District Survey Report District Survey Report

Home , Cooum River, Ennore Creek, Korattur Lake, Kosasthalaiyar River, Poondi reservoir

TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT

TAMILNADU

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

As per notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, The 252525 ththth July 2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

INDEX

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORTREPORT----TIRUVALLURTIRUVALLUR

Sl.NoSl.No.... Contents Page no 1. Preface 3

2. Introduction 4

3. Overview of mining activities in the district 4

4. List of mining leases in the district 5

5. Details of royalty or revenue received in Tiruvallur district 7 Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year 2012-2013

Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year 8 2013-2014

Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year 9 2014-2015

Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year 10 2015-2016

Quarry wise sand revenue details of Tiruvallur district for the year 12 2016-2017

6. Process of deposition of sediments in the rivers of the district 17 6.a. Location Map of Irrigation structures 17 6.b. Kosasthalaiyar river basin 18 6.c. Replenishment study for sand 21

7. General profile of the district 21

8. Land Use pattern 24

9. Physiography and regional geology 26

10. Rainfall pattern along Kosasthalaiyar river basin 27

11. Geology and mineral wealth 27

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

12. River system 31 12.a. Kosasthalaiyar river 31 12.b.Climatic characteristics: humidity and wind 32 13. Drainage system with description of main rivers 36

14. Salient features of important rivers and streams 36

15. Mineral potential of the District 36

16. Economic impact of mining 37

17. Conclusion/ Recommendation 37

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT FOR SAND MINING TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT

1. PREFACE

In compliance to the Notification issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi dated 25-07-2018, the preparation of District Survey Report of river sand mining in accordance with Appendix X of the Notification. Every effort have been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overview of mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. This report will be a model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological setup of the district and is based on data of various departments, study conducted by renowned institutions, published reports and websites.

SURVEY REPORT OF TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT

As per Gazette Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi dated 25-07-2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Water Resources Department, Forest Department, Geology and Mining Department and Revenue Department in the District for preparation for District Survey Report as per sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of areas of aggradation or deposition where mining can be allowed and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.

The detailed study has been made to cover sand mining locations, area and overview of mining activity in the district with all its relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sand sources. The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment area of the river (or) Streams. The area for removal of the mineral in a river or stream is decided depending on geomorphology and other factors. The District Survey Report shall

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District form on the basis for application for Environmental Clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall be updated once in five years.

2. INTRODUCTION:

Tiruvallur ddistrictistrict is an administrative district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The town of Tiruvallur is the district headquarters. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,728,104 with a sex-ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males. It is located in the North eastern part of Tamil Nadu between 12 ° 15’ and 13° 15‘ North and 79° 15‘ and 80 ° 20 ‘ East. The district is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the East.Vellore district of Tamil Nadu and Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh on the West, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh on the North and on the South by Kancheepuram district. The district spreads over an area of about 3422 Sq.km.The district comprising of 9 taluks, 14 blocks, 5 Municipalities and 10 Panchayat unions.The average normal rainfall of the District is 1104 mm. Out of which 52% has been received during North East Monsoon period and 41% has been received during South West Monsoon period.

3. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT.

The Mining activities available for sand, Gravel, Jelly, Savudu, Rough stone, Black Granite. Mainly two types of Minor minerals constituents such as sand and jelly are required for any type of construction. In earlier times, the houses / buildings were constructed in form of small dwellings with walls made up of mud plaster, stone and interlocking provided with wooden frames and there were negligible commercial as well as developmental activities resulting in less demand of binding materials. However with the percentage of time, new vistas of development activities were started. The quantity of minor mineral consumption in a particular area is thermometer to assess the development of the area. Thus with the pace of development activities, the consumption of minerals also increased. As Tamil Nadu State is highly urbanized state of Indian sub-continent after Maharashtra, the demand of minor minerals in the Tiruvallur District has started increasing trend, the highly industrialized districts like Chennai, Kancheepuram, are depending its sand and rough stone need on Tiruvallur Districts.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

4.4.4. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT

In Tiruvallur district there are few new proposals of sand mining were prepared and waiting for the Environmental clearance from DEIAA / SEIAA.

