautify herself, even if they live in the and health of the mother and the baby. Most of isolated area. Therefore the women of the the species listed in Table 3 have the life forms forest community have knowledge of utilizing as lianas, shrubs, bushes, or small trees which the surrounding plants as cosmetics. The could easily be collected by women. Traditional knowledge had passed down from mothers midwives only took the bark part of the large to daughters for the time immemorial. The trees. Due to the emergency treatment of the species of medicinal plants used for cosmetics mother, the traditional midwives also used to do is described in Table 4. simple method to proceed the plants to become All the herbs species in Table 4 were traditional herb medicine, such as squeezing, externally used medicines, used as powder or simple cutting, and boiling. Indegenous people shampoo for skin and hair care. The herbs were around Gunung Beratus Protection Forest manually processed into powder or shampoo have special philosophy to select plants species by refining, squeezing, or pounding the leaves, for the postpartum recovery, i.e. every plant roots, or fruit. Not all the species were easily that could naturally be germinated after being taken, such as the leaves of the Cananga odorata

56 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

Table 3. The species of medicinal plants used for maternal uses

Finding Processing and usage No Species Local name Life form Efficacy location method 1. Abrus precatorius L. Penisip Shrubs 3 1 Boiling the roots of Gaertn.(Leguminosae) penisip, belimbing and Cnestis platantha Griff. Belimbing Woody tabat barito, then drink the (Connaraceae) bikut lianas potion Ficus deltoidea Jack. Tabat Barito Epiphyte (Moraceae) 2. Aleurites moluccana Kemiri Trees 3 3 The bark is heated over a (Euphorbiaceae) fire, then be trampled 3. Alpinia galanga Willd. Teraran Shrubs 1,3 2 Washing the root, soaking, (Zingiberaceae) boiling, then drink the potion, or shredded and rubbed into skin of stomach 4. Blumea balsamifera DC. Kutai Shrubs 1 2 Cutting the roots of (Asteraceae) Sembung Morinda citrifolia, Hyptis Hyptis brevipes Poit. Rumput Shrubs brevipes, Blumea balsamifera, (Lamiaceae) Fatimah and mimosa pudica into pieces, soaking, boiling, Morinda citrifolia L. Mengkudu Shrubs then drinking the potion (Rubiaceae) Mimosa pudica Putri malu Bushes (Leguminosae) 5. Blumea mollis (D.Don) Sembung Shrubs 3 2 Boiling the roots, drink the Merr. potion (Compositae) Refining the young leaves, mix with cold powder, apply to the whole body 6. Bougainvillea spectabilis Kembang Shrubs 1 2 Cutting the roots into (Nyctaginaceae) Kertas pieces, boiling, then drinking the potion 7. Brucea javanica (L) Kayu Sumpit Trees 1 2 Cutting the stem into Merr. (Simaroubaceae) pieces, boil it 8. Caesalpinia sappan L. Sepang Shrubs 3 1 Drying inside part of the (Leguminosae) bark, brew it, then drink the potion during pregnancy and before childbirth 9. Callicarpa longifolia Garam payau Small trees 3 2 Boiling the bark then drink Lam. (Verbenaceae) the potion 4 Shredding the leaves, pouring water, filtering, then drink the water 10. Carica papaya Pepaya Tree 3 6 Soaking the root into (Caricaceae) shaped boiled water, then drink the shrubs potion 11. Durio zibethinus Durian Trees 3 2 Pounding the bark, mix (Bombacaceae) with the cold powder, apply to the whole body

