Styrene Oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - Pubchem

9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

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CHEMISTRY Search Compounds  D A T A B A S E

 Compound Summary for CID 7276

Styrene Oxide  Cite this Record     

STRUCTURE VENDORS PHARMACOLOGY LITERATURE PATENTS BIOACTIVITIES

PubChem CID: 7276 Styrene oxide; 2-Phenyloxirane; Phenyloxirane; 1,2-Epoxyethylbenzene; Phenylethylene oxide; Chemical Names: Epoxystyrene More...

Molecular Formula: C8H8O or C6H5CHCH2O Molecular Weight: 120.151 g/mol InChI Key: AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Safety Summary: Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS)

Styrene Oxide, also known as Epoxystyrene or Phenyloxirane, is classified as a benzene or a Benzene derivative. Benzenes are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene. Styrene Oxide is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and basic. Styrene oxide is used as a reactive plasticizer or diluent for epoxy resins and in the production of phenethyl alcohol and styrene glycol and its derivatives. Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene oxide causes skin and eye irritation in humans. Corneal injury, liver, and neurological effects have been reported in acutely exposed animals. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of styrene oxide in humans. Maternal toxicity and increased fetal mortality have been observed in rats and rabbits exposed to styrene oxide by inhalation. Several studies have reported an increased incidence of forestomach tumors in rats and mice exposed via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified styrene oxide as a Group 2A, a probable human carcinogen.  Metabolite Description from Human Metabolome Database

Styrene oxide is used as a reactive plasticizer or diluent for epoxy resins and in the production of phenethyl alcohol and styrene glycol and its derivatives. Acute (short-term) exposure to styrene oxide causes skin and eye irritation in humans. Corneal injury, liver, and neurological effects have been reported in acutely exposed animals. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of styrene oxide in humans. Maternal toxicity and increased fetal mortality have been observed in rats and rabbits exposed to styrene oxide by inhalation. Several studies have reported an increased incidence of forestomach tumors in rats and mice exposed via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified styrene oxide as a Group 2A, a probable human carcinogen.  Hazards Summary from EPA Air Toxics https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 1/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Clear colorless straw-colored liquid with a sweet pleasant odor. (NTP, 1992)  Physical Description from CAMEO Chemicals

PUBCHEM  COMPOUND  STYRENE OXIDE Create Date: 2004-09-16

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 2/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

 Contents

1 2D Structure

2 3D Conformer

3 Names and Identifiers

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

5 Related Records

6 Chemical Vendors

7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

8 Use and Manufacturing

9 Identification

10 Safety and Hazards

11 Toxicity

12 Literature

13 Patents

14 Biomolecular Interactions and Pathways

15 Biological Test Results

16 Classification

17 Information Sources

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 3/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

1 2D Structure

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 from PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 4/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

2 3D Conformer

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 Show Hydrogens  Show Atoms  Animate

 from PubChem

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3 Names and Identifiers

3.1 Computed Descriptors

3.1.1 IUPAC Name

2-phenyloxirane  from PubChem

3.1.2 InChI

InChI=1S/C8H8O/c1-2-4-7(5-3-1)8-6-9-8/h1-5,8H,6H2  from PubChem

3.1.3 InChI Key

AWMVMTVKBNGEAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N  from PubChem

3.1.4 Canonical SMILES

C1C(O1)C2=CC=CC=C2  from PubChem

3.2 Molecular Formula

C8H8O  from ILO-ICSC, OSHA Occupational Chemical DB, PubChem

C6H5CHCH2O  from ILO-ICSC

3.3 Other Identifiers

3.3.1 CAS

96-09-3  from CAMEO Chemicals, ChemIDplus, EPA DSStox, European Chemicals Agency - ECHA, Human Metabolome D…

3.3.2 EC Number https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 6/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

202-476-7  from European Chemicals Agency - ECHA

3.3.3 ICSC Number

1201  from ILO-ICSC

3.3.4 RTECS Number

CZ9625000  from ILO-ICSC, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH

3.3.5 UN Number

2810  from CAMEO Chemicals

3082  from NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List

1760  from OSHA Occupational Chemical DB

3.3.6 Wikipedia

Title styrene oxide

Description chemical compound

 from Wikipedia

3.4 Synonyms

3.4.1 MeSH Entry Terms

1. phenyloxirane 2. styrene 7,8-oxide 3. styrene oxide 4. styrene oxide, (+-)-isomer 5. styrene oxide, (R)-isomer 6. styrene oxide, (S)-isomer  from MeSH https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 7/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

3.4.2 Depositor-Supplied Synonyms

1. Styrene oxide 11. Styrene epoxide 21. STYRENE-7,8-OXIDE 31. Benzene, (1,2-epoxyethyl)- 2. 2-Phenyloxirane 12. (Epoxyethyl)benzene 22. Fenyloxiran 32. CCRIS 1268 3. Phenyloxirane 13. Styrene 7,8-oxide 23. alpha,beta-Epoxystyrene 33. HSDB 2646 4. 1,2-Epoxyethylbenzene 14. Phenethylene oxide 24. Epoxyethyl benzene 34. EINECS 202-476-7 5. Phenylethylene oxide 15. Phenyl oxirane 25. NCI-C54977 35. EP-182 6. Epoxystyrene 16. Benzene, (epoxyethyl)- 26. Fenyloxiran [Czech] 36. (1,2-Epoxyethyl)benzene 7. 96-09-3 17. Epoxyethylbenzene 27. Styreneoxide 37. BRN 0108582 8. Styryl oxide 18. 1,2-Epoxy-1-phenylethane 28. NSC 637 38. .alpha.,.beta.-Epoxystyrene 9. 1-Phenyloxirane 19. 1-Phenyl-1,2-epoxyethane 29. 2-phenyl-oxirane 39. AI3-18151 10. Oxirane, phenyl- 20. oxirane, 2-phenyl- 30. (S)-Phenyloxirane 40. CHEBI:17907

 from PubChem

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 8/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

4 Chemical and Physical Properties

4.1 Computed Properties

Property Name Property Value

Molecular Weight 120.151 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 0

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 1

Rotatable Bond Count 1

Complexity 94.7

AAADccBwIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEgAAAAAAAAAwAAAAA AAAAAABAAAAGgAAAAAADBSgmAIwAIAABACAAiBCAAA CACTVS Substructure Key Fingerprint CAAAgAAAIiAAACIgIJiKAMRiAMAAkwAEIqAeAwKAOAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Topological Polar Surface Area 12.5 A^2

