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Home , Arambakkam, Chinnasekkadu, Cholavaram, Cooum River, Edayanchavadi, Guduvancheri

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 49106-002 November 2019

India: Strengthening Climate Change Resilience in Urban – Strengthening Smart Water Management and Urban Climate Change Resilience in (Subproject 1) – Part 24 of 27

Prepared by Lars Yde, Dr. Parasuraman Suresh Babu, Jeba Grace J, Dr. Shirishkumar Baviskar, Dr. Kuldeep Pareta, Dr. Debashish Goswami, Dr. Madhu Joshi, Harshad Dhande, Apruban Mukherjee, Narayan Bhat, B. Jaya Kumar, Dr. P. Thamizoli, Gajendra Kumar Singh, Jala A, Christine Thomas and Jakob Luchner DHI Water & Environment

Horsholm, Denmark For Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Financial Services Ltd.

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Figure 12-4: Natural resource map.

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13 Annex 6 – Stakeholder consultations Throughout the CDTA, discussions have been held with stakeholders in , with the view of acquiring all relevant data and information and ensuring that stakeholders’ knowledge and perceptions have been considered in establishing and updating the baseline and in developing the recommendations. These discussions have taken place in bilateral meetings and dialogues associated with the day-to-day work. The CDTA has maintained a log of such meetings and on data acquisition.

Several focused multi- and bilateral stakeholder meetings have been held to facilitate shared appreciation of progress and deliveries (Table 13-1). An overview of stakeholder participation in these meetings is provided in Table 13-2.

Table 13-1: Key stakeholder consultations and dialogue processes.

Consultations Dates Reference Inception 10 April – 4 May 2017 Inception Report. Revision C. June 2017 Baseline field trips 9 – 12 January 2018 and Report on Chennai Field Trip. Revision A. January 24 – 24 January 2018 2018. Data collection January 2017 – March CDTA data collection log 2018 profile April 2018 – August 2018 City Profile for Chennai – Focus on Water consultations Management. Revision B – August 2018 Draft June – July 2018 Preliminary strategic and actionable recommendations recommendations to strengthen water related consultation infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Chennai City. Revision B. September 2018 Appraisal of proposed 30 January 2019 – 28 Minutes of meetings with stakeholders from solutions February 2019 Chennai, Thoothukudi and for appraisal of the proposed solutions. Conducted from 30 January – 28 February 2019. Revision A. March 2019 Draft final report 5 – 7 August 2019 Strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Cuddalore, Thoothukudi and Chennai. Revision A. June 2019. Draft final report 21 August 2019 Workshop report. Workshop on strategic and consultations actionable recommendations to strengthen water workshop related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Cuddalore, Thoothukudi and Chennai. Revision A. August 2019.

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Table 13-2: Overview of key stakeholder consultations and dialogues in Chennai. ✓ = stakeholder met. (✓) = stakeholder approaches but not available.

Inception trips Baselinefield DataCollection consultations Cityprofile ns recommendatio Draft solutions proposed Appraisal of report finalDraft consultations report finalDraft

Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Services Limited ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Data Center PWD, Chennai (✓) ✓ ✓ Environment and Forests Department ✓ ✓ ✓ (✓) Agriculture Department ✓ ✓ (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), Chennai ✓ (✓) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), District Office ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) ✓ (✓) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Institute of Remote sensing, , Chennai ✓ (✓) Institute for Water Studies, Chennai ✓ (✓) Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Limited (TANSIDCO), Chennai ✓ Chennai Auto Ancillary Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Company (CAAIIUC) ✓ Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority (TNSDMA) ✓ Central Census Office, Chennai ✓ ✓ Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Chennai ✓ Department of Town and Country Planning, Chennai ✓ Tamil Nadu Geographical Information System ✓ ✓ Jain Avantika Residential Association, , Chennai ✓ Sathiyanagar Welfare Association, Manapakkam, Chennai ✓ Slum Area- Chettithottam , Chennai ✓

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Inception trips Baselinefield DataCollection consultations Cityprofile ns recommendatio Draft solutions proposed Appraisal of report finalDraft consultations report finalDraft

Slum area – Chitra Nagar, Chennai ✓ CPS Kotturpuram School, Chennai ✓ Housing Board Residents, Chennai ✓ Central Water Commission, Delhi ✓ ✓ Centre for Climate Change Research, Ministry of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune ✓ Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, , New Delhi ✓ Ministry of Earth Science, New Delhi ✓ Commisonerate of Revenue Administration, Chennai ✓ ✓ Tamil Nadu Water Investment Company Limited (TWIC), Chennai ✓ ✓ NLC India Limited, Chennai ✓ ✓ ✓ (✓) Department of Fisheries, Chennai ✓ (✓) State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd (SIPCOT) Chennai ✓ (✓) (✓) ✓ Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Chennai ✓ ✓ ✓ (✓) (✓) Commissionerate of Disaster Management, Chennai (✓) (✓) ✓ Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA), Chennai ✓ (✓) ✓ (✓) Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD Board), Chennai (✓) ✓ ✓ Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust, Chennai ✓ (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), Virundhachalam (✓) (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), (✓) (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), Tiruvanamalai (✓) (✓)

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Inception trips Baselinefield DataCollection consultations Cityprofile ns recommendatio Draft solutions proposed Appraisal of report finalDraft consultations report finalDraft

Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), (✓) (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), Kachipuram ✓ ✓ (✓) Public Works Department -Water Resources Organisation (WRO), Vilupuram (✓) (✓) Indian Institute of Technology Madras ✓ ✓

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14 Annex 7 – Overview of proposals Table 14-1 list the recently completed and ongoing projects in Chennai City and upstream basins. The list is based on stakeholder meetings held between 7 and 26 November 2019. The right column in the table presents the measures suggested in the present work to be taken up in the future.

Table 14-1: Overview of proposals.

Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Basin level Commissionerate of Conservation of flood 1. Reconstruction of Conservation of flood water: 1. Ref Action Ch-01: Hydro Revenue water: Anicut (35.5 Crore). a) Formation of reservoir across structures in Chennai Basin. Administration (CRA) a) Intrabasin transfer 2. Formation of riverine Orathur with interbasin transfer • Number of hydro structures 11/20/2019 channel from Orathur structure: Construction of check canal (55.85 Crore) is in tender proposed: Tanks-4, modernization to Manimangalam dam across: stage. of tanks-43, check dams-19 Tamil Nadu Water (4.5 Crore). a) Manamathy Maduvu in b) Construction of flood regulator • Cost estimate: 2,257 Crore for Resources b) Formation of Panjanththiruthi Village of and road bridge across Feasibility Study and Conservation (TNWRC) connecting bunds to Thirupporur Taluk (5 Crore). Somangalam to form a riverine implementation 11/22/2019 form reservoir in b) Kosasthaliayar in structure (4.68 Crore) is in tender • Implementation schedule: Short to between Agarm Village stage. medium term depending on effort. and in (25.6 Crore). c) Formation of riverine reservoir • Responsible agency: Water Orathur Tank (150 c) Kosasthalaiyar in across Adyar near Resources Organisation (WRO)- Crore). Gerugampoondi Village of Varatharajapuram Village of Public Works Department. c) Deeping and capacity Thiruvallur Taluk (21.5 (11.12 Crore) is in addition Crore). tender stage. 2. Ref col (4) Implementation work is Manimangalam Tank d) Kosasthaliyar River in d) Formation of riverine reservoir to be taken up for projects listed in (2 Crore). Velliyur Village of Thiruvallur across Cooum near Pudhu col (3) and pending work of forming d) Providing link to the Taluk (18.71 Crore). Mavilangal of reservoir across Orathur and Urapakkam Tank with e) Kosasthalaiyar in (7.58 Crore) is in tender stage. transferring water to Manimangalam Thanngal and Korakkanthandalam Village e) Rehabilitation of check dam and (55.85 Crore). Nandivaram surplus of Thiruvallur (17.5 Crore). across Arainyar River at A. course including f) Supply channel of Poondi in Reddypalayam in Ponneri (9.69 deepening (2 Crore). Kaivandur Village of Crore) is in tender stage. e) Deepening of Adanur, Thiruvallur Taluk (2.85 f) Formation of reservoir by merging , Crore). Hissa Rajaneri and Urapakkam,

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Nanmangalam (4 g) Supply channel of Poondi in Thervaikandaigai is in Crore). Thirupatchur of Thiruvallur construction stage. f) Ayyamnbakkam Taluk. g) Utilisation of abandoned quarry Tank, Neman, , h) Deepening tank bed and site in Tamil Nadu as water Poondi, Redhills and recharge well upto aquifer in storage structures to mitigate are Tank of flood is under planning stage. being rehabilitated at Taluk (6.30 Crore). h) Formation of sub-surface storage the cost of 140 Crore. 3. Kudimaramathu scheme for structures by desilting the tank strengthening and desilting of deeply below sill level in Chennai tanks by PWD is planned for 300 area and other districts is under Crore during 2017-2018. planning stage for 20.51 Crore. Pradhan Mantri Krishi State Disaster Management 1. Under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Ref Action Ch-02: Agronomic Sinchayee Yojana Perspective Plan 2018-2030 by Sinchayee Yojana scheme, the changes in Chennai Basin. (https://pmksy.gov.in/) Tamil Nadu State Disaster planned area for micro irrigation in 2 • Cost estimate: 3.30 Crore for Management Authority. districts that partly lies in Management plan. Commissionerate of (Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur) • Implementation schedule: Short Revenue Chennai Basin is 99 km. Out of which term for preparing management Administration 61 km² is sprinkler irrigation with plan. Long term for implementation. 11/20/2019 estimated implementation cost of 19 • Responsible agency: Agriculture Crore and 38 km² is drip irrigation with Department. estimated implementation cost of 24 Crore. 2. The mission of sustainable dry land farming for improving productivity of millets, pulses, oilseeds and cotton is planned for 803 Crore in Tamil Nadu. 3. Tamil Nadu village habitations improvement scheme is planned between 2016 and2021 to rehabilitate minor tanks and basic amenities for 750 Crore across Tamil Nadu state. CMWSSB Consultancy assignment for Ref Action Ch-03: Interbasin transfer Date-11/07/2019 preparation of Feasibility Report from Neyveli Mines to Chennai City. for assessing the potential of • Cost estimate: 2,534 Crore for Neyveli mines as water storage Feasibility Study and reservoirs for CMWSSB, implementation + 189.5 Crore for TNUIFSL 2018. O&M cost / year.

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) • Implementation schedule: Short to medium term depending on effort. • Responsible agency: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). Tamil Nadu Water State Disaster Management State Disaster Management Ref Action Ch-04: Operational centre Resources Perspective Plan 2018-2030 by Perspective Plan 2018-2030. for IWRM Conservation Tamil Nadu State Disaster a. Integrated watershed management • Cost estimate: 14.80 Crore for 11/22/2019 Management Authority. project is being implemented for a Feasibility Study and cost of 781.731 Crore at state implementation + 0.10 Crore for Commissionerate of level. O&M cost / year. Revenue • Implementation schedule: Short Administration term. 11/20/2019 • Responsible agency: Water Resources Organisation (WRO) of Public Works Department. City level Water supply system Planning and Design DPR is in tender stage for asset 1. Ref Action Ch-05: Asset Wing, CMWSSB management plan. DPR includes GIS management plan(s) 11/07/2019 mapping based on ground survey. • Cost estimate: 6.56 Crore for Cost is 8.59 Crore. Inventory + management plan. Mr. Karthik, AE, P&D • Implementation schedule: Short Wing, term. CMWSSB • Responsible agency: Chennai 11/07/2019 Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). 2. Ref Action Ch-06: Reduction of non-revenue water • Cost estimate: 4.51 Crore for Audit + strategy. • Implementation schedule: Short term. • Responsible agency: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB).

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DPR is prepared for reverse 150 MLD Desalination plant at Nemeli osmosis based Sea water is under construction that will be desalination plant with a capacity completed in 2021. of 400 MLD at Perur in Project cost: 1259.38 Crore. Kancheepuram District. Details of fund assistance: Project cost: 6078.40 Crore KFW-700 Crore and AMRUT-599.38 O&M cost: 1011.44 Crore per Crore. annum. Details of fund assistance: a) JICA-4267.70 Crore. b) Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Development Fund-749.60 Crore, and c) State Budgetary Support 1061.10 Crore. Grant from government to meet O&M cost Sewerage Planning and Design Status of UGSS in 42 DPR for UGSS is completed and UGGS work under progress in: Ref Action Ch-07: Underground Wing ULBs. posed for funding in: 1. sewerage scheme for parts of CMWSSB 1. , 2. Porur expanded Chennai City 11/07/2019 UGGS work is completed 2. , 3. Ramapuram • Cost estimate: 1,229 Crore for in: 3. Kadapakkam, 4. Feasibility Study and 1. . 4. Nerkundram, and 5. implementation + 61.0 Crore for 2. . 5. Okkium- 6. Pallikkaranai O&M cost / 2 years. 3. 7. • Implementation schedule: Long 4. Mennabakkam DPRs is completed for 13 areas 8. Manali term. 5. namely: 9. and • Responsible agency: Chennai 6. . 1. 10. Manapakkam. Metropolitan Water Supply and 7. Kathirvedu 2. Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). 8. 3. 9. 4. Semmanchery 10. 5. Uthandi 11. Ullagaram- 6. . 7. 12. 8. Theeyambkkam 13. 9.

