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Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes The flatworms include more than 13,000 species of free-living and parasitic species.There are 3 classes of flat- worms, the planarians, flukes and tapeworms. General Physical Traits (Anatomy): Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical. This means that they can only be cut them length-wise to produce two mirror-image halves. They have a distinct right and left half. This is differ- ent from radially symmetrical animals, like the anemones, which can be cut anywhere top to bottom to get two similar halves. Flatworms have 3 tissue layers, compared to the 2 layers in sponges and cnidarians (jellyfishes, anemones and corals). They also have only one opening for food to enter and waste to leave, like the sponges and cnidarians. This is called a “sac” body plan. Planarian (class Tubellaria) Habitat: They live mostly in saltwater (marine) habitats, but are also found in freshwater. Habits: They are free-living flatworms (not parasites). Physical Traits (Anatomy): Planarians are small - less than a centimeter long. They have a head, brain and sense organs. This is called “cephalization.” The sense organs – called eyespots – look like eyes and are sensitive to light changes, but are not like human eyes. They are made up of simple nerve cells that respond to stimuli, like light. When many nerve cells are gathered in one place, they are called a “ganglion,” so the two eyespots are actually ganglia. They also have points on either side of the head that look a bit like ears, called “sensory lobes” or auricles. They do not hear, but can sense food. -
New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
The Freshwater Fish Diversity Around Mesangat Watershed, District Muara Ancalong, Regency Kutai Kartanegara, Province Kalimantan Timur
Report of: The Freshwater Fish Diversity around Mesangat watershed, District Muara Ancalong, Regency Kutai Kartanegara, Province Kalimantan Timur by: Renny Kurnia Hadiaty Mesangat ilir river Notopterus notopterus Barbichthys laevis Hemirhamphodon sp. Pangio sp. Ichthyology Laboratory, Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta Km 46 Cibinong 16911 2009 The Freshwater Fish Diversity around Mesangat watershed, District Muara Ancalong, Regency Kutai Kartanegara, Province Kalimantan Timur by: Renny Kurnia Hadiaty Head of Ichthyology Laboratory, Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta Km 46 Cibinong 16911 Email: [email protected] Introduction REA KON, The conservation section of PT REA Kaltim Plantations need to gather the aquatic fauna baseline data from the concessions area of PT REA KALTIM PLANTATION. Two survey conducted in Ulu Belayan river streams, Mahakam river drainage, District Kembang Janggut, Regency Kutai Timur, Province East Kalimantan. This third survey studied the freshwater fish diversity around Mesangat watershed, District Muara Ancalong, Regency Kutai Kartanegara, Province Kalimantan Timur. There is a quite big swampy area in the District Muara Ancalong, Mesangat swamp or in Bahasa Indonesia we call it Rawa Mesangat. This swamp area is the habitat of the protected species of long snout crocodile, Tomistoma schlegeli. The aim of this survey is to get the information of the fish diversity around Mesangat watershed, the distribution of each site and the status of the species. The results of this survey could be use as the basic data for REA KON to manage the area for the continuation and conservation of the species. -
Studies on Cyprinid Fishes of the Oriental Genus Chela Hamilton by E
Studies on Cyprinid Fishes of the Oriental Genus Chela Hamilton BY E. G. SILAS (With tlVO plates and six text-figures) CoNTENTS Page INrRODUCTION 54 HISTORICAL REsUME 54 MATERIAL AND METIiODS 55 SYNONYMS OF TIlE GENUS Chela HAMILTON 58 DEFINITION OF THE GEI\'US Chela HAMILTON 58 AFFINITIES OF THE GENUS Chela HAMll.TON 60 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS Chela HAMILTON 62 SYNOPSIS TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES 64 SVSTEIo.{ATIC ACCOUNT 65 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 97 DISCUSSION 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 98 REFERENCES 98 INTRODUCTION Recently having had occasion to consider the nomenclatorial status of certain genera and species of freshwater fishes from India, it was found that the generic status and composition of Chela, the first division named by Hamilton (1822)1 under the composite genus Cyprinus, was in con fusion. Smith (1945) made a partial attempt to straighten .the tangle, but writers seem still to adhere to earlier systems of classification, partly on account of Smith's work not being accessible as ready reference. Since 1945 some more literature has come out on the taxonomy of these fishes, and the present revision is therefore undertaken in order to help to avoid continuance of improper usage and to give an up-to-date classification of the fishes belonging to Hamilton's division Chela, which is now recognised as a distinct genus of the subfamily Abramidinae of the family Cyprinidae. HISTORICAL REsUME Under the division Chela of the genns Cyprinus, Hamilton described a heterogenons assemblage of seven species. The first named species, '1 Also cited in earlier literature as Hamilton-Buchanan. STUDIES ON CYPRINID FISHES 55 Cyprinus (Chela) each ius Hamilton was made the type of the genus Chela by Bleeker (1863, p. -
The Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of the Southern Levant and Adjacent Territories: from Cybertaxonomy to Conservation Biology
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 734: 43–103 The(2018) tiger beetles( Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of the southern Levant... 43 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.734.21989 MONOGRAPH http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of the southern Levant and adjacent territories: from cybertaxonomy to conservation biology Thorsten Assmann1, Estève Boutaud1, Jörn Buse2, Jörg Gebert3, Claudia Drees4,5, Ariel-Leib-Leonid Friedman4, Fares Khoury6, Tamar Marcus1, Eylon Orbach7, Ittai Renan4, Constantin Schmidt8, Pascale Zumstein1 1 Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany 2 Ecosystem Monitoring, Research and Wildlife Conservation (SB 23 Invertebrates and Biodiversity), Black Forest National Park, Kniebisstraße 67, D-72250 Freudenstadt, Germany 3 Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 73, D-01109 Dresden. Germany 4 Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv, IL-69978, Israel 5 Biocentre Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany 6 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, P.O.Box 2882, Amman, JO-11821, Jordan 7 Remez St. 49, IL-36044 Qiryat Tiv’on, Israel 8 Deichstr. 13, D-21354 Bleckede, Germany Corresponding author: Thorsten Assmann ([email protected]) Academic editor: B. Guéorguiev | Received 1 November 2017 | Accepted 15 January 2018 | Published 5 February 2018 http://zoobank.org/7C3C687B-64BB-42A5-B9E4-EC588BCD52D5 Citation: Assmann T, Boutaud E, Buse J, Gebert J, Drees C, Friedman A-L-L, Khoury F, Marcus T, Orbach E, Renan I, Schmidt C, Zumstein P (2018) The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of the southern Levant and adjacent territories: from cybertaxonomy to conservation biology. -
Meiofauna of the Koster-Area, Results from a Workshop at the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences (Tjärnö, Sweden)
1 Meiofauna Marina, Vol. 17, pp. 1-34, 16 tabs., March 2009 © 2009 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany – ISSN 1611-7557 Meiofauna of the Koster-area, results from a workshop at the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences (Tjärnö, Sweden) W. R. Willems 1, 2, *, M. Curini-Galletti3, T. J. Ferrero 4, D. Fontaneto 5, I. Heiner 6, R. Huys 4, V. N. Ivanenko7, R. M. Kristensen6, T. Kånneby 1, M. O. MacNaughton6, P. Martínez Arbizu 8, M. A. Todaro 9, W. Sterrer 10 and U. Jondelius 1 Abstract During a two-week workshop held at the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences on Tjärnö, an island on the Swedish west-coast, meiofauna was studied in a large variety of habitats using a wide range of sampling tech- niques. Almost 100 samples coming from littoral beaches, rock pools and different types of sublittoral sand- and mudflats yielded a total of 430 species, a conservative estimate. The main focus was on acoels, proseriate and rhabdocoel flatworms, rotifers, nematodes, gastrotrichs, copepods and some smaller taxa, like nemertodermatids, gnathostomulids, cycliophorans, dorvilleid polychaetes, priapulids, kinorhynchs, tardigrades and some other flatworms. As this is a preliminary report, some species still have to be positively identified and/or described, as 157 species were new for the Swedish fauna and 27 are possibly new to science. Each taxon is discussed separately and accompanied by a detailed species list. Keywords: biodiversity, species list, biogeography, faunistics 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Sweden; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Research Group Biodiversity, Phylogeny and Population Studies, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology and Evolutionary Genetics, University of Sassari, Via F. -
A Computational Structural Study on the DNA-Protecting Role of The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A computational structural study on the DNA‑protecting role of the tardigrade‑unique Dsup protein Marina Mínguez‑Toral 1, Bruno Cuevas‑Zuviría 1, María Garrido‑Arandia 1 & Luis F. Pacios 1,2* The remarkable ability of tardigrades to withstand a wide range of physical and chemical extremes has attracted a considerable interest in these small invertebrates, with a particular focus on the protective roles of proteins expressed during such conditions. The discovery that a tardigrade‑unique protein named Dsup (damage suppressor) protects DNA from damage produced by radiation and radicals, has raised expectations concerning its potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. We present in this paper what might be dubbed a “computational experiment” on the Dsup‑DNA system. By means of molecular modelling, calculations of electrostatic potentials and electric felds, and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we obtained a dynamic picture of the Dsup‑DNA interaction. Our results suggest that the protein is intrinsically disordered, which enables Dsup to adjust its structure to ft DNA shape. Strong electrostatic attractions and high protein fexibility drive the formation of a molecular aggregate in which Dsup shields DNA. While the precise mechanism of DNA protection conferred by Dsup remains to be elucidated, our study provides some molecular clues of their association that could be of interest for further investigation in this line. Te remarkable ability of tardigrades to survive environmental extremes has attracted the attention of research- ers in biology and biotechnology. Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are a specifc phylum (Tardygrada) which includes about 1,300 species found in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats 1–3. -
An Introduction to Phylum Tardigrada - Review
Volume V, Issue V, May 2016 IJLTEMAS ISSN 2278 – 2540 An Introduction to phylum Tardigrada - Review Yashas R Devasurmutt1, Arpitha B M1* 1: R & D Centre, Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India 1*: Corresponding Author: Arpitha B M Abstract: Tardigrades popularly known as water bears are In cryptobiosis (extreme form of anabiosis), the metabolism is micrometazoans with four pairs of lobopod legs. They are the undetectable and the animal is known as tun in this phase. organisms which can live in extreme conditions and are known to Tuns have been known to survive very harsh environmental survive in vacuum and space without protection. Tardigardes conditions such as immersion in helium at -272° C (-458° F) survive in lichens and mosses, usually associated with water film or heating temperatures at 149° C (300° F), exposure to very on mosses, liverworts, and lichens. More species are found in high ionizing radiation and toxic chemical substances and milder environments such as meadows, ponds and lakes. They long durations without oxygen. [4] Figure 2 illustrates the are the first known species to survive in outer space. Tardigrades process of transition of the tardigrades[41]. are closely related to Arthropoda and nematodes based on their morphological and molecular analysis. The cryptobiosis of Figure 2: Transition process of Tardigrades Tardigrades have helped scientists to develop dry vaccines. They have been applied as research subjects in transplantology. Future research would help in more applications of tardigrades in the field of science. Keywords: Tardigrades, cryptobiosis, dry vaccines, Transplantology, space research I. INTRODUCTION ardigrade, a group of tiny arthropod-like animals having T four pairs of stubby legs with big claws, an oval stout body with a round back and lumbering gait. -
Diapause in Tardigrades: a Study of Factors Involved in Encystment
2296 The Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2296-2302 Published by The Company of Biologists 2008 doi:10.1242/jeb.015131 Diapause in tardigrades: a study of factors involved in encystment Roberto Guidetti1,*, Deborah Boschini2, Tiziana Altiero2, Roberto Bertolani2 and Lorena Rebecchi2 1Department of the Museum of Paleobiology and Botanical Garden, Via Università 4, 41100, Modena, Italy and 2Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, 41100, Modena, Italy *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 12 May 2008 SUMMARY Stressful environmental conditions limit survival, growth and reproduction, or these conditions induce resting stages indicated as dormancy. Tardigrades represent one of the few animal phyla able to perform both forms of dormancy: quiescence and diapause. Different forms of cryptobiosis (quiescence) are widespread and well studied, while little attention has been devoted to the adaptive meaning of encystment (diapause). Our goal was to determine the environmental factors and token stimuli involved in the encystment process of tardigrades. The eutardigrade Amphibolus volubilis, a species able to produce two types of cyst (type 1 and type 2), was considered. Laboratory experiments and long-term studies on cyst dynamics of a natural population were conducted. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that active tardigrades collected in April produced mainly type 2 cysts, whereas animals collected in November produced mainly type 1 cysts, indicating that the different responses are functions of the physiological state at the time they were collected. The dynamics of the two types of cyst show opposite seasonal trends: type 2 cysts are present only during the warm season and type 1 cysts are present during the cold season. -
Tardigrade Hypsibius Klebelsbergimihelcic, 1959 (Tardigrada), Based on Material from the Btztal Alps, Austria