Monoisotopic Mass 120.058 g/mol

Exact Mass 120.058 g/mol

XLogP3 1.6

Compound Is Canonicalized true

Formal Charge 0

Heavy Atom Count 9

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count 1

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count 0

Isotope Atom Count 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1

 from PubChem

4.2 Experimental Properties

4.2.1 Physical Description

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: Clear colorless straw-colored liquid with a sweet pleasant odor. (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

COLOURLESS-TO-PALE-YELLOW LIQUID.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 9/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

 from ILO-ICSC

4.2.2 Color

Colorless to pale straw-colored liquid Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 1052  from HSDB

4.2.3 Odor

Sweet, pleasant Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 1902  from HSDB

4.2.4 Boiling Point

381° F at 760 mm Hg (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

194.1 deg C Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-430  from HSDB

194°C  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.5 Melting Point

-35° F (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

-35.6 deg C Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-430  from HSDB

-36.7°C  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.6 Flash Point

175° F (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 10/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

165 deg F (74 deg C) (Open cup) Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-104  from HSDB

76°C c.c.  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.7 Solubility

less than 1 mg/mL at 67.1° F (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

Completely soluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, heptane, methanol Lapkin M; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 2nd ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 8: 289 (1965)  from HSDB

0.3% wt in water Lapkin M; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 2nd ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 8: 289 (1965)  from HSDB

1.26e+00 g/l ALOGPS  from Human Metabolome Database

in water, g/100ml at 25°C: 0.3 (poor)  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.8 Density

1.0523 at 61° F (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

1.0490 g/ cu cm at 25 deg C Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-430  from HSDB

(water = 1): 1.05  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.9 Vapor Density

4.14 (NTP, 1992) (Relative to Air)  from CAMEO Chemicals

4.30 (Air = 1) https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 11/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. VIIA: 363 (1993)  from HSDB

(air = 1): 4.30  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.10 Vapor Pressure

0.3 mm Hg at 68° F (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

0.3 mm Hg at 20 deg C Lapkin M; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 2nd ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 8: 289 (1965)  from HSDB

Vapour pressure Pa at 20°C: 40  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.11 LogP

log Kow = 1.61 Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 41  from HSDB

1.72 ALOGPS  from Human Metabolome Database

1.61  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.12 Auto-Ignition

929 deg F (498 deg C) Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-104  from HSDB

498°C  from ILO-ICSC

4.2.13 Viscosity https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 12/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

1.99 cP at 20 deg C Lapkin M; in Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol. 2nd ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 8: 289 (1965)  from HSDB

4.2.14 Polymerization

STYRENE OXIDE WILL POLYMERIZE EXOTHERMALLY. ... Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 1038  from HSDB

4.2.15 Odor Threshold

Odor detection in air, 0.063 ppm (purity not specified) Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978., p. 152  from HSDB

Odor recognition in air, 0.400 ppm (purity not specified) Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978., p. 152  from HSDB

Odor low 0.3093 mg/cu m; Odor high 1.9640 mg/cu m Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)  from HSDB

4.2.16 Kovats Retention Index

Standard non-polar 1057.4

Semi-standard non-polar 1119

Standard polar 1628.9, 1630.8, 1634.4

 from NIST

4.3 Spectral Properties

MAX ABSORPTION (ALCOHOL): 250 NM SHOULDER (LOG E= 2.2); 254 NM (LOG E= 2.24); 260 NM (LOG E= 2.28); 265 NM SHOULDER (LOG E= 2.10); SADTLER REFERENCE NUMBER: 9730 (IR, PRISM), 10788 (IR, GRATING) Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. C-164  from HSDB

Index of refraction: 1.5342 at 20 deg C/D Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-430 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 13/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

 from HSDB

IR: 5790 (Coblentz Society Spectral Collection) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

UV: 2303 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

1H NMR: 193 (Varian Associates NMR Spectra Catalogue) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

13C NMR: 289 (Johnson and Jankowski, Carbon-13 NMR Spectra, John Wiley & Sons, New York) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

RAMAN: 288 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Spectral Collection) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

MASS: 63990 (NIST/EPA/MSDC Mass Spectral Database 1990 version) Lide, D.R., G.W.A. Milne (eds.). Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volume I. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton ,FL. 1994., p. V4: 3803  from HSDB

4.3.1 Infrared Spectra

Infrared Spectra: 1 of 4

Instrument Name Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR

Technique ATR-Neat (DuraSamplIR II)

Source of Spectrum Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

Source of Sample Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Catalog Number L07821

Lot Number 10126631

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Infrared Spectra: 1 of 4

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 from SpectraBase

Infrared Spectra: 2 of 4

Instrument Name Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR

Technique Neat

Source of Spectrum Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

Source of Sample Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Catalog Number L07821

Lot Number 10126631

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 from SpectraBase

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Infrared Spectra: 3 of 4

Technique CAPILLARY CELL: NEAT

Source of Sample The Matheson Company, Inc., East Rutherford, New Jersey

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 from SpectraBase View All 4 Infrared Spectra

4.3.2 H1-NMR

Instrument Name Varian A-60

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 from SpectraBase

4.3.3 C13-NMR

C13-NMR: 1 of 2

Source of Sample Eastman Organic Chemicals, Rochester, New York

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 from SpectraBase

C13-NMR: 2 of 2

Source of Sample Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland

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 from SpectraBase https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 17/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

4.3.4 Raman

Instrument Name Bruker MultiRAM Stand Alone FT-Raman Spectrometer

Technique FT-Raman

Source of Spectrum Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

Source of Sample Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Catalog Number L07821

Lot Number 10126631

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 from SpectraBase

4.3.5 GC-MS

  1 of 3  

NIST Number 228313

Library Main library

Total Peaks 65

m/z Top Peak 91

m/z 2nd Highest 120

m/z 3rd Highest 90

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  1 of 3  

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 from NIST

4.3.6 MS-MS

1. MS-MS Spectrum 54540 2. MS-MS Spectrum 54541 3. MS-MS Spectrum 54542 4. MS-MS Spectrum 136926 5. MS-MS Spectrum 136927 6. MS-MS Spectrum 136928  from Human Metabolome Database