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 14. Thiruvottiyur 10. Mathur 11. 12. Jaladiampettai 13. and left over Madhavaram. CMDA UGSS for is Ref Action Ch-08: Underground 11/21/2019 completed. sewerage scheme for parts of Chennai Metropolitan Area • Cost estimate: 5,212 Crore for Feasibility Study and implementation + 260 Crore for O&M cost / 2 years. • Implementation schedule: Long term. • Responsible agency: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). Feasibility Report for setting up 1. DPR is in progress for STPs 1. Ref Action Ch-09: Sewage of waste water reuse grid and namely treatment plants in Chennai preparation of policy framework Manali - 10 MLD, Metropolitan Area for the state of Tamil Nadu is Thiruverkadu - 32 MLD, • Cost estimate: 2,605 Crore for prepared and published in 2019. Puzhal - 10 MLD, Feasibility Study and St.Thomas Mount - 10 MLD, implementation + 467 Crore for Nandambakkam - 5 MLD O&M cost / year. • Implementation schedule: Medium 2. Construction is going on for, term. • Sholinganallur Module I (SBR) of • Responsible agency: Chennai 18 MLD Metropolitan Water Supply and • Sholinganallur Module II (SBR) of Sewerage Board (CMWSSB). 36 MLD • Thiruvottriyur (ASP) for 31 MLD. 2. Ref Col 2: DPR to be taken up for water reuse grid to supply treated water to industries. a) Koyembedu- grid of 64.954 km.

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) • Required upgradation of Advanced Treatment Plant (ATP) capacity is 30 MLD • Total project cost for grid is 179 Crore b) Perungudi--Tambaram grid of 34.21 km. • Required upgradation of ATP capacity is 3.24 MLD • Total project cost for grid is 64.76 Crore c) -Manali-- grid of 71.462 km. • Required upgradation of ATP plant capacity is 66 MLD. • Total project cost for grid 3 is 235 Crore d) Koyembedu-Ambattur grid of 15.30 km • Total project cost for grid 4 is 45.38 Crore WWT&R, CMWSSB Kodungaiyur Sewage 1. Construction of 45 MLD TTRO at Ref col (3)-4: Implementation work is 11/07/2019 Treatment Plant (STP) STP is ongoing for to be taken up for the other with tertiary treatment industrial supply. mentioned STPs and identified . reverse osmosis (TTRO) has started supplying 2. DPR to utilize recycled water of 260 treated water to the MLD from STPs for recharging the nearby industries. water bodies is under preparation by CMWSSB. • Identified lakes: Perungudi , Narayanapuram Lake, Lake, Kilakattalai Lake, , Ayanambakkam Lake, Lake • Identified STPs: Perungudi, , Koyembedu for

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) proposed Tertiary Treatment Plant (TTP) of 60 MLD each and Kodungaiyur of 80 MLD • Construction work for pilot TTP plant at Nesapakkam and Perungudi STPs of 10 MLD each is in progress. Storm water drainage Commissionerate of DPR for plugging of sewage Phase 2 DPR for plugging of sewage Revenue outfalls in Adyar, Buckingham outfalls in Adyar, Administration Canal and Basin in and Cooum River Basin in Chennai 11/20/2019 Chennai City. City is under preparation. Phase 1: 1001 Crore (fund is • Phase 2 includes enlargement of sanctioned). Phase 2: 1370 sewage pumping main, Crore. improvement to the existing • DPR is prepared for Phase collection system, construction of 1 which includes road side pumping station and interception and diversion improvement to existing pumping work, and infrastructure stations. strengthening works for • Cost:1370 Crore North B Canal, South B Canal, Central B Canal, drains of Adyar, Cooum and other work Industrial water Commissionerate of Feasibility Report for setting up Ref Action Ch-10: Effluent treatment Revenue of waste water reuse grid and plants for industrial clusters Administration preparation of policy framework • Cost estimate: 637 Crore for 11/20/2019 for the state of Tamil Nadu, Feasibility Study and TNUIFSL 2019. implementation + 9.13 Crore for O&M cost / year • Implementation schedule: Medium term

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) • Responsible agency: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) Nature based solution Commissionerate of Report for State Disaster 1. Report for State Disaster 1. Ref Action Ch-11: Nature based Revenue Management Perspective Plan Management Perspective Plan solutions Administration 2018-2030 by Tamil Nadu State 2018-2030. Programme for • Cost estimate: 1.97 Crore for 11/20/2019 Disaster Management Authority. establishing shelter belts & bio Management plan (Feasibility shields along the coastal area by Study). mainstreaming afforestation • Implementation schedule: Short programmes of the State is term for management planning. under planning stage. Implementation long term. 2. DPR for restoration of Ennore • Responsible agency: Chennai Creek and Kovalam Creek is Metropolitan Development under process. Authority of Municipal 3. Conservation of , Administration and Urban coastal, marine and interface Development. ecosystem, restoration of green cover in cyclone affected area, 2. DPR for conservation of wetland, integrated development of coastal, marine and interface vulnerable areas is under ecosystem, restoration of green planning stage. For Chennai, cover in cyclone affected area, wetland restoration integrated development of vulnerable is under planning stage. areas is to be taken up.