57 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195

Table 3 (Continued) Finding Processing and usage No Species Local name Life form Efficacy location method 12. Eurycoma longifolia Jack Tongkat ali Small trees 3 4 Boiling the roots, drink 3 (Simaroubaceae) (pasak bumi) times a day (minimum for 3 days) 13. Gonocaryum calleryanum Kayu mati Small trees 3 2 Boiling the roots, drink the (Baill.) Becc. hidup potion (Icacinaceae) 14. Hiptage bengalensis Temelekar Woody 1 2 Cutting the roots into (Malpighiaceae) lianas pieces, boiling, then drinking the potion Cutting the bark into pieces, pound it, taking the sap, then rubbing into stomach 15. Lepisanthes amoena Bengalun Small 3 2, 6 The fruits and young leaves (Hassk.) Leenh trees be cooked, mixed with fish, (Sapindaceae) then be eaten 16. Lygodium circinnatum Mintu Lianas 1 2 Cutting the roots into (Burm.) Sw. pieces, soaking, boiling, (Schizaeaceae) then drinking the potion 17. Mitragyna speciosa Kedemba Trees 3 2 The bark smothered in hot Korth. (Rubiaceae) water, then be drunk one week after childbirth

18. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Bentolan Trees 1 2 Cutting the roots into (Bignoniaceae ) pieces, soaking, boiling, then drinking the potion 19. Paspalum conjugatum Beriwit Herbs / 3 2 Refining the young leaves, (Graminae) grass soaking, filtering, then drink the potion 20. Passiflora foetida L. Terong Lianas 3 5 Squeezing all of parts, (Passifloraceae) kumut soaking in the water, then drink the potion 21. Piper betle (Piperaceae) Sirih/ Lianas 3 2 Boiling the leaves, drink the kerakap potion 22. Rothmannia schoemanii Bentan Trees 3 2 Boiling the roots, drink the (Teijsm. & Binn.) Basap potion 3 times a day Triveng. (Rubiaceae) 23. Sida sp. Bembe Bushes 1 2 Washing the root, soaking, (Malvaceae) boiling, then drink the potion 24 Syzygium sp. Kayu Serai Trees 3 2 Boiling the stem, drink the (Myrtaceae) potion 2 or 3 times a day

25 Tamarindus indica L. Asam Jawa Trees 3 2 Squeezing the root, (Leguminosae) soaking, boiling, then drink the potion Notes : Finding location: 1. Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2. Wehea Forest 3. Menamang Efficacy: 1. Easy and smoothing childbirth; 4. Postpartum fever treatment ; 2. Health and stamina recovery after childbirth; 5. To stop postpartum bleeding; 3. Leg swelling after childbirth; 6. Increasing breastmilk supply.

58 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

Table 4. The traditional medicinal plants used for cosmetics

No Species Local name Life Finding Efficacy Usage methods form location 1. Baccaurea lanceolata Rambai Trees 3 Brighten the Yellowed leaves mixed (Miq.) Muell.Arg. skin tone with cold powder, then (Euphorbiaceae) apply into face 2. Brucea javanica Kayu Sumpit Trees 1 Acne Pounding the leaves, apply (L) Merr. treatment into acnes (Simaroubaceae) 3. Blumea balsamifera Wekiah guaq Shrubs 2 Hair Burning the roots, mix it DC. (Compositae) blackening with palm oil, apply into hair 4. Cananga odorata Kanghit Trees 1 Soften the Squeezing young leaves, (Lamk.) Hook. facial skin apply into face F. Thomson (Annonaceae) 5. Morinda citrifolia Mengkudu Trees 3 Anti Crush the ripe fruits, use (Rubiaceae) dandruff the water as a shampoo 6. Boesenbergia pandurata Temu putih Herbs 3 Asteringent Refining the roots/tubers Curcuma zanthorrhiza Temulawak of K. galanga, C.zaedoaria, Curcuma zedoaria Temu kunci B.pandurata, and C. Kaempferia galanga L. Kencur zanthorrhiza, squeezing, use (Zingiberaceae) as a cold powder, apply into face 7. Mussaenda sp. Pilanggang Shrubs 1 Soften the Squeezing young leaves, (Rubiaceae) Bulan facial skin apply into face 8. Paspalum conjugatum Beriwit Herbs / 3 Blackening Squeezing the leaves, use (Graminae) grass the hair the water as a shampoo

9. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Ketepeng Little 3 Soften the Refining young leaves and (Leguminosae) trees skin flower, use as powder, apply into face