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5 Related Records

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 from NCBI

5.1 Related Compounds with Annotation

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 from PubChem

5.2 Related Compounds

Same Connectivity 13 records

Same Stereo 4 records

Same Isotope 3 records

Same Parent, Connectivity 23 records

Same Parent, Stereo 14 records

Same Parent, Isotope 13 records

Same Parent, Exact 11 records

Mixtures, Components, and 39 records Neutralized Forms

Similar Compounds 2886 records

Similar Conformers 23873 records

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 from PubChem

5.3 Substances

5.3.1 Related Substances

All 155 records

Same 113 records

Mixture 42 records

 from PubChem

5.3.2 Substances by Category

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 from PubChem

5.4 Entrez Crosslinks

PubMed 293 records

Taxonomy 5 records

OMIM 2 records

Gene 47 records

 from PubChem

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6 Chemical Vendors

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 from PubChem

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7 Pharmacology and Biochemistry

7.1 MeSH Pharmacological Classification

Carcinogens Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. See a list of PubChem compounds matching this category.  from MeSH

Mutagens Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. See a list of PubChem compounds matching this category.  from MeSH

7.2 Absorption, Distribution and Excretion

Rodent species show marked differences in the distribution and regional density of Clara cells within the respiratory tract, as well as in their capacity to produce and eliminate styrene 7,8-oxide (SO)SO. A mode of action-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict the concentration of ST and SO in blood, liver, and the respiratory-tract tissues, particularly in terminal bronchioles (target tisue), in order to conduct interspecies extrapolations and determine the extent to which there is a pharmacokinetic basis for the observed species specificity. This PBPK model has a multicompartment description of the respiratory tract and incorporates species-specific quantitative information on respiratory-tract physiology, cellular composition, and metabolic capacity. The model is validated against multiple data sets, including blood, liver, and whole lung tissue concentration of styrene (ST) and SO following multiple routes of exposure. The trend in neoplastic incidences in mice correlated well with model-estimated SO concentration in the terminal bronchioles. The PBPK model predicts a 10-fold lower SO concentration in the terminal bronchioles in rats compared to mice, which is consistent with the observed species sensitivity to the development of respiratory-tract neoplasms. The model-based analysis suggests that humans would be expected to be 100-fold less sensitive to ST- inducted lung tumors than mice, based on pharmacokinetic differences. Pharmacodynamic factors are also expected to contribute to species sensitivity, potentially augmenting pharmacokinetics-based differences. Abstract: PubMed Sarangapani R et al; : Inhal Toxicol 14 (8):789-834 (2002)  from HSDB

When male rats were injected ip with 460 umol of styrene oxide with radioactive label, liver, brain, kidney, and duodenal contents of styrene oxide were higher than that in blood, lungs, and spinal cord, while ... /amount/ in CNS was small. Removal of injected compound was slow, between 3 and 6 hr after injection ... . Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 2193  from HSDB

MAIN ROUTE OF EXCRETION OF STYRENE OXIDE METABOLITES IN ANIMALS IS BY WAY OF KIDNEY; IN RABBITS, ABOUT 80% OF SINGLE ORAL DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN URINE. ... /WHEN/ ... INJECTED IP OR INCUBATED IN VITRO /IT/ BINDS COVALENTLY TO MICROSOMES, PROTEIN & NUCLEIC ACID FRACTIONS OF RAT LIVER. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 279 (1979)  from HSDB https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 23/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem IT IS ABSORBED SLOWLY THROUGH SKIN. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 280 (1979)  from HSDB

STUDIES WITH ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LUNG HAVE SHOWN THAT, ALTHOUGH THE CAPACITY OF THE LUNG TO METABOLIZE STYRENE OXIDE (TO THE DIOL & GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATE) IS CONSIDERABLE, AN APPRECIABLE CONCN OF STYRENE OXIDE CAN BE ABSORBED THROUGH LUNG INTO BODY. The Royal Society of Chemistry. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 6: A Review of the Literature Published during 1978 and 1979. London: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1981., p. 344  from HSDB

Blood levels of styrene and the styrene metabolites styrene-7,8-oxide and styrene glycol were monitored in 10 men occupationally exposed to styrene in two glass-fiber reinforced plastics factories. The styrene concn in the breathing zone ranged from 5 to 371 mg styrene/cu m with an average of 99 mg/cu m. Total pulmonary intake of styrene was calculated as the product of styrene concn in inspired air, pulmonary ventilation, and relative uptake (63%). The concentration of styrene glycol in the blood was linearly related to styrene uptake during the preceeding 5 hr (r= 0.90). The concentration of styrene-7,8-oxide was at the detection limit of 0.02 umol/l in most samples. /Styrene/ Abstract: PubMed Lof A et al; Scand J Work Environ Health 12: 70-4 (1986)  from HSDB

The absorption and elimination of styrene-7,8-oxide were investigated in CD2F1 mice after a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg body weight in corn oil. Styrene-7,8-oxide was rapidly absorbed, reaching a peak concentration in blood of 40 + or - 7 ug/ml at 7 min, after which it rapidly disappeared; at 60 min, it was no longer detectable. The area under the curve for the time course of the blood concentration of styrene-7,8-oxide was 329 min x ug/g. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 326 (1994)  from HSDB

The uptake, distribution and elimination of styrene-7,8-oxide were investigated in Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice after intraperitoneal and oral administration of 200 mg/kg body weight. Styrene-7,8-oxide was rapidly absorbed, reaching a peak concentration within 15 min. The blood concentrations varied widely between animals after oral administration. The areas under the curve for the time course of the blood concentration of styrene-7,8-oxide after intraperitoneal and oral administration were 18 and 0.76 hr x ug/ml in rats and 12 and 0.01 hr x ug/ml in mice respectively. The significantly reduced bioavailability of styrene-7,8-oxide after oral administration was due to hydrolysis in the acidic environment of the stomach, as indicated by the finding of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of styrene-7,8-oxide in vitro. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 327 (1994)  from HSDB