3. DPR for establishing shelter belts & bio shields along the coastal area by mainstreaming afforestation programme is to be taken up. Solid waste management SWM, GCC Scientific incinerator plant 1. Dry waste processing is under Ref Action Ch-12: Solid waste 11/26/2019 installation in Unit 5 of progress in scientific incinerator management zone 2 in GCC is in zone 2 for 10 MT/day. • Cost estimate: 2.14 Crore for completed. 2. Construction work is started for Management plan (Feasibility processing of non-recyclable dry Study)

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) waste in scientific incinerator of • Implementation schedule: Short 50 M/day under DFBOT model term through PPP mode in • Responsible agency: Greater Kodungaiyur dumping ground. Chennai Corporation 3. Bio mining work for cleaning legacy waste for reclamation of land at Pallikaranai, and Sathankadu dumpsite is under progress. In Sathankadu, plant installation work is under progress. 4. Selection of concessionaire to collect and process the wet waste from bulk waste generators and convert it to Bio CNG in DFBOT model using PPP mode for central asphaltic plant (50 MT/day), Sholinganallur dumpsite (100 MT/day), Kodungaiyur dump yard (100 MT/day), Pallikaranai dumpsite (100 MT/day) is under planning stage. 5. Design, built, finance, operate and transfer (DFBOT), the tender -cum-garden waste management facilities at 5 locations in GCC of 400 MT/day is under process. 6. Collection and transportation of solid waste, street sweeping waste, horticulture waste and collection and storage of domestic hazardous waste to dump yard is under tender stage for: • Package 1: Zone 1, 2, 3 & 7

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Related ongoing projects/ recently completed projects Source and date Proposals by DHI Work completed DPR prepared Work in progress (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) • Package 2: 11, 12, 14 & 15 • Package 3: 9, 10 & 13 7. Supplying, installation, testing and commissioning of scientific incineration of 100 MT/day under DBOT with PPP mode in 10 locations is under planning stage. 8. Establishment of processing facility of construction & demolition waste generated from zones 1 to 8, zones 9 to 15 and disposal of rejects to dumpsite in DFBOT of 400 MT/day is under tender stage.

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CDTA No. 9129-IND: Strengthening Smart Water Management and Urban Climate Change Resilience in Tamil Nadu (Subproject 1)

Strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Chennai City

Volume II Supporting Information – Revision D November 2019

This report has been prepared under the DHI Business Management System certified by Bureau Veritas to comply with ISO 9001 (Quality Management)

Approved by:

Dr. Flemming Jakobsen

Managing Director

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CDTA No. 9129-IND: Strengthening Smart Water Management and Urban Climate Change Resilience in Tamil Nadu (Subproject 1)

Strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Chennai City

Volume II Supporting Information - Revision D

November 2019

Prepared for Asian Development Bank Represented by Ms. Vivian Castro-Wooldridge

Photo: Nanmangalam Lake in Chennai

Report authors Dr. Parasuraman Suresh Babu, Jeba Grace J, Dr. Shirishkumar Baviskar, Dr. Kuldeep Pareta, Dr. Debashish Goswami, Dr. Madhu Joshi, Harshad Dhande, Narayan Bhat, B. Jaya Kumar, Dr. P. Thamizoli, Gajendra Kumar Singh, Christine Thomas and Jakob Luchner

Quality assurance Dr. Ole Mark

Review Gorm Jeppesen

Project number 11821498

Approval date 30 November 2019

Revision D

Classification Confidential

© DHI. All rights reserved. No parts of this document may be reproduced, transmitted or otherwise disseminated in any form or by any means outside the recipient’s organisation without the prior written permission of DHI.

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Table of content Table of content ...... iv Table of tables ...... vi Table of maps ...... vii Table of figures ...... x Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... xiii 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background of the project ...... 1 1.2 Report objective ...... 3 1.3 Content of the report ...... 3 1.3.1 Content of Volume II ...... 3 2 Supporting notes ...... 5 2.1 Information acquisition and information management ...... 5 2.1.1 Internet ...... 5 2.1.2 Other studies and reports ...... 5 2.1.3 Dialogues and workshops...... 5 2.1.4 Information management ...... 5 2.2 GIS and maps ...... 6 2.2.1 General maps ...... 6 2.2.2 River basin maps ...... 6 2.2.3 Water resources maps ...... 6 2.2.4 Infrastructure maps...... 7 2.2.5 Land use maps ...... 7 2.2.6 Flood maps ...... 7 2.2.7 Modelling maps ...... 7 2.2.8 Proposed hydro structures maps ...... 8 2.2.9 Water balances maps ...... 8 2.3 Water availability analyses ...... 8 2.4 GIS meta data ...... 10 2.5 Information meta data ...... 10 2.6 Documents ...... 11 3 Maps ...... 12 3.1 General ...... 12 3.2 River basin maps ...... 27 3.3 Water resources ...... 39 3.4 Infrastructure ...... 41 3.5 Land use ...... 54 iv

3.6 Flood ...... 57 3.7 Modelling ...... 58 3.8 Proposed hydro structures ...... 67 3.9 Water balances ...... 70 4 Water availability analyses ...... 76 4.1 Chennai Basin ...... 76 4.1.1 Baseline 1988 - 2016 ...... 76 4.1.2 CC model: IPSL-CM5A ...... 86 4.1.3 Water deficit assessments by selected years ...... 94 5 GIS meta database ...... 97 6 Information meta database ...... 176 7 Document overview ...... 183

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Table of tables Table 2-1: General maps in Volume II. 6

Table 2-2: River basin maps in Volume II. 6

Table 2-3: Water resources maps in Volume II. 6

Table 2-4: Infrastructure maps in Volume II. 7

Table 2-5: Land use maps in Volume II. 7

Table 2-6: Flood maps in Volume II. 7

Table 2-7: Modelling maps in Volume II. 7

Table 2-8: Proposed hydro structures maps in Volume II. 8

Table 2-9: Water balances maps in Volume II. 8

Table 2-10: Directory of baseline graphs (1988-2017) prepared for Chennai Basin. 8

Table 2-11: Directory of projected (CNRM-CM5) graphs (2011-2100) prepared for Chennai Basin. 9

Table 2-12: Directory of annual water deficit assessments by selected years for Chennai Basin. 9

Table 5-1: GIS meta database. 97

Table 6-1: Meta description of data. 176

Table 7-1: Inventory of documents compiled during the CDTA. 183

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Table of maps Map 3-1: Climate zones of India...... 12

Map 3-2: Integrated drought severity index (IDSI) in Tamil Nadu...... 13

Map 3-3: River basins in Tamil Nadu...... 14

Map 3-4: Agro-climatic zones in Tamil Nadu...... 15

Map 3-5: Population density in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) in 2011...... 16

Map 3-6: Population growth in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) (2001 to 2011). .. 17

Map 3-7: Distribution of SC (scheduled cast) and ST (scheduled tribes) in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) ...... 18

Map 3-8: Mean precipitation in Tamil Nadu...... 19

Map 3-9: Geology in Chennai Region...... 20

Map 3-10: Ten industrial clusters in and effluents generated from each cluster...... 21

Map 3-11: Study area and monitoring wells...... 22

Map 3-12: Groundwater elevation contours and flow direction...... 23

Map 3-13: Chennai City (core city and extended area under Greater Chennai Corporation) and Metropolitan Area...... 24

