International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 123-129 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE WATER FROM COOUM RIVER IN CHENNAI

1Aswathy.M, 2Gautam Kumar, 3Dilip Kumar Thakur 1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Bharath University, Chennai. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: The present study assesses the sewage water physiological activities and life processes of aquatic of cooum river (Saidapet) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. organisms are generally influenced by such polluted five water samples were taken on different timings. waste and hence[1-7], it is essential to study physico- Some sample were collected from logged water and chemical characteristics of water. The following are the some samples were collected from perennial flow of parameter analysed to assess the water quality: water. Water is an indispensable natural resource on Physical parameters: Colour, Temperature, Turbidity earth. Safe drinking water is the primary need of every and Odour. Chemical parameters: pH, Electrical human being. The quality of water is of vital concern Conductivity (E.C), Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved for mankind since it is linked with human health, Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), protection of the environment, plant growth and Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, sustainable development. River water is used in huge Magnesium Hardness, Nitrates, Phosphates, Sulphates, amount for domestic purpose, industrial purpose, and Chlorides, Residual Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen agriculture purpose and also the water were treated in (D.O), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical water treatment plant and used for drinking and many Oxygen Demand (COD), Fluorides, Free Carbon- other purpose. River water is used in both urban and dioxide, Potassium, Sodium, Lead, Copper, Nickel, rural areas. River water is the most important source of Iron, Chromium, Cadmium and Zinc. water supply for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. A brief attempt has been made to study the 2. Material and Methods extent of change in the quality of water in comparison to sewage standards. The physical, chemical and 2.1 Study location biological parameters are tested in environmental laboratory. The possible treatments which are The Cooum River is the shortest classified river suggested are Activated Sludge Process draining into the Bay of Bengal. This river is about (ASP) ,Trickling filter, Sewage farming and Oxidation 72 km in length, flowing 32 km in the Urban part and ponds[8-10]. the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted in the urban area (Chennai). Along with the Adyar Key words: Sewage-water, physio-chemical analysis, River running parallel to the south, the river trifurcates BOD-COD analysis, treatment methods, cooum river. the city and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai. Its source is in a place by the same name 1. Introduction 'Cooum' or 'Koovam' in Tiruvallur district adjoining Chennai district. Paruthipattu Anaikat Water is an indispensable natural resource on earth. to the River Mouth in Bay of Bengal. The Origin in the Safe drinking water is the primary need of every human Cooum Village to Paruthipattu Anaikat. In Chennai being. Fresh water has become a scarce commodity due district, the river flows through three corporation to over exploitation and pollution of water. The quality zones—Kilpauk,Nungambakkam and Triplicane—for a of water is of vital concern for mankind since it is total length of 16 kilometres (10 mi). Owing to linked with human health, protection of the intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, environment, plant growth and sustainable indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to development. Much of ill health which affects reduced base flow in the river, formation of sand bar at humanity, especially in the developing countries can be the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage traced to lack of safe and whole some water supply. and industrial effluents and encroachment along the Increasing population and its necessities have lead to banks, the river, especially the downstream, has been the deterioration of surface and sub surface. Water is highly polluted[7-11]. polluted on all the surfaces of earth. All metabolic and

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Figure 1. Study area of cooum river, Chennai etc. Over the past few years this suburb has rapidly water contains vast quantities of bacteria and other developed in terms of population due to the presencepresence of organisms. Aerobic bacteria break down organic matter vast number of private companie(national and multi - in the presence of available oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria national) present nearby[14-20]. disin tegrate organic matter which is shut off from free oxygen, such as in the interior of a mass of feces or a 2.2 Sampling dead body. The products of anaerobic decomposition have an extremely nauseating odor. Matter in which The sample is collected from Cooum river, Chennai oonn this condition exists is said to be sep [21]. five different timings.The sewage water sample is collected in a 1000 ml bottle.Sewage-water sample is 3. Results and Discussion collected in 1litres bottles previously rinsed with distilled water and stored in cool place away from The result of analysis performed on sewage water direct sunlight[21-25]. collected from cooum river are showed in Table. According to table, reading noted that most of the 2.3 Parameters parameters are under acceptable limit of IS 3025(part - 1), 1987 but most of its a ffected. Now, representation The physical parametes are Turbidity, Total dissolved of the graphical presentation of each parameters with solids(TDS), Taste, Colour and Odour. The chemical sewage samples in accordance with IS 3025(part - parameters are pH,Electrical Conductivity (EC), 1),1987. Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and Phosphate. Lastly 1. pH Biological Parameters are BOD and COD. They was tested in environmental laboratory. From the graph it is evident that the pH of all water samples from the cooum river study were within the 2.4 Physical characteristic of waste water desirable limits of IS10500:2012. Thus treatment for pH is not needed. The physical characteristics of sewage water are depends upon the taste, colour, turbidity and odour.odour.