Notes : Finding location: 1. Gunung Beratus Protection Forest 2. Wehea Forest 3. Menamang and Brucea javanica, but the herbs are still used medicinal plants in other communities for the for daily treatment of the skin. At least two similar or different efficacies. medicinal plants species used as cosmetics in Table 4 have been pharmaceutically tested D. Utilization of the Same Medicinal Plants for the similar efficacy (see Table 5). Baccaurea Species by Other Communities lanceolata (used in Menamang to brighten the Several medicinal plant species for women’s skintone) has been pharmaceutically tested as health that were used by traditional forest antioxidant agent (Bakar, Ahmad, Karim, & communities in the villages of Tanjung Soke, Saib, 2014; Manullang, Daniel, & Arung, 2013). Gerunggung, Nehas Liah Bing, Menamang Kiri Brucea javanica (used for acne treatment) has been and Menamang Kanan were also used by other pharmaceutically tested as antibacterial agent traditional communities, for similar or different (Sornwatana, Roytrakul, Wetprasit & Ratanapo, efficacies. Based on the literature study, at least 2013). Other species in Table 4 are also used as 27 species were also used by other communities

59 Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2017, 49-67 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 for many efficacies, and the active chemical and the active chemical composition of those compounds of 25 species were known, as species which have not been tested yet. described at Table 5. Compared to modern pharmaceuticals, the The results of the literature study described utilization of traditional medicinal plants in in Table 5 shows that for several medicinal this research sites (Tanjung Soke, Gerunggung, plants species (such as Arbus precatorius, Baccaurea Nehas Liah Bing, Menamang Kiri, and lanceolata, Brucea javanica, Eurycoma longifolia, Menamang Kanan) are cheaper, more available, and Ficus deltoidia), the traditional knowledge and easy to be accessed. But the utilization of of medicinal plants (which is based only those traditional medicinal plants also have on empirical observations and experiences) several weakness as follows: turned out to be scientifically proven based on 1. The quality of medicinal plants can not be pharmaceutical tests. However, further studies guaranteed, because they were harvested are needed to determine the dose treatment from the wild, not cultivated. Traditional Table 5. The uses of similar medicinal plants by other communities based on literature study

Active chemical No Botanical name Utilization by other communities References compound 1. Aleurites moluccana Contusion, swelling (Jambi), hair Saponin, flavanoid, Sangat, Zuhud, & (L.) Willd. growth (Java), anti cancer poliphenol, tannin Damayanti (2000)

2. Alpinia galanga Postpartum recovery, anaemia, high Tannin, phenol, Hariyadi & Willd. puerperal, lactagogue (Lao PDR), gallic acid, glycosides, Ticktin (2012); inhalation problem, monoterpenes, Kaushik, Yadav, ringworm (Jambi), rheumatism, carbohydrates, Kaushik, Sacher, emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, diabetes, galangin, alpinin, & Rani (2011); bronchitis, antipyretic, anti- zerumbone, Lamxay et inflammatory, heart diseases, chronic kampferide al.(2011) enteritis, kidney disorders 3. Arbus precatorius Aphrodisiac (Afghanistan, East Among others: Ross (2003) L.Gaertn. Africa, Egypt, Mozambique, Nepal, abruquinone, Pakistan); nerve tonic (Brazil and alanine, choline, Jamaica); snake bite remedy, treat anthrocyanins, intestinal worms, oral contraceptive, aspartic acid, improving menstrual cycle (Central campesterol, Africa); gonorrhea, stomach troubles, chrysanthenin, chest pain, antiemetic, facilitate cysteine, dolphin, childbirth, abortion (Guinea-Bissau, eicosane, galactose, Ivory Coast), coughs and flu (Haiti, gallic acid, glutamine, Kenya, Virgin Islands); eye diseases, glycine, lectin, leucine, abortion, emmenagogue, antifertility lysine, polysaccharide, agent, abortifacient and prevent etc conception, toxic, tuberculosis, painful swellings (India, Pakistan); antimalaria and anticonvulsant (Nigeria); treat

bronchitis, and hepatitis (Taiwan), anti- inflammatory (Thailand)