Map 3-14: Zone boundary and ward boundary in Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC)...... 25

Map 3-15: Natural resource map...... 26

Map 3-16: Chennai District and in Tamil Nadu...... 27

Map 3-17: Chennai Basin...... 28

Map 3-18: Adyar Sub-basin...... 29

Map 3-19: Araniyar Sub-basin...... 30

Map 3-20: Cooum Sub-basin...... 31

Map 3-21: Kosasthalaiyar Sub-basin...... 32

Map 3-22: Kovalam Sub-basin...... 33

Map 3-23: Drainage network of Adyar Sub-basin...... 34

Map 3-24: Drainage network of Araniyar Sub-basin...... 35

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Map 3-25: Drainage network of Cooum Sub-basin...... 36

Map 3-26: Drainage network of Kosasthalaiyar Sub-basin...... 37

Map 3-27: Drainage network of Kovalam Sub-basin...... 38

Map 3-28: Surface water sources...... 39

Map 3-29: Water sources of Chennai...... 40

Map 3-30: Existing and proposed sewerage zone in Greater Chennai Corporation. .. 41

Map 3-31: Storm water drain in Greater Chennai Corporation...... 42

Map 3-32: Water and waste water sector for Greater Chennai Corporation...... 43

Map 3-33: Storm water drains in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)...... 44

Map 3-34: Water supply zones in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)...... 45

Map 3-35: Water supply system in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)...... 46

Map 3-36: Water distribution system in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)...... 47

Map 3-37: Water supply zone in core area of Chennai City...... 48

Map 3-38: Water distribution zones of Chennai City...... 49

Map 3-39: Water supply from Neyveli Mines to Chennai City...... 50

Map 3-40: Existing and proposed STPs in CMA...... 51

Map 3-41: Underground sewerage scheme for parts of expanded Chennai City...... 52

Map 3-42: Underground sewerage scheme of Chennai Metropolitan Area...... 53

Map 3-43: Existing land use city distribution 2006 Greater Chennai Corporation...... 54

Map 3-44: Proposed land use 2026 Greater Chennai Corporation...... 55

Map 3-45: Availability of developable land 2050 Greater Chennai Corporation...... 56

Map 3-46: Flood prone areas in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)...... 57

Map 3-47: Water balance model for Chennai Basin...... 58

Map 3-48: Digital elevation model...... 59

Map 3-49: Rain gauge stations...... 60

Map 3-50: Weather stations...... 61

Map 3-51: Various water users and their connections in a sub-catchment - Kosasthaliayar Upstream in Chennai Basin...... 62

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Map 3-52: Various water users and their connections in a sub-catchment - Neemam (Neemam Tank Catchment) in Chennai Basin...... 63

Map 3-53: Close up on Red hills sub-catchment in the water balance model for Chennai River Basin...... 64

Map 3-54: Calibration points in Chennai Basin...... 65

Map 3-55: Location of reservoirs in Chennai Basin...... 66

Map 3-56: Proposed hydro structures in Chennai Basin...... 67

Map 3-57: Structures in the SW surplus sub-basins of Chennai Basin...... 68

Map 3-58: Structures in the NE monsoon surplus sub-basins of Chennai Basin...... 69

Map 3-59: Sub-catchments in Chennai Basin...... 70

Map 3-60: Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (yearly analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016)...... 71

Map 3-61: Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (northeast monsoon analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016)...... 72

Map 3-62: Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (winter analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016)...... 73

Map 3-63: Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (summer analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016)...... 74

Map 3-64: Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (southwest monsoon analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016)...... 75

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Table of figures Figure 1-1: Project area map (Chennai, Cuddalore and Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu). .. 1

Figure 1-2: CDTA implementation phases...... 2

Figure 4-1: Daily supply and demand (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin. ... 76

Figure 4-2: Seasonal supply and demand (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 77

Figure 4-3: Annual supply and demand (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin. 77

Figure 4-4: Seasonal water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 78

Figure 4-5: Annual water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 78

Figure 4-6: Seasonal domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 79

Figure 4-7: Seasonal irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 79

Figure 4-8: Seasonal irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 80

Figure 4-9: Seasonal industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 80

Figure 4-10: Seasonal livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 81

Figure 4-11: Annual domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 81

Figure 4-12: Annual irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 82

Figure 4-13: Annual irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 82

Figure 4-14: Annual industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 83

Figure 4-15: Annual livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 83

Figure 4-16: Daily outflow to sea (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 84

Figure 4-17: Seasonal outflow to sea (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 84

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Figure 4-18: Seasonal outflow to sea vs water deficit (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 85

Figure 4-19: Yearly outflow to sea (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 85

Figure 4-20: Yearly outflow to sea vs water deficit (MCM) from 1988 to 2016 in Chennai Basin...... 86

Figure 4-21: Daily supply and demand (MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin. ... 86

Figure 4-22: Seasonal supply and demand (MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 87

Figure 4-23: Annual supply and demand (MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin. 87

Figure 4-24: Seasonal water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 88

Figure 4-25: Annual water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 88

Figure 4-26: Seasonal domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 89

Figure 4-27: Seasonal irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 89

Figure 4-28: Seasonal irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 90

Figure 4-29: Seasonal industrial water demand deficit (IWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 90

Figure 4-30: Seasonal livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 91

Figure 4-31: Annual domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 91

Figure 4-32: Annual irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 92

Figure 4-33: Annual irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 92

Figure 4-34: Annual industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 93

Figure 4-35: Annual livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) from 2011 to 2100 in Chennai Basin...... 93

Figure 4-36: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin based on CC model runs...... 94

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Figure 4-37: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin for year of assessment 2020...... 94

Figure 4-38: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin for year of assessment 2025...... 95

Figure 4-39: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin for year of assessment 2030...... 95

Figure 4-40: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin for year of assessment 2035...... 96

Figure 4-41: Projected annual water deficit for Chennai Basin for year of assessment 2050...... 96

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Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank CC Climate Change CDTA Capacity Development and Technical Assistance CGWB Central Ground Water Board CWC Central Water Commission DEM Digital Elevation Model DPR Detailed Project Report ET Evapotranspiration ETP Effluent Treatment Plant GIS Geographic Information System GoTN IBT Inter Basin Transfer IDF Intensity Duration Frequency (curves) IWS Institute of Water Studies km Kilometre km² Square Kilometre LPA Local Planning Authority MCM Million Cubic Meter MLD Million Litters per Day MoUD Ministry of Urban Development PCB Pollution Control Board PWD Public Works Department SIPCOT State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamilnadu Ltd STP Sewage Treatment Plant SWD Storm Water Drainage TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board UGSS Under Ground Sewage Scheme

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1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the project Tamil Nadu is exposed to cyclones, flooding, droughts and tsunamis. The state experienced devastating floods in 2015, caused by heavy cyclonic rainfalls. In 2016, drought was declared in 31 out of the 32 districts. In 2004, the coastal areas were severely impacted by the tsunami caused by an earthquake northeast of Sumatra in Indonesia.