7.3 Metabolism/Metabolites

Urine of rats dosed with styrene (240 mg/kg), R-, S- and racemic styrene oxide (150 mg/kg) was analysed for mandelic acid enantiomers and for regioisomers and diastereomers of mercapturic acids by NMR spectrometry. ... R- and S-styrene oxide yielded predominantly R- and S-mandelic acid, respectively, racemic styrene oxide gave predominantly the R- enantiomer whereas styrene yielded almost racemic mandelate. The regioselectivity of mercapturic acid formation was very similar for styrene, R- and S-styrene oxide. These three species yielded a 2:1 mixture of N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2- hydroxyethyl)cysteine (MA1) and N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (MA2). R-Styrene oxide gave higher conversion to mercapturic acids (28%) than the S-isomer (19% of the dose). However, R-styrene oxide yielded https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 24/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem stereospecifically S,R-MA1 and R,R-MA2 whereas S-styrene oxide gave R,R-MA1 and S,R-MA2. Styrene yielded a mixture of diastereomeric mercapturic acids. The ratios of R,R-/S,R-isomers were 80:20 and 15:85 for MA1 and MA2, respectively. These data suggest that styrene is metabolized stereoselectively to S-styrene oxide as a major enantiomer in rat in vivo. This enantiomer has been reported to be less mutagenic than R-styrene oxide in vitro. Abstract: PubMed Linhart I et al; Toxicol Lett 94 (2): 127-35 (1998)  from HSDB

The major metabolic route for styrene in rats, mice, and humans involves conversion to styrene-7,8-oxide (SO). The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood SO, SO-hemoglobin (SO-Hb) adducts, and urinary metabolites in styrene- exposed human volunteers and to compare these results with data previously obtained for rodents. Four healthy male volunteers were exposed for 2 hr during light physical exercise to 50 ppm (13)C(8)-styrene vapor via a face mask. Levels and time profiles of styrene in exhaled air, blood, and urine (analyzed by GC) and urinary excretion patterns of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine (analyzed by HPLC) were comparable to previously published volunteer studies. Maximum levels of SO in blood (measured by GC-MS) of 2.5-12.2 (average 6.7) nM were seen after 2 hr, i.e., in the first sample collected after exposure had ended. The styrene blood level in humans was about 1.5 to 2 times higher than in rats and 4 times higher than in mice for equivalent styrene exposures. In contrast the SO levels in human blood was approximately fourfold lower than in mice. The level of hydroxyphenethylvaline (determined by GC-MS-MS) in pooled blood collected after exposure was estimated as 0.3 pmol/g globin corresponding to a SO-Hb adduct increment of about 0.003 pmol/g and ppm hr. NMR analyses of urine showed that a major portion (> 95%) of the excreted (13)C-derived metabolites was derived from hydrolysis of SO, while only a small percentage of the excreted metabolites (< 5%) was derived from metabolism via phenylacetaldehyde. Signals consistent with metabolites derived from other pathways of styrene metabolism in rodents (such as glutathione conjugation with SO or ring epoxidation) were not detected. Abstract: PubMed Johanson G et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 168 (1): 36-49 (2000)  from HSDB

The styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) burden in isolated lungs of male Sprague-Dawley rats and in-situ prepared lungs of male B6C3F1 mice ... /were investigated/. ... Styrene (ST) exposures ranged from 50 to 980 ppm (rats) and from 40 to 410 ppm (mice). SO was quantified from the effluent perfusate. Lungs of both species metabolized ST to SO. After a mathematical translation of the ex-vivo data to ventilation and perfusion conditions as they are occurring in vivo, a species comparison was carried out. At ST concentrations of up to 410 ppm, mean SO levels in mouse lungs ranged up to 0.45 nmol/g lung, about 2 times higher than in rat lungs at equal conditions of ST exposure. ... The species difference in the SO lung burden /appeared/ too small to consider the genotoxicity of SO as sufficient for explaining the fact that only mice developed lung tumors when exposed to ST. ... Abstract: PubMed Hofmann C et al; Toxicol Sci 90 (1): 39-48 (2006).  from HSDB

... Understanding the relationship of the metabolism of styrene to its toxicity depends upon knowing the balance between the bioactivation of styrene to the epoxide by cytochromes P-450 and the detoxication of the oxide to the glycol by microsomal epoxide hydrolase. When hepatic and pulmonary microsomal preparations from non-Swiss albino (NSA) and Swiss (CD-1) mice were compared for their abilities to metabolize racemic, S- and R-styrene oxide to styrene glycol, enzymic activities were higher in liver than in lung. R-Styrene glycol formation was favored with racemic styrene oxide as the substrate. Only minor strain differences were found that could not account for the differences in reported susceptibility to styrene-induced toxicity. While the oxidation of styrene to styrene oxide was similar in male and female NSA mice, male hepatic microsomes were more active in the metabolism of the oxide to the glycol. Hepatic metabolism of styrene oxide to styrene glycol was inducible by butylated hydroxyanisole, whereas pulmonary metabolism was not. The data indicate that strain differences in susceptibility cannot be accounted for by this detoxication step, and there are sex differences in this reaction. Abstract: PubMed Carlson GP; J Toxicol Environ Health A 53 (1): 19-27 (1998); Erratum in: J Toxicol Environ Health 57 (6): 443 (1999)  from HSDB

... An important pathway in the detoxification of styrene oxide is via epoxide hydrolase to yield styrene glycol. When mouse Clara cells were incubated with racemic styrene oxide, R-styrene glycol was the predominant metabolite, giving an R/S ratio of 3.6. When the pure styrene oxide enantiomers were used as substrates, the corresponding styrene glycols https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 25/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem were the predominant but not exclusive metabolites. Activity was slightly higher with the S-styrene oxide than with the R- styrene oxide. Addition of reduced glutathione to the incubation medium resulted in an increase in epoxide hydrolase activity, perhaps by decreasing oxidative stress. Mouse Clara cells thus show the capacity for detoxifying styrene oxide. Abstract: PubMed Carlson GP; J Toxicol Environ Health A 61 (8): 709-17 (2000)  from HSDB

... The current studies compared the in vitro metabolism of styrene by hepatic and pulmonary microsomes from CYP2E1 knockout and wild-type mice. There was no difference in the hepatic microsomal metabolism of styrene to styrene oxide between the two strains. The metabolism of styrene was lower in the lungs of the knockout mice than in the wild-type. Chemical inhibitors were used to ascertain the contributions made by various cytochromes P-450: imipramine for CYP2C, alpha -methylbenzylaminobenzotriazole for CYP2B, alpha -naphthoflavone for CYP1A, 5-phenyl-1-pentyne for CYP2F2, and diethyldithiocar-bamate for CYP2E1. The data indicate that CYP2E1 and CYP2F2 may be important in wild-type mice, but they do not clearly indicate what cytochromes P-450 are responsible for the metabolism in the knockout mice. Inhibition of styrene metabolism in the knockout mice by diethyl-dithiocarbamate indicates this inhibitor is not completely selective for CYP2E1. These in vitro data support the in vivo finding of styrene metabolism in CYP2E1 knockout mice and indicate that other enzymes are contributing to styrene metabolism in these mice. Abstract: PubMed Carlson G; J Toxicol Environ Health A 66 (9): 861-9 (2003)  from HSDB

HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES & LYMPHOCYTES CATALYZED STYRENE OXIDATION TO STYRENE OXIDE. Abstract: PubMed BELVEDERE G, TURSI F; RES COMMUN CHEM PATHOL PHARMACOL 33 (2): 273-82 (1981)  from HSDB

STYRENE WAS OXIDIZED TO STYRENE OXIDE DURING REACTION OF XANTHINE WITH XANTHINE OXIDASE IN PRESENCE OF IRON(3+). Abstract: PubMed BELVEDERE G, TURSI F; TOXICOL LETT 16 (1-2): 123-29 (1983)  from HSDB

THE FLAVOPROTEIN, FERREDOXIN REDUCTASE CATALYZED THE OXIDATION OF STYRENE TO POTENTIALLY TOXIC & MUTAGENIC STYRENE OXIDE IN PRESENCE OF NADPH. BELVEDERE G ET AL; EXPERIENTIA (BASEL) 38 (3): 306-7 (1982)  from HSDB

... URINE FROM RABBITS GIVEN 1.7 MMOL/KG BODY WT STYRENE OXIDE REVEALED 1.2% N-ACETYL-S-(2- HYDROXYPHENETHYL)-L-CYSTEINE ... 30% (+)-MANDELIC ACID, 25% HIPPURIC ACID & 20% GLUCOSIDURONIC ACID ... IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V11 204 (1976)  from HSDB

STYRENE OXIDE CONVERTED IN VITRO INTO STYRENE GLYCOL (PHENYLETHYLENE GLYCOL) BY MICROSOMAL EPOXIDE HYDRASE FROM LIVER, KIDNEYS, INTESTINE, LUNG, & SKIN OF SEVERAL MAMMALIAN SPECIES. BIOTRANSFORMATION ... INTO STYRENE GLYCOL WAS STIMULATED BY PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH PHENOBARBITAL OR 3-METHYL CHOLANTHRENE; HOWEVER, FURTHER METABOLISM OF STYRENE GLYCOL TO MANDELIC ACID WAS NOT STIMULATED. ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVERS RAPIDLY METABOLIZED STYRENE OXIDE TO APPROX EQUAL AMT OF STYRENE GLYCOL, MANDELIC ACID, & S-(1-PHENYL-2-HYDROXYETHYL)GLUTATHIONE. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 279 (1979)  from HSDB

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 26/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

ADMIN OF STYRENE & STYRENE OXIDE TO RATS RESULTED IN EXCRETION OF 2-HYDROXYMERCAPTURIC ACIDS, N- ACETYL-S-(1-PHENYL-2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE & N-ACETYL-S-(2-PHENYL-2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE. EACH WAS A MIXTURE OF DIASTEREOISOMERS. ADMIN OF OPTICALLY PURE STYRENE OXIDE RESULTED IN FORMATION OF 1 SET OF DIASTEREOISOMERS. (+)-STYRENE OXIDE GAVE EQUAL AMOUNTS OF DIASTEREOISOMERS. OPENING THE EPOXIDE RING BY GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES WAS STEREOSPECIFIC & THE TRANSFERASES SHOWED NO PREFERENCE FOR ANY ISOMER OF STYRENE OXIDE. AFTER ADMIN OF STYRENE THE OBSERVED RATIO OF DIASTEREOISOMERS FOR BOTH HYDROXYMERCAPTURIC ACIDS WAS STYRENE TO OXIDE, WITH PREFERENCE FOR R-ISOMER. Abstract: PubMed DELBRESSINE L PC ET AL; XENOBIOTICA 11 (9): 589-94 (1981)  from HSDB

In mice that received an intraperitoneal injection of styrene, the maximal concentrations of styrene-7,8-oxide were higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue than in the other tissues studied 1-5 hr after injection. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 326 (1994)  from HSDB

Styrene-7,8-oxide is the metabolite of styrene that is catalysed by the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase system and non- enzymatically by oxyhemoglobin. Further metabolic reactions are catalyzed by epoxide hydrolase were assayed with styrene-7,8-oxide, the microsomal activity was greater than the cytosolic activity. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 327 (1994)  from HSDB

Isolated, perfused rat liver rapidly metabolized styrene-7,8-oxide to styrene glycol, mandelic acid and glutathione conjugates. Microsomal conjugation of styrene-7,8-oxide with glutathione yielded about 60% S-(1-phenyl-2- hydroxyethyl)glutathione and 40% S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 328 (1994)  from HSDB

The stereoselectivity of the cytochrome-P450 catalyzed oxidation of styrene to styrene-oxide ln rat liver microsomes was examined. Hepatic microsomes from untreated or phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) pretreated male Sprague- Dawley rats were incubated with (14)C labeled styrene. The rates of oxidation to styrene oxide were determined. The stereoselectivity of the products was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Four different cytochrome-P450 enzymes were isolated from the livers of untreated rats, four from phenobarbital pretreated, and two from BNF pretreated rats. These were used in a reconstituted cytochrome-P450 monooxygenase system to study the stereoselectivity of styrene oxidation. Microsomes from untreated rats oxidized styrene to styrene-oxide/glutathione conjugates at a rate of 8.9 nM/min/mg protein. Microsomes from untreated rats favored formation of (S)-styrene-oxide the ratio of (R)-styrene-oxide to (S)-styrene-oxide ln the products (R/S ratio) being 0.65. The R/S ratios in microsomes from phenobarbital and BNF pretreated rats were 0.92 and 1.25 respectively. Only one cytochrome-P450 enzyme from untreated rats cytochrome-P450UTA showed significant stereoselectivlty. It favored production of (S)styrene-oxide the R/S ratio being 0.58. Two isozymes from phenobarbital pretreated rats favored formation of IS)-styrene-oxide the R/S ratios being 0.68 and 0.80. One isozyme slightly favored formation of (R)-styrene-oxide R/S ratio 1.12. The other isozyme showed no stereoselectivity. The two isozymes isolated from BNF pretreated rats were opposite ln their stereoselectivlty yielding R/S ratios of 1.2 and 0.86. ... /It was concluded/ that the rates and stereoselectivlty of styrene oxidation to styrene-oxide by liver microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital and BNF pretreated rats reflect the cytochrome- P450 enzymes present. Foureman GL et al; J Pharmacol Exptl Ther 248 (2): 492-97 (1989)  from HSDB

