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Survey of Styrene

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Survey of Styrene Survey of styrene Part of the LOUS review Environmental project No. 1612, 2014 Title: Authors and contributors: Survey of styrene Jesper Kjølholt, Marlies Warming, Jakob Maag, Sonja Hagen Mikkelsen, COWI A/S, Denmark Elsa Nielsen, DTU Food, Denmark Nils H. Nilsson, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: ISBN no. 2014 978-87-93283-17-6 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. While the information provided in this report is believed to be accurate, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency disclaims any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. Neither the Danish Environmental Protection Agency nor COWI or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Survey of styrene Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................... 7 Sammenfatning og konklusion ................................................................................ 13 1. Introduction to the substance ........................................................................... 19 1.1 Definition of the substance ................................................................................................... 19 1.2 Physical and chemical properties ......................................................................................... 19 1.3 Function of the substance for main application areas ....................................................... 20 2. Regulatory framework...................................................................................... 21 2.1 Legislation ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Existing legislation ................................................................................................. 21 2.1.2 Classification and labelling ................................................................................... 26 2.1.3 REACH .................................................................................................................. 27 2.2 Other classifications............................................................................................................. 28 2.3 International agreements .................................................................................................... 28 2.4 Eco-labels ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 29 3. Manufacture and uses ...................................................................................... 31 3.1 Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.1.1 Manufacturing processes ....................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Manufacturing volumes and sites ......................................................................... 31 3.2 Import and export ................................................................................................................ 32 3.2.1 Import and export of styrene in Denmark ........................................................... 32 3.2.2 Import and export of styrene in EU ..................................................................... 33 3.3 Use ........................................................................................................................................ 33 3.3.1 General use and function of styrene ..................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Uses in Denmark ................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Historical trends in use ........................................................................................................ 39 3.4.1 European trends in use patterns of styrene ......................................................... 39 3.4.2 Use pattern of styrene in Denmark ...................................................................... 39 3.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 40 3.5.1 Manufacture and consumption ............................................................................ 40 3.5.2 Uses........................................................................................................................ 40 4. Waste management .......................................................................................... 42 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 42 4.2 Waste from production of styrene....................................................................................... 42 5. Environmental effects and exposure ................................................................. 47 5.1 Environmental fate .............................................................................................................. 47 5.1.1 Abiotic degradation:.............................................................................................. 47 5.1.2 Biodegradation: ..................................................................................................... 47 5.1.3 Environmental distribution: ................................................................................. 47 5.2 Environmental hazard ......................................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 Classification ......................................................................................................... 48 Survey of styrene 3 5.2.2 Environmental effects ........................................................................................... 48 5.3 Environmental exposure ..................................................................................................... 49 5.3.1 Sources of release .................................................................................................. 49 5.3.2 Monitoring data .................................................................................................... 49 5.4 Environmental impact ......................................................................................................... 50 5.5 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................... 50 6. Human health effects and exposure .................................................................. 51 6.1 Human health hazard ........................................................................................................... 51 6.1.1 Classification .......................................................................................................... 51 6.1.2 Toxicokinetics........................................................................................................ 52 6.1.3 Acute and chronic toxicity .................................................................................... 53 6.1.4 No-effect levels ...................................................................................................... 58 6.2 Human exposure .................................................................................................................. 60 6.2.1 Direct exposure ..................................................................................................... 60 6.2.2 Indirect exposure .................................................................................................. 65 6.2.3 Bio-monitoring data .............................................................................................. 67 6.3 Human health impact .......................................................................................................... 67 6.3.1 Consumers ............................................................................................................. 67 6.3.2 Workers ................................................................................................................. 68 6.3.3 Indirect exposures ................................................................................................. 69 6.3.4 Total body burden ................................................................................................
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