Variations in climate influence agriculture production, exploitation of groundwater and availability of drinking water. Climate change adds to these challenges underpinning a need to enhance the resilience of communities to cope.

In May 2016, the Government of Tamil Nadu submitted a request to the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) for Capacity Development and Technical Assistance (CDTA) with the view of strengthening climate change resilience in Chennai and other vulnerable towns in the state. The CDTA was approved in June 2016 by the Technical Assistance Steering Committee under MoUD.

Figure 1-1: Project area map (Chennai, Cuddalore and Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu). The main goal of the CDTA is to support local governments and their stakeholders in transforming urban areas into safer and better places to live in and to improve the ability to absorb and rebound from potential shocks and stresses.

The objectives of the CDTA are:

• To conduct an advanced basin-wide study of water-related disaster risks considering climate change in selected vulnerable coastal towns in Tamil Nadu (Figure 1-1). The study shall provide strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management including water supply, sewage collection and treatment, storm water drainage, flood management and early warning systems to increase climate resilience. • To provide technical capacity building support to the Government of Tamil Nadu in the implementation of the recently launched Sustainable Water Security Mission, including the development of climate resilient strategy; identification and prioritization of smart, innovative and sustainable urban water management projects and institutional strengthening.

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Climate change resilience for requires better development planning, safe and affordable infrastructure and services, regulation in building design and construction and regulation of hazardous activities. Land availability will be influenced, encouragement and actions will be required to reduce risk at household and community level. An effective early warning, preparedness and response system to disasters must be in place.

Combining these efforts will reduce the risk for people and economies. An integrated, multi- level and multi-stakeholder approach must be applied to build resilience to the range of shocks and stress at different levels and scales in complex systems (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 2013).

Asian Development Bank (ADB) provides assistance to the Government of Tamil Nadu. The authorized representative from ADB is the Director, Urban Development and Water Division (SAUW), South Asia Department.

The executing agency of the CDTA is the Tamil Nadu Infrastructure Financial Services Ltd (TNUIFSL).

The CDTA has been implemented in three phases (Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-2: CDTA implementation phases. From the launch in April 2017 to January 2018 Phase 1 developed City Profiles for the city and two towns with baseline information and situational analyses with the view of enabling decisions to be taken towards incorporating resilience enhancing actions into urban development planning. The baseline overviews used secondary information but also incorporated experience from local stakeholders through field visits. The City Profiles identified the main water related issues in the city and each of the two towns. In parallel numerical models were setup for the basins and the city/towns and downscaling of climate models was initiated. Phase 1 activities have been discussed in detail in earlier submissions from the CDTA, notably the Inception Report, the Interim Report and the City Profiles. In Phase 2 from January to September 2018 scenario simulations have pursued mitigation of the identified water related issues leading to a series of draft recommendations for actions in the city and each of the two towns. These draft recommendations have been included in a discussion paper for each city/town supporting dialogues with stakeholders.

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In Phase 3 from September 2018 to September 2019 the draft recommendations have been examined in further detail in dialogue with stakeholders. This has produced a catalogue of smart water solutions for strengthening resilience to cope for the city and each of the two towns. The catalogues provide strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience, which is the targeted outcome by the CDTA. This report presents the strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience in Chennai City. From the launch in April 2017 to January 2018 Phase 1 developed City Profiles for the city and two towns with baseline information and situational analyses with the view of enabling decisions to be taken towards incorporating resilience enhancing actions into urban development planning. The baseline overviews used secondary information but also incorporated experience from local stakeholders through field visits. The City Profiles identified the main water related issues in the city and each of the two towns. In parallel numerical models were setup for the basins and the city/towns and downscaling of climate models was initiated. Phase 1 activities have been discussed in detail in earlier submissions from the CDTA, notably the Inception Report, the Interim Report and the City Profiles. In Phase 2 from January to September 2018 scenario simulations have pursued mitigation of the identified water related issues leading to a series of draft recommendations for actions in the city and each of the two towns. These draft recommendations have been included in a discussion paper for each city/town supporting dialogues with stakeholders. In Phase 3 from September 2018 to September 2019 the draft recommendations have been examined in further detail in dialogue with stakeholders. This has produced a catalogue of smart water solutions for strengthening resilience to cope for the city and each of the two towns. The catalogues provide strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience, which is the targeted outcome by the CDTA. 1.2 Report objective Strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience for Chennai City.

1.3 Content of the report The strategic and actionable recommendations to strengthen water related infrastructure and management to increase climate resilience in Chennai City are presented in a Volume I, which is the main report, and in a Volume II, which provides supporting baseline and other information.

1.3.1 Content of Volume II Volume II contains seven sections:

Section 1: Introduction. The formal background and objectives of the Capacity Development and Technical Assistance (CDTA) is presented. The project partners are introduced, and the phased implementation strategy is outlined. Volume II is placed into context of the project and a brief guidance is provided to the structure of the volume.

Section 2: Supporting notes. The information acquisition efforts are described, identifying sources and commenting on management. A listing of maps is given by major grouping.

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The water availability analyses and displays are described. The structure of the meta descriptions of GIS, data and documents is introduced.

Section 3: Maps. Contains key maps supporting the analyses and recommendations developed for Chennai.

Section 4: Water availability analyses. Smart solutions for water sectors are reliant on proper alignment to climate statistics and projections. The water availability and demand baselines are presented based on data series covering the period from 1988 to 2017. Projections are presented based on the IPSL-CM5A climate change model. Annual water deficit assessments are given for selected projection years. The presentations are aggregated and presented at basin level for Chennai Basin.

Section 5: GIS meta database. A table generated from the structured description of geographically determined information applied in spatial analyses and displays.

Section 6: Information meta database. A table generated from the structured directory to the data repository under the project listing data acquired and used under the CDTA with respect to the Chennai setting.

Section 7: Document overview. A table generated from the inventory of documents established under the project.