It can be easily find out its characteristics.

2.5 Chemical characteristic of waste water

Chemical characteristics of water state the presencpresencee of metals their treatment, the determination of inorgainorganicnic non-metallic constituents and the determination of organic constituents. Here goes a brief description of all 2. Alkalinity the experiments we have performed[26-30].

2.6 Biologica l characteristic of waste water

Biological methods used for evaluating water qualityquality include the collection, counting and identification of aquatic organisms. Most microorganisms known to microbiologists can be found in domestic wastewater like Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae. Waste

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From the graph it is evident that the alkalinity of all treatment which must be adopt are reverse osmosis , water samples from cooum river were within the distillation, deionization by ion exchange. desirable limits of IS 10500:2012. Thus treatment against alkalinity is not needed 6. Flouride

3. Hardness

From the graph its shows that the fluoride of all water samples from the cooum river were within the desirable

limits of IS10500:2012. Thus treatment for fluoride is From the graph it shows that the water is no safe for not needed. drinking purpose. the water samples from cooum river were within the permissible limits of IS 10500:2012. 7. Iron The treatment which must be adopt are water softener, ion exchanger and reverse osmosis.

4. Chloride

From the graph it shows that 60% of the water samples from cooum river were within the permissible limits of IS 10500:2012. 40% of the water samples were not safe

for drinking purposes. This may be due to leaching of From the graph its shows that the water samples from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems. The cooum river. Water samples were not safe for drinking treatment which must be adopt are oxidizing filter, purposes. This may be due to fertilizers, induwastes, green-sand mechanical filter.From the graph it shows minerals and seawater. The treatment which must be that most amount of samples from the area study were adopt are reverse osmosis , distillation and activated within the desirable limits of IS3025 (Part -1):1987. carbonFrom. Thus treatment for nitrite is not needed.

5. Total Dissolved Solids 8. Nitrate

From the graph its shows that the water samples from From the graph it shows that 20% of the water samples cooum river were within the permissible limits of IS from study area were within the permissible limits of IS 10500:2012. If the water were not safe for drinking 10500:2012. 8 0% of the water samples were not safe purposes. This may be due livestock waste, septic for drinking purposes. This may be due to livestock system, landfills, nature of soil, hazardous wa ste facilities, septic systems, manure lagoons, fertilizers, landfills, dissolved minerals, iron and magnese . The household waste water, fertilizers and natural deposits.

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9. Ammonia 12. Turbidity

From the graph it is evident that the turbidity of all the water samples from study area were within the From the graph it shows that the water fromcooum desirable limits of IS 10500:2012. Thus treatment river were within the permissible limits of IS against turbidity is not needed. 10500:2012.The water samples were not safe for drinking purposes. This may be due to improper waste 13. Electrical Conductivity disposal. The treatment which must be adopt are chlorination and cation exchange resin.