60 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

Table 5 (Continued) Active chemical No Botanical name Utilization by other communities References compound 4. Baccaurea lanceolata Antioxidant, abdomen pain (Serawak), Phenolic, flavonoid, Bakar et al. treat water fleas (Jambi) anthocyanin, (2014); Hariyadi carotenoid & Ticktin (2012); Kulip (2003); Manullang et al. (2013) 5. Blumea balsamifera Postpartum recovery (Lao and Flavanoid, terpens, Dewi, Nisaa’, Southeast India), perineal high, lactones, sineol, Kabangnga’, (L.) DC. retraction of high uterus, miscarriage borneol, kamper, Boiga, & Rahmah recovery (Lao), diarrhea, dysentery, tannin (2007); Kulip colic, leucorrheasis, helminthic (2003); Lamxay (Southeast India), nosebleed (Sabah) et al. (2011); Noorcahyati, Falah, & Ma’ruf (2010); Rahayu, Sunarti, Sulistiarini, & Prawiroatmodjo (2006); Rositta SMD, Rostiana, Pribadi, & Hernani (2007) 6. Blumea mollis Anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, Alkanes, Devi, Namratha, (D.Don) Merr. hepatoproctivity, eucorrhoea (India) chrysanthaenone, Kumar, & Kumar (Compositae) methanol (2011); Ratnam K. & Raju R. (2005) 7. Brucea javanica (L.) Hepatitis, diarrhea, fever (Jawa), Saponin, tannin, Dewi et al. Merr. disentery, malari, (Kutai), diabetes poliphenol, peptide (2007); Hidayat (Dayak Meratus), antibacterial (2005); Sangat et al. (2000); Sornwatana et al. (2013) 8. Caesalpinia sappan L. Antibacterial, anticoagulant, Homoisoflavanoid, Zhao et al. (2014) menorrhagia, cardiovascular, juglone cerebrovascular diseases (China) 9. Callicarpa longifolia Cure wounds (Aceh and Dayak), Saponin, karbohidrat, Dewi et Lam. malari, inflammation (Aceh); diarrhea tanin, alkaloid, steroid al. (2007); (etnis Talang Mamak); face powder Hidayat (2005); (Dayak Tanjung); ulcer (Belitung), Karmilasanti & diarrhea, malari, kidney disease (Kutai) Supartini (2011); Kloppenburg- Versteegh (1983); Sangat et al. (2000) 10. Carica papaya L. Appetite enhancer, malari (Jawa, Flavonoid, tanin, Hidayat (2005); Kamerun), hypertension (Sunda, steroid-triterpenoid, Indrawati (2002) Kamerun)), helminthic (Kamerun) carbohydrate 11. Cnestis platantha High fever ailment (Malaysia) No reference Samuel et al. Griff. (2010)

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Table 5 (Continued) Active chemical No Botanical name Utilization by other communities References compound 12. Drymoglossum The leaves are used to treat rashes, Phenol, alcohol, Bali, Fatimawali, piloselloides whilst a decoction is used in a lotion alkanes, alkenes, & Wehantouw for smallpox, and used in a poultice for ethers, aldehyde, (2014); Giesen, headaches (Malay) ketones, carboxylic Wulffraat, Zieren, acids, esters & Scholten carboxylic acids (2006) 13. Eurycoma longifolia Sexual stimulant, aphrodisiac, treatment Eurycomanone, Effendy et al., Jack of male osteoporosis (Malaysia) eurycomanol, (2012); Samuel et eurycomalactone, al. (2010) alkaloid, phenolic components, tannins, triterpenes, quanissoids