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 27/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

7.4 Mechanism of Action

The measurement of primary DNA damage caused by oxirane chemicals can be confounded by apoptotic-generated DNA autolysis. The apoptogenic potential of oxiranes requires knowledge of the relationship between the apoptotic threshold dose and cytotoxic dose for interpretation of DNA damage assays. This research determined the relationship between cytotoxic and apoptotic doses for seven simple oxiranes of varying structure. This relationship between cytotoxic and apoptotic thresholds was determined simultaneously in in vitro cell culture. L929 cells in log-phase growth were exposed to the oxiranes for 24 hr in 25 sq cm and then assayed fluorometrically in 96-well plates for Caspase 3. Viability was assessed using Trypan Blue exclusion and loss of Caspase 3 activity. Ranked apoptotic potency was: diepoxybutane (DEB)>styrene oxide (SO)>phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE)>epichlorhydrin (EPI)>glycidol (GLY)>epoxybutane (EB)>epoxycyclohexane (ECH). Relative cytotoxicity was significantly correlated (r(s)=0.86, p=0.02) with potencies: DEB>EPI>PGE>SO>GLY>EB>ECH. These structurally-diverse, simple oxiranes were all capable of inducing apoptosis at doses several-fold below their cytotoxic concentrations. Difunctionality and aromaticity were key predictors of potency for both. Caspase 3 activity was an accurate indicator of necrosis which correlated with Trypan Blue results. Abstract: PubMed Brockmann WG et al; Toxicol In Vitro 20 (5): 729-35 (2006)  from HSDB

Styrene oxide-DNA adducts have been found in several organs in mice and in cultured mammalian cells exposed to styrene oxide ... . A study of workers in a boat-making facility where styrene concentrations ranged from 1 to 235 mg/cu m (mean of 65.6 mg/cu m, or 13.3 ppm) found elevated levels of styrene oxide-DNA adducts in mononuclear cells ... . DNA adducts in rodents and humans appear to be similar. ... DNA and albumin adducts were found in the blood of plastics workers exposed to styrene oxide ... . Low levels of covalent binding of styrene oxide to DNA were observed in the stomachs of rats given styrene oxide orally ... . DHHS/NTP; SUBSTANCE PROFILES REPORT ON CARCINOGENS, ELEVENTH EDITION: Styrene-7,8-Oxide CAS No. 96-09-3 p.1. Available from, as of July 19, 2008: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/  from HSDB

7.5 Human Metabolite Information

7.5.1 Metabolite Description

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 28/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

8 Use and Manufacturing

8.1 Uses

Styrene oxide is used as a reactive plasticizer or diluent for epoxy resins; in the production of styrene glycol and its derivatives; as a raw material for the production of phenethyl alcohol used in perfumes; as a chemical intermediate for cosmetics, surface coatings, and agricultural and biological chemicals; and in the treatment of fibers and textiles.

 from EPA Air Toxics

8.2 Methods of Manufacturing

... /Styrene oxide/ is produced commercially either by the chlorhydrin route or by epoxidation of styrene with peroxyacetic acid. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 276 (1979)  from HSDB

It is prepared either via the chlorohydrin route or catalytically with hydrogen peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V12 279 (2003)  from HSDB

8.3 Formulations/Preparations

Typical product specifications are for 99% minimal purity and 01.-0.2% maximal water content IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V60 322  from HSDB

8.4 Consumption

(1976) It is estimated that 240,000 kg of beta-phenethyl alcohol were made from styrene oxide. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V36 247 (1985)  from HSDB

8.5 U.S. Production

(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G SRI  from HSDB https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 29/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

(1976) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G SRI  from HSDB

NO DATA (1992) United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic Chemicals - United States Production and Sales, 1992. USITC Publication 2720, Feb. 1994 Washington, D.C.: United States Trade Commission, 1994.  from HSDB

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. Year Production Range (pounds)

1986 10 thousand - 500 thousand

1990 >1 million - 10 million

1994 10 thousand - 500 thousand

1998 10 thousand - 500 thousand

2002 10 thousand - 500 thousand

US EPA; Non-confidential Production Volume Information Submitted by Companies for Chemicals Under the 1986-2002 Inventory Update Rule (IUR). Oxirane, phenyl- (96-09-3). Available from, as of July 1, 2008: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002-vol.html  from HSDB

Oxirane, phenyl- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438). EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Available from the Database Query page at: http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm on Oxirane, phenyl- (96-09-3) as of July 1, 2008  from HSDB

8.6 Sampling Procedures

NIOSH P&CAM 303. Analyte: Styrene oxide; Matrix: Air; Procedure: Collection on Tennax-GC, elution with ethyl acetate. Samples shipped to the laboratory should be packed tightly to minimize breakage. The samples should be stored at room temp, or refrigerated, until analysis can be conducted. If samples of bulk material associated with the process under investigation are to be shipped to the laboratory, they should not be placed in the same container as the air samplers or blanks. U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977- present., p. V5 303-1  from HSDB

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 30/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

9 Identification

9.1 Analytic Laboratory Methods

STYRENE OXIDE CAN BE DETERMINED VOLUMETRICALLY IN EPOXIDE-GLYCOL MIXT. IT HAS BEEN ANALYZED BY THIN- LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY: AT MICROGRAM LEVEL, IN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FLAME- IONIZATION DETECTION & THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE PICRATE. IT HAS ALSO BEEN DETERMINED AT THE NANOMOLE LEVEL BY INDIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 277 (1979)  from HSDB

NIOSH P&CAM 303: Analyte: Styrene oxide; Matrix: Air; Procedure: Collection on Tennax-GC, elution with ethyl acetate, analysis by gas chromatography; Range: 0.039-3.35 mg/cu m in a 13 l air sample; Precision, 0.08. U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977- present., p. V5 303-1  from HSDB

Air samples containing styrene oxide are collected on sorbent & desorbed thermally; analysis is by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; detection limit is 2 ng/cu m. Workplace air samples containing styrene oxide are collected on sorbent & extracted with ethyl acetate; analysis is by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector; limit of detection is 0.2 ng in extract (0.1 ug/sample). IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V36 248 (1985)  from HSDB