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2 Supporting notes 2.1 Information acquisition and information management Considerable efforts and resources have been committed to data acquisition and data storage for the Chennai analyses. Information required to establish the baseline overview and to feed into modelling and analyses has been compiled from a variety of sources and processes. The CDTA has thereby contributed to the decision support platform required for smarter water solutions to address the needs and challenges facing planners of water related infrastructure in Chennai and elsewhere. The usefulness of the information platform including the linked-in analytical instruments (modelling, GIS) extends beyond the needs of the CDTA and care has therefore been taken to organise and describe acquired and produced information in this stand-alone Volume II.

Directories to all acquired information have been built in the form of meta databases, describing data, spatial data and documents. The meta descriptions are included in this Volume II, whereas stored data files, GIS files and digital copies of documents are available and will be part of the delivery.

2.1.1 Internet Internet searches have been a major source of information throughout the CDTA and have been comprehensively applied at the early stages to qualify data acquisition in follow up dialogues with stakeholders.

2.1.2 Other studies and reports The CDTA has extensively acquired and consulted other studies and detailed project reports associated with local climate and climate change challenges and with water infrastructure planning and implementation.

2.1.3 Dialogues and workshops Systematic dialogues with key information providers have been carried out in bilateral meetings, which have served on one side to acquire and expand the baseline information but also to extract local knowledge, concerns and aspirations with respect to smarter water solutions.

The information and knowledge base have been compiled into a City Profile for Chennai which includes analyses identifying current and future challenges for water resources and water infrastructure management, taking projected climate change into account. Feedback from workshop meetings held with stakeholders in Chennai have been integrated into the City Profile and its findings.

2.1.4 Information management All acquired information has been systematically stored on a project server, including repositories of digital document copies, the supporting geographical information system (GIS), the modelling set-up and deliveries, and the data that has been the basis for modelling and analyses. The CDTA has built and maintained meta databases on documents, data and GIS (see below) to provide a structured insight into the information base.

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2.2 GIS and maps A comprehensive geographical information system has been put in place to provide for spatial analyses, model support and map generation. Key maps that have been prepared under the CDTA for Chennai have been included in Section 3 in the following categories:

2.2.1 General maps Table 2-1: General maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-1 Climate zones of India Map 3-2 Integrated drought severity index (IDSI) in Tamil Nadu Map 3-3 River basins in Tamil Nadu Map 3-4 Agro-climatic zones in Tamil Nadu Map 3-5 Population density in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) Map 3-6 Population growth in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) (2001 to 2011) Map 3-7 SC and ST population distribution in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) Map 3-8 Mean precipitation in Tamil Nadu Map 3-9 Geology in Chennai Region Map 3-10 Ten industrial clusters in Chennai District and effluents generated from each cluster Map 3-11 Study area and monitoring wells Map 3-12 Groundwater elevation contours and flow direction Map 3-13 Chennai City (core city and extended area under Greater Chennai Corporation) and Metropolitan Area Map 3-14 Zone boundary and ward boundary in Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) Map 3-15 Natural resource map

2.2.2 River basin maps Table 2-2: River basin maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-16 Chennai District and Municipality in Tamil Nadu Map 3-17 Chennai Basin Map 3-18 Adyar Sub-basin Map 3-19 Araniyar Sub-basin Map 3-20 Cooum Sub-basin Map 3-21 Kosasthalaiyar Sub-basin Map 3-22 Kovalam Sub-basin Map 3-23 Drainage network of Adyar Sub-basin Map 3-24 Drainage network of Araniyar Sub-basin Map 3-25 Drainage network of Cooum Sub-basin Map 3-26 Drainage network of Kosasthalaiyar Sub-basin Map 3-27 Drainage network of Kovalam Sub-basin

2.2.3 Water resources maps Table 2-3: Water resources maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-28 Surface water sources Map 3-29 Water sources of Chennai

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2.2.4 Infrastructure maps Table 2-4: Infrastructure maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-30 Existing and proposed sewerage zone in Greater Chennai Corporation Map 3-31 Storm water drain in Greater Chennai Corporation Map 3-32 Water and wastewater sector for Greater Chennai Corporation Map 3-33 Storm water drains in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) Map 3-34 Water supply zones in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) Map 3-35 Water supply system in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) Map 3-36 Water distribution system in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA). Map 3-37 Water supply zone in core area of Chennai City. Map 3-38 Water distribution zones of Chennai City Map 3-39 Water supply from Neyveli Mines to Chennai City Map 3-40 Existing and proposed STPs in CMA. Map 3-41 Underground sewerage scheme for parts of expanded Chennai City Map 3-42 Underground sewerage scheme of Chennai Metropolitan Area.

2.2.5 Land use maps Table 2-5: Land use maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-43 Existing land use city distribution 2006 Greater Chennai Corporation Map 3-44 Proposed land use 2026 Greater Chennai Corporation Map 3-45 Availability of developable land 2050 Greater Chennai Corporation

2.2.6 Flood maps Table 2-6: Flood maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-46 Flood prone areas in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)

2.2.7 Modelling maps Table 2-7: Modelling maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-47 Water balance model for Chennai Basin Map 3-48 Digital elevation model Map 3-49 Rain gauge stations Map 3-50 Weather stations Map 3-51 Various water users and their connections in a sub-catchment - Kosasthaliayar upstream in Chennai Basin Map 3-52 Various water users and their connections in a sub-catchment - Neemam (Neemam Tank Catchment) in Chennai Basin Map 3-53 Close up on Redhills Sub-catchment in the water balance model for Chennai River Basin Map 3-54 Calibration points in Chennai Basin Map 3-55 Location of reservoirs in Chennai Basin

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2.2.8 Proposed hydro structures maps Table 2-8: Proposed hydro structures maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-56 Proposed hydro structures in Chennai Basin Map 3-57 Structures in the SW monsoon surplus sub-basins of Chennai Basin Map 3-58 Structures in the NE monsoon surplus sub-basins of Chennai Basin

2.2.9 Water balances maps Table 2-9: Water balances maps in Volume II. # Title Map 3-59 Sub-catchments in Chennai Basin Map 3-60 Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (yearly analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016) Map 3-61 Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (northeast monsoon analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016) Map 3-62 Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (winter analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016) Map 3-63 Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (summer analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016). Map 3-64 Water balance by sub-catchment for Chennai Basin (southwest monsoon analysis - baseline run 1988 to 2016).

2.3 Water availability analyses The MIKE Hydro Basin model simulates 1988 to 2017 as baseline and 2011 to 2100 for projections including climate change. MATLAB has been used to produce graphs with water balance results for Chennai Basin. Surplus and deficit and supply and demand in the basins overall and for its main water users are displayed at annual, seasonal and daily scale. It also shows the quantity of water which gets flushed into the sea.