Hamburg, November 2003 I Mill. hamb. zool. Mu •. Inst. I Band 100 I S. 73-100 ISSN 0072 9612 Redescription and notes on the biology of the glacier tardigrade Hypsibius klebelsbergiMIHELcIC, 1959 (Tardigrada), based on material from the btztal Alps, Austria 1 2 3 HIERONYMUS DASTYCH , HANSJORG KRAUS & KONRAD THALER I UniversiUit Hamburg, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; 2 Schloss-Tratzberg-StraBe 40, A-6200 Jenbach, Austria; 3 Institut fUr Zoologie & Limnologie, Universitilt Innsbruck, TechnikerstraBe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ABSTRACT. - A redescription of a cryobiotic tardigrade, Hypsibli,J' /debe/sbergi MIHELCIC, 1959, is presented, based on material from cryoconite holes on the glacier Rotmoosfemer in the Otztal Alps (Austria). Much of the basic morphometric data of H. klebelsbergi is provided here for the first time and the bulk of available biological and ecological information about the species and its distribution is evaluated and discussed. The combination of some characters of H. klebelsbergi (e.g., the shape of anterior apophyses of the mouth tube and of the claws) indicates its separate generic status. A bisexual (amphimictic) reproduction mode for H. /debe/sbergi is implied. The latter and the taxonomic position of the species, including its possible synonymy with H. janelscheld Ramazzotti, 1968, known only from a Himalayan glacier, require further studies. KEYWORDS: Tardigrada, Hypsibills Idebelsbergl: redescription, SEM, taxonomy, glaciers, cryo conite holes, cryobionl, ecology, the Alps, Austria. Introduction Only a few invertebrate taxa dwell permanently on glaciers, where all available habitats are characterized by harsh environmental conditions. Cryoconite holes (= Kryokonitlocher, Mittagslocher), are aquatic microcaverns that occur on the ice surface (Fig. -
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata 48,000 species very diverse phylum but still more unity in major characteristics than in most other phyla most advanced phylum of animal kingdom one to which we belong along with fish, amphibians reptiles, birds and other mammals some of the largest or most massive animals true coelom 4 major identifying characteristics: 1. Notochord flexible rodlike structure enclosed by a fibrous sheath extends the length of the body in larva and/or adult provides basic support and serves as main axis for muscle attachments to permit “fishlike” undulatory movements first part of skeleton to form in embryo in primitive chordates the notochord persists through life Animals: Chordates & Introduction to Vertebrates; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2006 1 in most chordates the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column of bone remnants of the notochord remain as “intervertebral discs” 2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord in most invert groups; nerve cord is ventral & paired in chordates the nerve cord is a single dorsal hollow nerve cord front end usually enlarged to form brain 3. Pharyngeal (gill) slits slit-like opening sleading from throat to outside first evolved as a filter feeding apparatus still used by some to filter water for food in others as gills in some groups they are only found in embryo and lost as adults 4. endostyle or thyroid gland specific kind of tissue found only in chordates was originally part of the feeding apparatus endostyle secretes mucus and traps food inside the pharyngeal cavity eg. lamprey larva in most chordates the same tissue has become an endocrine Animals: Chordates & Introduction to Vertebrates; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2006 2 gland in the neck region that helps control metabolism 5. -
Sponges Are Highly Resistant to Radiation Exposure and Cancer
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.17.435910; this version posted March 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Sponges are highly resistant to radiation exposure and cancer Angelo Fortunato1,2,3†, Jake Taylor1,2,3, Jonathan Scirone1,2,3, Athena Aktipis1,4* and Carlo C. Maley1,2,3* 1. Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. 2. Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St.,Tempe, AZ 85281, USA. 3. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. 4. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. † Corresponding author * co-senior authors bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.17.435910; this version posted March 19, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract There are no reports of cancer in sponges, despite them having somatic cell turnover, long lifespans and no specialized adaptive immune cells. In order to investigate whether sponges are cancer resistant, we exposed a species of sponge, Tethya wilhelma, to X-rays. We found that T. wilhelma can withstand 600 Gy of X-ray radiation. That is approximately 100 times the lethal dose for humans. A single high dose of X-rays did not induce cancer in sponges, providing the first experimental evidence of cancer resistance in the phylum, Porifera.