Sl.No Name of Quarry Name of Taluk Area of Extent River (Ha) 1 Echampadi Pallipatu 4.98 Kosasthalaiyar

2 Karimpedu Pallipatu 4.99 Kosasthalaiyar

3 Nediyam Pallipatu 9.63 Kosasthalaiyar

4 Vidaiyur Tiruvallur 6.75 Kosasthalaiyar

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

New Quarries in Kosasthalaiyar River

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5. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN TTTIRUVALLUR TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT.

From January2012 to April 2012

January February March April Name 2012 2012 2012 2012 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) 1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar 8.96 19.122 11.808 6.222

Vembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar 0 0 11.16 12. 216 Poondi - 3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar - - -

From May 2012 to August 2012

June July August May2012 Name 2012 2012 2012 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar 9.87 11.95 5.74 9.94 Vembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar 11.86 13.84 7.61 11.034 Poondi 6.678 3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar - - -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

From September 2012 to December 2012

December September October November 2012 Name 2012 2012 2012 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

Vembedu 2 Kosasthalaiyar 3.84 - - - Gerugam Poondi 10.698 3 Oddappai Kosasthalaiyar 1.026 11.664 14.35

From January 2013 to December 2013

January (February 2013 To Name 2013 December 2013) Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount (Rs.in Lakhs) (Rs.in Lakhs)

1. Neiveli Kosasthalaiyar - -

Vembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar - - Poondi

3 Oddappai* Kosasthalaiyar 3.57 -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

From January 2014 to April 2014

January February March April Name 2014 2014 2014 2014 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - 3.87 4.05 Sembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar - - 2.85 6.46 Poondi - 3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - - 4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

From May 2014 to August 2014

June May2014 July 2014 August Name 2014 Sl. 2014 of Quarry / River No Amount Amount Amount Amount Village (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar 5.20 8.03 5.48 - Sembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar 6.59 10.09 10.067 6.936 Poondi - 3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - - 4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

From September 2014 to December 2014

September October November December Name 2014 2014 2014 2014 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - - 30.58 Sembedu 2 Kosasthalaiyar 8.39 4.498 2.529 0.204 Gerugam Poondi 30.66 3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar - - 2.009 4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - 27.64

From January 2015 to December 2015

January February March April Name 2015 2015 2015 2015 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar 32.334 16.83 -

Sembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar - 5.916 18.92 1.153 Poondi - 3 Rajapadmapuram Kosasthalaiyar 35.935 13.36 -

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar 31.140 13.24 9.88 1.264

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

From May 2015 to August 2015

June May2015 July 2015 August Name 2015 Sl. 2015 of Quarry / River No Amount Amount Amount Amount Village (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - - - Sembedu Gerugam 2 Kosasthalaiyar 3.825 3.828 0.06 - Poondi - 3 Punnapakkam Kosasthalaiyar - - 1.724 4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar 1.24 - - -

From September 2015 to December 2015

September October November December Name 2015 2015 2015 2015 Sl. of Quarry / River No Village Amount Amount Amount Amount (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in (Rs.in Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs) Lakhs)

1 Kaliyanur Kosasthalaiyar - - - - Sembedu 2 Kosasthalaiyar - - - - Gerugam Poondi - 3 Punnapakkam Kosasthalaiyar 14.716 22.61 20.77

4 Gulur Kosasthalaiyar - - - -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Sl.No River Month Cost of Sand sold Remarks In Rs (2 units)

January 2016 1 Kosasthalaiyar To No Quarry has been Approved December 2016

From January 2016 to December 2016

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

666.6. PRODUCTION OF SAND IN THE TIRUVALLUR DISTRICT

Vembedu Gerugam Neiveli Oddappai Poondi (Total Loads Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Unit) in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) - 1494 1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2012 -