Drinking water samples are concentrated, extracted with ethanol & the extract allowed to react with 4-nitrothiophenol; analysis for styrene oxide is by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV detection; limit of detection is not given. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V36 248 (1985)  from HSDB

Titrimetric methods are generally used for the quantitative determination of epoxide groups. The method is based on the quick ring-opening reaction of the epoxide groups to form halohydrins when the epoxide is reacted with hydrohalides. When the direct titration method with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid is used, maintenance of a constant HBr titer is difficult. A variant of this method involves generating hydrogen bromide from a quaternary ammonium salt (e.g., tetraethylammonium bromide) during the titration by the action of perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. This very reliable method can also be used for functional epoxides. Peroxides do not interfere. Other methods include titration with hydrogen chloride in various solvents. /Epoxides/ Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 6th ed.Vol 1: Federal Republic of Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2003 to Present, p. V12 281 (2003)  from HSDB

9.2 Clinical Laboratory Methods https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 31/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

... Styrene and styrene oxide (SO) were directly measured in pentane extracts of blood from 35 reinforced plastics workers exposed to 4.7-97 ppm styrene. Using positive ion chemical ionization, styrene could be detected at levels greater than 2.5 ug/L blood and SO at levels greater than 0.05 ug/L blood. An alternative method for measurement of SO employed reaction with valine followed by derivatization with pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate and analysis via negative ion chemical ionization GC-MS-MS (SO detection limit = 0.025 ug/L blood). The detection limits for SO by these two methods were 10-20-fold lower than gas chromatographic assays reported earlier, based upon either electron impact MS or flame ionization detection. Excellent agreement between the two SO methods was observed for standard calibration curves while moderate to good agreement was observed among selected reinforced plastics workers (n = 10). ... Abstract: PubMed Tornero-Velez R et al; J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 757 (1): 59-68 (2001)  from HSDB

The structural characterisation of adducts formed by the in vitro reaction of hemoglobin (Hb) with styrene oxide (SO), the most reactive metabolite of the industrial reagent styrene, was obtained by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ES-MS) analysis of modified tryptic peptides of human Hb chains. The reactive sites of human Hb towards SO were identified through characterization of alkylated tryptic peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation with tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS). A procedure was set up based on this characterization, allowing Hb modification to be assessed by monitoring SO/Hb adducts using HPLC with selected ion recording (SIR) mass spectrometry. By this methodology it was also possible to compare advantages and disadvantages of presently available strategies for the measurement of Hb adducts with SO. The results obtained could most plausibly lead to the optimization of molecular dosimetry of SO adducts, and the analytical procedure described herein could be applied to the biological monitoring of styrene exposure in the workplace. Abstract: PubMed Basile A et al; Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16 (9): 871-8 (2002)  from HSDB

Styrene oxide in mouse blood is extracted with dichloromethane; para-methylanisole is used as an internal standard; analysis is by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detection or by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry; limit of detection is 10 ng/ml. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V36 248 (1985)  from HSDB

Rat liver homogenates are reacted with nicotinamide then incubated; analysis is by fluorimetry; the limit of detection is 24-60 ng. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V36 248 (1985)  from HSDB

Determination of styrene-7,8-oxide in whole rat blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Langvardt PW, Nolan RJ; J Chromatog 567 (1): 93-103 (1991)  from HSDB

Monitoring of exposure to styrene oxide by capillary gas chromatography with selective ion recording mass spectrometry analysis of phenylhydroxyethyl esters in rat hemoglobin. Abstract: PubMed Sepai O et al; Arch Toxicol 67 (1): 28-33 (1993)  from HSDB

9.3 OSHA Chemical Sampling https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 32/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

1,2-Epoxyethylbenzene  from OSHA Chemical Sampling Information

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 33/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

10 Safety and Hazards

10.1 Hazards Identification

10.1.1 GHS Classification

Signal: Danger GHS Hazard Statements Aggregated GHS information from 9 notifications provided by 196 companies to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

H311 (23.98%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal - Category 3] H312 (76.02%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal - Category 4] H315 (38.78%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 2] H317 (38.78%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin - Category 1] H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2A] H331 (38.78%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation - Category 3] H340 (14.8%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity - Category 1A, 1B] H341 (35.71%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity - Category 2] H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity - Category 1A, 1B]

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from all companies. Only Hazard Codes with percentage values above 10% are shown.

Precautionary Statement Codes P201, P202, P261, P264, P271, P272, P280, P281, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P311, P312, P321, P322, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found here.)  from European Chemicals Agency - ECHA View all (4) GHS Classification entries

10.1.2 Health Hazard

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include severe irritation of the skin and eyes, and skin sensitization. It can cause corrosion of tissues. Other symptoms may include burns, irritation of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, nausea, vomiting and headaches. Exposure may also cause central nervous system depression, hepatic lesions and pain to the eyes. Symptoms of exposure to a related compound include drying and cracking of the skin on contact, primary irritation to mucosal surfaces, fatigue, weakness, depression, unsteadiness, feeling of drunkenness, abnormal electroencephalograms and one case of toxic retrobulbar neuritis. Chronic exposure to a related compound has caused peripheral neuropathies (distal hypesthesia and decreased nerve conduction velocities). ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is corrosive and can cause burns. It may be toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. It is absorbed slowly through the skin. It is an irritant and, when heated to decomposition, it emits acrid fumes and toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. (NTP, 1992) https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 34/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

 from CAMEO Chemicals

Carcinogen, Mutagen, Flammable - 2nd degree  from NJDOH RTK Hazardous Substance List

10.1.3 Fire Hazard

This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

Combustible.  from ILO-ICSC

10.1.4 Explosion Hazard

Above 76°C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.  from ILO-ICSC

10.1.5 Hazards Summary

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of styrene-7,8-oxide stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this sweet-smelling, colorless-to-pale straw-colored liquid may occur from its use in the manufacture of styrene glycol, beta-phenylethyl alcohol, surface coatings, and epoxy resins, and in the treatment of fibers and textiles. Effects from exposure may include skin, eye, and respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, and central nervous system depression. Also, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified styrene-7,8-oxide as a Group 2A carcinogen (defined as an agent that is probably carcinogenic to humans). Mechanical exhaust ventilation should be used to minimize exposure. In activities and situations where over-exposure may occur, wear chemical protective clothing and a self-contained breathing apparatus. Smoking, drinking, and eating should be prohibited in styrene-7,8-oxide work areas. Styrene-7,8-oxide must be moderately heated before ignition will occur. For fires involving styrene-7,8-oxide, extinguish with water spray, which acts by lowering the substance to below its flash point. Styrene-7,8- oxide should be stored in unbreakable, watertight containers, away from heat and sources of ignition. Before implementing land disposal of styrene-7,8-oxide waste, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.  from HSDB