14. Flemingia macrophylla Anti-oxydant, analgesic, anti- Flavanoid, flavanone, Shiao, Wang, inflammatory , anti-tyrosinase (China) genistein, flemiphyllin Wang, & Lin (2005); B. S. Wang et al. (2012); YJ et al. (2010) 15. Ficus deltoidia Jack. Afterbirth treatment to contract Shikimic acid, Bunawan et al. uterus and vaginal muscles, treat terpenoids, flavonoid, (2014) disorder menstrual cycle, leuchorroea, monoterpenes, wounds healing, sore of rheumatism aliphatic, (Malaysia); relieve headache, cold, sesquiterpenes, toothache, aphrodisiac and health terpenes, triterpenes tonic (Indonesia); antidiabetics, anti-inflammatory, antimelanogenic, antibacterial antiphotoaging, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic 16. Hiptage benghalenzis Burning skin (India) Saponin, tannin, Agharkar (1991) L. Kurz flavonoid 17. Hyptis brevipes P o i t . Headaches (Panama); diarrhea Methylene chloride, Rositta SMD et (Paraguay); protective medicine after methanol extracts, al. (2007); Sakr, childbirth (Malaysia and Indonesia), bioactive flavonoids, Roshdy, & El- protection against worms for newborn triterpenoids Seedi (2013) infants (Java) 18. Lepisanthes amoena Treatment of facial skin, antibacterial alkaloids, Kuspradini, (Hassk). Leenh terpenoids, steroids, Susanto, & flavonoids, saponin, Ritmaleni, carbohydrate Mitsunaga (2012)

19. Melastoma Man vitality (Dayak Bahau), swollen Naringenin, Hussain, malabathricum Linn. mouth (Aceh), diarrhea kaempfenol Abdullah, Noor, Ismail, & Ali (2008); Noorcahyati et al. (2010); Sangat et al. (2000); Sunison, Anandarajagopal, Kumari, & Mohan (2009)

62 Species Identification of Traditional Medicine Plants for Women’s Health...... (Faiqotul Falah and Noorcahyati Hadiwibowo)

Table 5 (Continued) Active chemical No Botanical name Utilization by other communities References compound 20. Mimosa pudica Linn. Sedative, expectorant, anti Tanin, mimosin, asam Dalimantha inflammation, fever, helminthic, pipekollinat (2006); Dewi insomnia, dysentery et al. (2007); Rahayu et al. (2006); Saputra (2009) 21. Morinda citrifolia L. Hypertension (Sunda, Kutai), Alkaol, sterol, Dalimantha amandel (Dayak Kendayan), man polysaccharide, (2006); Dewi et vitality (Sumba); inflammatory bowel, courmarin, al. (2007); Samuel laryngitis, hepatitis, fever, cough scopoletin, ursolic et al. (2010); M. (Kutai), jaundice (Perak, Malaysia) acid, linoleic acid, Y. Wang et al. caproic acid, capryllic (2002) acid, alizarin, acubin, xeronin iridoid glycoside, vitamin C, A, karotena 22. Oroxylum indicum Fever, stomach ache (Kutai), malari, Saponin, poliphenol, Dewi et al. (L.) Benth.ex Kurz kidney ache, snake bite (Mentawai), flavonoid (2007); Hidayat swelling (Sabah) (2005); Kulip (2003) 23. Parameria polyneura Make the uterus shrink after childbirth saponin, poliphenol, van Valkenburg Hook.f. (Java and Malaysia), teeth blackening flavonoid, tanin (2001)