Kosasthalaiyar - 3187 2 February 2012 -

Kosasthalaiyar - 1968 3 March 2012 1860

Kosasthalaiyar - 1037 4 April 2012 2036

Kosasthalaiyar - 1646 5 May 2012 1977

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2012 2308 - 1992

Vembedu Gerugam Neiveli Oddappai Poondi (Total Loads Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Unit) in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) --- 957 1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2012 1269

Kosasthalaiyar 1113 1657 2 August 2012 1839

Kosasthalaiyar 1671 - 3 September 2012 641

Kosasthalaiyar 1944 - 4 October 2012 -

Kosasthalaiyar 2392 - 5 November 2012 -

6 December Kosasthalaiyar 2012 - 1783 -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Vembedu Gerugam Neiveli Oddappai Poondi (Total Loads Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Unit) in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) 595 1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2013 - --

(February Kosasthalaiyar -- 2 to 2013 - -- December)

Sembedu Gerugam Kaliyanur Rajapadmapuram Poondi (Total Loads Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Unit) in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) - - 1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2014 -

Kosasthalaiyar - - 2 February 2014 -

Kosasthalaiyar - 387 3 March 2014 285

Kosasthalaiyar - 405 4 April 2014 646

Kosasthalaiyar - 520 5 May 2014 657

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2014 1009 - 803

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Sembedu Gerugam Kaliyanur Rajapadmapuram Poondi (Total Loads Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Unit) in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) - 538 1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2014 987

Kosasthalaiyar - - 2 August 2014 680

Kosasthalaiyar - - 3 September 2014 823

Kosasthalaiyar - - 4 October 2014 441

Gulur Sembedu Kaliyanur (Total Gerugam (Total Poondi Rajapadmapuram Loads in Loads in Sl.No Month River Year (Total (Total Loads in terms of 2 terms of 2 Loads in terms of 2 Unit) Unit) terms of 2 Unit) Unit)

1 November Kosasthalaiyar 2014 248 197 - -

2 December Kosasthalaiyar 2014 20 3006 2998 2710

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

1 January Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 3523 3170 3053

2 February Kosasthalaiyar 2015 580 1310 1650 1298

3 March Kosasthalaiyar 2015 1855 - - 969

4 April Kosasthalaiyar 2015 113 - - 124

5 May Kosasthalaiyar 2015 375 - - 122

6 June Kosasthalaiyar 2015 324 - - -

Sembedu Punnapakkam

Gerugam Poondi (Total Loads in Sl.No Month River Year (Total Loads in terms of 2

terms of 2 Unit) Unit)

1 July Kosasthalaiyar 2015 6 169

2 August Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - -

3 September Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 1415

4 October Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 2174

5 November Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - 1998

6 December Kosasthalaiyar 2015 - -

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

6. PROCESS OF THE DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT.

Kosasthalaiyar is 136-kilometre (85 mi) long and originates near in Vellore District and drains into the Bay of Bengal. Its northern tributary Nagari river originates in Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh and joins the main river in the back waters of Poondy dam. Its catchment area spreads in Vellore, Chitoor, North Arcot, Thiruvallur and Chennai districts. It has catchment area in Vellore District with a branch near Kesavaram Anicut and flows to the city as Cooum River and the main Kosasthalaiyar River flows to Poondi reservoir. From Poondi reservoir, the river flows through Thiruvallur District, enters the Chennai metropolitan area, and joins the sea at Ennore creek. The river has 9 check dams. There are two check dams across the river at Tamaraipakkam and Vallur. The excess discharge in the river is controlled by the Tamarapakkam Anicut located across the river in the downstream of Poondi reservoir. Vallur Anicut is a small check dam constructed near Minjur across the river to control water levels and feed irrigation channels in the area. It flows to a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi) in the Chennai metropolitan area. The total catchment area of the river is 3,757 kilometres (2,334 mi), and the bed width ranges from 150 to 250 metres (490 to 820 ft). The discharge capacity of the river is 110,000 cubic metres per second (3,900,000 cu ft/s), and the anticipated flood discharge capacity is about 125,000 cubic metres per second (4,400,000 cu ft/s). The river drains up to 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m3/s) of flood water into the sea through the Ennore creek during monsoons.The historic Korattur anicut located at Jamin Korattur in Tiruvallur district serves as a vital channel to regulating water to the Chembarambakkam reservoir. The dam was built in 1876 across the unpolluted stretch of the Cooum river and diverts excess water to the Chembarambakkam reservoir