10. Nitrite

From the graph it is evident that the electrical conductivity of all the sewage water samples from cooum river were not within the desirable limits of Sewage Standard. This may be due to the presence of high amount of ion present in the water and total solid available in the water. This also may be due to landfill From the graph it shows that the nitrite of all water leachate or impervious runoff. Thus the treatment samples from the area study were within the desirable needed is reverse osmosis. limits of WHO standard. Thus treatment for nitrite is not needed. 14. BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)

11. Phosphate

From the graph it is evident that the electrical Biochemical oxygen demand of all the sewage water samples from cooum river are not within the desirable From the graph it shows that the phosphate of al l water limit under the Sewage standard. This may be due to samples from the area study were within the desirable because of sample were collected from logged means limits of WHO standard. Thus treatment for phosphate non- perennial flow of places so it contains high is not needed. amount of biochemical oxygen.

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15. C.O.D (Chemical Oxygen Demand) sometimes installed to supply yet more oxygen, thereby reducing the required size of the pond. Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be removed by dredging. Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be removed by filtration or by a combination of chemical treatment and settling.

5. Conclusion

The quality of sewage water from cooum river in Chennai in tamilnadu carried out much effulent, The study reveals that the water of the cooum river is From the graph it is evident that the COD of all the destroyed very badly as a result of addition of urban sewage water samples from co oum river were 25% of waste, domestic sewage, which enters the river from water within the desirable limits of Sewage standerd both the banks during its course through the heart of and 75% of water were highly amount of chemical are chennai city. Direct discharge of human and animal found this may be due to sewage discharge from waste no t only imparts the quality of water but also faotories and industries carries harmful chemical and affects the health of the people down stream of Chennai from agricultar waste it c arries pestisides. Thus the city where the same water is used for washing, bathing treatment needed is reverse osmosis and sometimes for drinking purposes after purifying. The urban runoff and continuous dumping of was te 4. Treatment Methods materials especially sanitary waste are affecting the water quality of cooum river. There is considerable : Activated Sludge Process It is a sewage treatment need for better understanding of these small rivers so process in which air or oxygen is blown into raw, that they can be managed effectively. unsettled sewage to smash the solids and develop a For the physio-chemical analysis of the cooum biological 'soup' which digests the organic content and river, water samples have been collected on 8/3/2017 pollutants in the sewage. These plants do not have a on five different timings. Some sample were collected primary settlement chamber which is the chamber that from logged water and some samples were collected needs emptying by tanker on a regular basis with from perennial flow of water. After testing the samples most three stage sewage treatment plants. [ physical, chemical, and biological], The r esult was Trickling.Filter: A trickling filter is a type obtained such that the peak timings at 9:00AM - of wastewater treatment system first used by Dibden 12:00PM, there will be more sewage discharging this and Clowes. It consists of a fixed bed may be due to high amount of domestic waste at the of rocks, lava, coke, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, morning and from 10:00 o clock onwards industries sphagnum peat moss, ceramic , or plastic media over and factories will be started. The industrial waste and which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and domestic waste water contribute more to the BOD and causes a layer of microbial slime ( biofilm ) togrow, COD values. So the sewage water were analysed on covering the bed of media. Aerobic conditions are time to time to get that at which time the more number maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either of effluent were discharged into the river. by forced-air flowing through the bed or natural The following conclusion has been made a fter the convection of air if the filter medium is porous. completion of the project.The river water quality is Sewage.Farming: Sewage farms use sewage decreasing due to industrialization, sewage system for irrigation and fertilizing agricultural land. The malfunctions, overcrowding and poor sanitation. The practice is common in warm, arid climates where faecal contamination of the river needs to be irrigation is valuable while sources of fresh water are continually monitored and tested. According to the scarce. Suspended solid s may be converted standard guidelines, quality of Cooum river water to humus by microbes and bacteria in order to posed an increased risk of infectious disease supply nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant transmission to the communities living along the banks nutrients for crop growth. of the river. Oxidation Pond: Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large, shallow ponds Reference designed to treat wastewater throug h the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae. Algae grow using [1]. Arun Kumar N., Srinivasan V., Krishna Kumar energy from the sun and carbon dioxide and inorganic P., Analysing the stren gth of unidirectional fibre compounds released by bacteria in water. During the orientations under transverse static load, International process of photosynthesis , the algae release oxygen Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v -9, i-22, pp- needed by aerobic bacteria. Mechanical aerators are 7749-7754, 2014.

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