24. Phyllanthus urinaria Cough (Malaysia), backpain (Jambi), Corilagin, gallic Kulip (2003); S.T., L. anticancer, antitumor, and anti acid, ellagic acid Pang, & Yang angiogenic (2010) 25. Senna alata/Cassia Ring worm,scabies, (Indonesia, Antraquinone (rhein Gritsanapan alata Linn. Malaysia, Thailand), himnithic, eye and aloe-emodin), & Magneesri drops, fever, hepatitis (Kamerun), chrysophanic acid, (2009); Jiofack et anti-implantation, abortifacient, anti- glucose, alkaloid al. (2010); Kulip gonadotropic, anti-progesteronic (2003); Yakubu & Musa (2012) 26. Tamarindus indica Postpartum recovery, varicella, mild copper, iron, Bhadoriya, puerperal, neonatal high fever (Lao); sodium, manganese, Ganeshpurkar, abdominal pain, diarrhea and dysentery, magnesium, otassium, Narwaria, Rai, helminthes, wound healing, malaria, phosphorus, lead, and & Jain (2011); constipation, inflammation, cell zinc Khanzada et al. cytotoxicity, gonorrhea, eye diseases (2008); Lamxay et (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Africa) al. (2011) 27. Tinospora crispa (L.) Malaria, rheumatics, bruising, appetite Alkaloid, saponin, Samuel et al. Hook.f.Thomson enhancer, hepatitis, hemnithic, cough, tannin, flavonoid, (2010); Sangat calligata, diabetes glikosida, pikroretin, et al. (2000); baberin, palmatin, Supriadi (2001); kolumbin, jatrohize Windadri, Rahayu, Uju, & Rustiami (2006)

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medicinal plants have various material 27 species which were also used by other qualities depending on the source of communities for similar or other efficacies, and the countries and plants, due to genetic the active chemical compounds of 25 species differences, environmental conditions, and have been known. the methods of harvesting, transportation Compared to modern pharmaceuticals, the and storage (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2015; Sakhya, utilization of traditional medicinal plants are 2016). cheaper, more available, and easy to be accessed. 2. The dosage of medicinal plants was not But those medicinal plants were grown wild, and standardized. In these research sites the have not yet been cultivated by the community, treatment dose was determined only by so the quality of medicinal plants can not be habits (such as a glass of water) or size of the guaranteed and the dosage of medicinal plants patient's body. Modern medicine demands was not standardized. The extensive use of standardized dosage based on factors such trees and roots part of medicinal plants can as bodyweight or disease severity. Traditional lead to the extinction of the medicinal plant healers are more likely to give patients a species. Therefore, they need to be cultivated unique dosage or combination of medicines to ensure their quality and quantity, and also to that is decided during the consultation avoid species extinction. (Rinaldi & Shetty, 2015). The traditional forest communities also 3. The extensive use of trees and root parts of need guidance and facilitation to learn and do medicinal plants can lead to the extinction cultivation effort of the medicinal plants as an of the medicinal plants species. exsitu conservation, especially for the species Therefore, to ensure the supply and quantity, where the root part and trees are used. The the medicinal plants need to be cultivated, ethno-botanists should do phytochemically particularly the trees and those species where and further medical tests of the medicinal plant the roots are used. It is also important to samples found in the three research locations. do cultivation efforts of forest medicinal plant species to anticipate the scarcity due ACKNOWLEDGEMENT to deforestation and forest conversion. The This paper has been presented at the cultivation, harvesting, and transportation International Seminar on Forest and Medicinal methods also need to be standardized to ensure Plants for Better Human Welfare carried out the product quality. It is also important to do by Center of Research and Development on further medical research to determine the proper Forest Productivity in Bogor, September 10- dosage, and also to get information about the 12th, 2013. pharmatical compound of the medicinal plants. The authors thank to the Center for the Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency IV. CONCLUSION for providing the gamma cell facility required This research has identified and documented for the irradiation of the seeds. 44 medicinal plants species from 30 families which are used for women’s health in forest communities around Gunung Beratus REFERENCES Protection Forest, Wehea Forest, and the Agharkar, S. P. (1991). Medicinal plants of bombay villages of Menamang Kiri and Menamang precidency. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishing India. Kanan. Out of the total 7 species were used Bakar, M. F. ., Ahmad, N. E., Karim, F. A., & Saib, as reproductive health medicinal plants, 30 S. (2014). Phytochemicals and antioxidate species as postpartum and maternal medicine, properties of Borneo pndigenous Liposu and 9 species as cosmetics. At least there were (Baccaurea lanceolata) and tampoi (Baccaurea

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