Assessments of water deficit for 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2050 have been displayed at basin level.

Three different series of graphs have been included:

• Baseline graphs 1988 - 2017 (directory in Table 2-10) • Projected (CNRM-CM5) graphs 2011-2100 (directory in Table 2-11) • Annual water deficit assessments by 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2050 (directory in Table 2-12)

Table 2-10: Directory of baseline graphs (1988-2017) prepared for Chennai Basin. Graph Chennai Basin Daily supply and demand (MCM) for 1988-2016 Fig 4-1 Seasonal supply and demand (MCM) for 1988-2016 Fig 4-2 Annual supply and demand (MCM) for 1988-2016 Fig 4-3 Seasonal water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) for 1988- 2016 Fig 4-4 Annual water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) for 1988- 2016 Fig 4-5 Seasonal domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-6 Seasonal irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-7

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Graph Chennai Basin Seasonal irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-8 Seasonal industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) for 1988 - Fig 4-9 2016 Seasonal livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-10 Annual domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-11 Annual irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-12 Annual irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-13 Annual industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-14 Annual livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-15 Daily outflow to sea (MCM) for 1988 - 2016 Fig 4-16 Seasonal outflow to sea (MCM) for 1988-2016 Fig 4-17 Seasonal outflow to sea vs water deficit (MCM) for 1988 - 2016 Fig 4-18 Yearly outflow to sea (MCM) for 1988 -2016 Fig 4-19 Yearly outflow to sea vs water deficit (MCM) for 1988 - 2016 Fig 4-20

Table 2-11: Directory of projected (CNRM-CM5) graphs (2011-2100) prepared for Chennai Basin. Graph Chennai Basin Daily supply and demand (MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-21 Seasonal supply and demand (MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-22 Annual supply and demand (MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-23 Seasonal water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-24 Annual water deficit (+ve) or surplus (-ve) (MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-25 Seasonal domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-26 Seasonal irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-27 Seasonal irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-28 Seasonal industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-29 Seasonal livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-30 Annual domestic water demand deficit (DWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-31 Annual irrigation water demand deficit (IWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-32 Annual irrigation water demand (IWD, MCM) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-33 Annual industrial water demand deficit (InWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-34 Annual livestock water demand deficit (LiWD, %) for 2011-2100 Fig 4-35

Table 2-12: Directory of annual water deficit assessments by selected years for Chennai Basin. Graph Chennai Basin Projected annual water deficit based on CC model runs Fig 4-36 Projected annual water deficit for year of assessment 2020 Fig 4-37 Projected annual water deficit for year of assessment 2025 Fig 4-38 Projected annual water deficit for year of assessment 2030 Fig 4-39 Projected annual water deficit for year of assessment 2035 Fig 4-40 Projected annual water deficit for year of assessment 2050 Fig 4-41

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2.4 GIS meta data A database has been established which provides information on all spatial datasets used in the analyses, modelling and reporting. The meta database is included in Section 5. It contains the following fields:

Dataset category: Entries are grouped by:

• Administration; • Disaster; • Drainage network; • Elevations; • Flood; • Hydrology; • Infrastructure; • Land use; • Meteorology; • Natural boundary; • Population; • River; • Water features; • Water infrastructure; and • Water shed and catchments. Data set abstract: A brief description of the dataset.

Extent: An indication of the geographical coverage.

Source: The source of the spatial dataset

Date of data capture: The vintage of the dataset.

Processed by: Identification of the body that has been developing the spatial dataset.

Resolution: The scale of the dataset or pixel size.

Dataset type: Point, vector, polygon or raster.

Dataset format: ESRI shapefile, Geotiff, Drawing Exchange Format, Adobe PDF or PNG. 2.5 Information meta data A database has been established which provides information on data used in the analyses, modelling and reporting. The meta database is included in Section 6. It contains the following fields:

Data type: Entries are grouped by:

• Agricultural; • Demographic and socio-economic; • Disaster; • Hydrology, hydrogeology and hydraulics; • Industrial;

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• Meteorological; • Storm water; • Wastewater; and • Waterbodies and waterways. Description: A brief description of the dataset.

Temporal extent: Date(s) of data capture

Geographical extent: An indication of the geographical coverage.

Source: The source of the spatial dataset

Format: CSV, Excel, Words, PDF 2.6 Documents A database has been established which provides information on the inventory of documentation acquired and consulted during the CDTA. The meta database is included in Section 7. It contains the following fields:

Category: The documentations has been grouped in the meta descriptions according to relevance to a dimension considered under the CDTA. The groups applied are:

• Administrative; • Climate; • Disaster; • Hydrology, hydrogeology and hydraulics; • Industrial; • Land use; and • Water infrastructure. As many of the documents are broad in scope, they may be relevant beyond the category in which they have been grouped.

Document reference in library: The name of the digital file stored in the document folder.

Year: The date when the document was produced.

Area: The geographical scope of the document. Scopes applied are mainly:

• Global; • India; • Tamil Nadu; • Greater Chennai Corporation; and • Chennai District. In a few cases other countries and other states are identified under geographical scope.

By: The source of the document.

Type: Includes acts and rules, circulars, policies, reports, research papers/articles.

Format: The documents are either in Microsoft Words of Adobe PDF format

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3 Maps 3.1 General

Map 3-1: Climate zones of India.

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Map 3-2: Integrated drought severity index (IDSI) in Tamil Nadu.

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Map 3-3: River basins in Tamil Nadu.

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Map 3-4: Agro-climatic zones in Tamil Nadu.

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Map 3-5: Population density in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) in 2011.

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Map 3-6: Population growth in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) (2001 to 2011).

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Map 3-7: Distribution of SC (scheduled cast) and ST (scheduled tribes) in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA)

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Map 3-8: Mean precipitation in Tamil Nadu.

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Map 3-9: Geology in Chennai Region.

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Map 3-10: Ten industrial clusters in Chennai District and effluents generated from each cluster.

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Map 3-11: Study area and monitoring wells.

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Map 3-12: Groundwater elevation contours and flow direction.

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Map 3-13: Chennai City (core city and extended area under Greater Chennai Corporation) and Metropolitan Area.

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Map 3-14: Zone boundary and ward boundary in Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC).

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Map 3-15: Natural resource map.

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3.2 River basin maps

Map 3-16: Chennai District and Municipality in Tamil Nadu.

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