10.1.6 Fire Potential

On ... basis /of flash point/, it presents hazard of flammability similar to that encountered with ... o-cresol, o- dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, phenol, and dimethylaniline. Definite hazard exists whenever ... /it/ is heated to https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 35/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem temperatures at and above the flash point. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 1038  from HSDB

10.1.7 Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

...Styrene oxide is capable of causing moderate skin irritation and skin sensitization. These effects may result from single or repeated contact with undiluted material and with solutions as dilute as 1%. Experience indicates that persons who have become hypersensitive may react rather severely to contact with the vapor as well as with the liquid material. Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 1039  from HSDB

Acute exposure to styrene oxide causes skin and eye irritation. ... IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work). Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php , p. V19 280 (1979)  from HSDB

10.2 Safety and Hazard Properties

10.2.1 NFPA Hazard Classification

Health: 1. 1= Materials that, on exposure, would cause significant irritation, but only minor residual injury, including those requiring the use of an approved air-purifying respirator. These materials are only slightly hazardous to health and only breathing protection is needed. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-104  from HSDB

Flammability: 2. 2= This degree includes materials that must be moderately heated before ignition will occur and includes Class II and IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids that readily give off ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in these materials because the materials can be cooled below their flash points. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-104  from HSDB

Instability: 0. 0= This degree includes materials that are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and that do not react with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002., p. 325-104  from HSDB

10.2.2 NFPA Fire Rating

2  from CAMEO Chemicals

10.2.3 NFPA Health Rating https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 36/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

1  from CAMEO Chemicals

10.2.4 Chemical Dangers

The substance may polymerize due to heating above the flash point, under the influence of acids and bases.  from ILO-ICSC

10.2.5 Explosive Limits and Potential

vol% in air: 1.1-22  from ILO-ICSC

10.3 First Aid Measures

10.3.1 First Aid

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

10.3.2 Inhalation First Aid

Fresh air, rest.  from ILO-ICSC

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 37/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

10.3.3 Skin First Aid

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.  from ILO-ICSC

10.3.4 Eye First Aid

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.  from ILO-ICSC

10.3.5 Ingestion First Aid

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .  from ILO-ICSC

10.4 Fire Fighting Measures

10.4.1 Fire Fighting

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide.  from ILO-ICSC

10.4.2 Explosion Fire Fighting

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.  from ILO-ICSC

10.4.3 Other Fire Fighting Hazards

... /Styrene oxide/ is a corrosive chemical that reacts vigorously with water ... . DHHS/NTP; SUBSTANCE PROFILES REPORT ON CARCINOGENS, ELEVENTH EDITION: Styrene-7,8-Oxide CAS No. 96-09-3 p.1. Available from, as of July 19, 2008: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/  from HSDB

10.5 Accidental Release Measures

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 38/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

10.5.1 Isolation and Evacuation

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)  from CAMEO Chemicals

10.5.2 Spillage Disposal

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in covered containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.  from ILO-ICSC

10.5.3 Cleanup Methods

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15  from HSDB

10.5.4 Disposal Methods

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.  from HSDB

Incineration: Liquids should be atomized into an incinerator and combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable solvent (acetone or benzene). Solids should be combined with paper or other flammable material. An alternate procedure is to dissolve the solid in a flammable solvent and spray the soln into the fire chamber. United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985., p. 102  from HSDB

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 39/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 15  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... small quantities of ... some carcinogens can be destroyed using chem reactions ... but no general rules can be given. ... As a general technique ... treatment with sodium dichromate in strong sulfuric acid can be used. The time necessary for destruction ... is seldom known ... but 1-2 days is generally considered sufficient when freshly prepd reagent is used. ... Carcinogens that are easily oxidizable can be destroyed with milder oxidative agents, such as saturated soln of potassium permanganate in acetone, which appears to be a suitable agent for destruction of hydrazines or of compounds containing isolated carbon-carbon double bonds. Concn or 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite can also be used as an oxidizing agent. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 16  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Carcinogens that are alkylating, arylating or acylating agents per se can be destroyed by reaction with appropriate nucleophiles, such as water, hydroxyl ions, ammonia, thiols & thiosulfate. The reactivity of various alkylating agents varies greatly ... & is also influenced by sol of agent in the reaction medium. To facilitate the complete reaction, it is suggested that the agents be dissolved in ethanol or similar solvents. ... No method should be applied ... until it has been thoroughly tested for its effectiveness & safety on material to be inactivated. For example, in case of destruction of alkylating agents, it is possible to detect residual compounds by reaction with 4(4- nitrobenzyl) pyridine. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 17 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 40/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem

 from HSDB

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for styrene-7,8-oxide: Activated carbon. USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No. 68-03-2766 p.E-3-E-22 (1982)  from HSDB

10.5.5 Other Preventative Measures

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8  from HSDB

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8  from HSDB

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 41/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem lab also apply to microbiological & cell- culture labs ... Special consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer & hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin, animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides & fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended, depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors & benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres. ... Methods ... should ... where possible, be simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs, procedures should be used which https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 42/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem do not produce aerosols or dispersal of dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels. Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11  from HSDB

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.  from HSDB

10.6 Handling and Storage

10.6.1 Nonfire Spill Response

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor- tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect it from moisture. Keep it away from oxidizing materials, acids and bases. (NTP, 1992)  from CAMEO Chemicals

10.6.2 Safe Storage

Separated from acids, bases and food and feedstuffs. Ventilation along the floor.  from ILO-ICSC

10.6.3 Storage Conditions

... PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE PRESSURE UNDER STORAGE OR REACTION CONDITIONS & TO RELIEVE SUCH PRESSURE SHOULD IT OCCUR. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Styrene_oxide#section=Top 43/82 9/16/2017 Styrene oxide | C6H5CHCH2O - PubChem Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. V6 1038  from HSDB

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13  from HSDB

10.7 Exposure Control and Personal Protection

10.7.1 PEL-TWA