666.6. a. a . Location of Irrigation structures

The important irrigation structures located along the study which are used for the regulation of water along the reach are detailed below,

• Kesavaram anicut

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

• Korattur anicut

• Thamarapakkam anicut

666.6. b. b ... KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVER BASIN

The Kosasthalaiyar river basin (Fig.6.1) extends over an area of 3625 km2, in the northernmost part of Tamil Nadu. This is a west to east flowing river, starting from the mountainous terrain in the west and reaching the Bay of Bengal in the east. It has several tributaries, particularly in the western regions. The river is basically ephemeral in nature flowing only during a part of the year generally in the period of November to February. Several reservoirs have been constructed across the river such as Poondi, which impounded the flood waters. In fact, the river flow is a major source of water to the city of Chennai. Rainfall being the only source of water in the area, the amount of rainfall received is of utmost importance in evaluating groundwater resources. The average rainfall in the basin varies from about 530 mm to 1430 mm.

Fig.6.1Fig.6.1.. Study area and well location of river basin

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

The Kosasthalaiyar river basin has a varied geology. The western part is underlain by hard crystalline rocks (Precambrian) while the eastern part contains sedimentary rocks, alluvium and Laterite. Numerous dolerite dyke is traversing in western part of study area. Laterite rocks are present in the north eastern portion, while calcareous gritty sandstone and clay is present in the central and eastern portion, Alluvium in the predominant formation along the river course. The various geological formations in the area are shown in Figure 6.2.

Fig.Fig.6.26.26.26.2.. Regional GeoGeologylogy of river basin

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Fig.Fig.6.36.36.36.3.... Regional Geomorphology of river basin

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

6.c6.c6.c.6.c . REPLENISHMENT STUDY FOR SAND Replenishment study was under progress according to the MoEFCC Gazette Notification No.S.O.3611(E) dated 25.07.2018. Therefore, replenishment study should carried out across the state in all districts as per the method prescribed in the Sustainable Sand Mining Guidelines 2018 of MoEFCC . Some of the points that should be taken care of while conducting replenishment study are: • The cross-section survey should cover a minimum distance of 1.0 km upstream and 1.0 km downstream of the potential reach for extraction. • The sediment sampling should include the bed material and bed material load before, during and after extraction period. • Development of sediment rating curve at the upstream end of the potential reach Using the surveyed cross- section. • Using the historical or gauged flow rating curve, determination of suitable Period of high flow that can replenish the extracted volume.

7.. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

7. a7. a.a . PHYSICAL FFEATURESEATURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL AREA:

It is located in the North eastern part of Tamil Nadu between 12 ° 15’ and 13° 15‘ North and 79° 15‘ and 80 ° 20 ‘ East. The district is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the East. Vellore district of Tamil Nadu and Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh on the West, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh on the North and on the South by Kancheepuram district. The district spreads over an area of about 3422 Sq.km. The district comprising of 9 taluks, 14 blocks, 5 Municipalities and 10 Panchayat unions.

The District hahass 3s 3 divisions and 9 Taluks as follows:

DIVISIONS

1. Tiruvallur

2. Ponneri

3. Tiruttani

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

TALUKS

1. Tiruvallur

2. Poonamallee

3. Uthukottai

4. Avadi

5. Ponneri

6. Gummidipoondi

7. Tiruttani

8. Pallipet

9. R.K. Pet

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Tiruvallur experiences a tropical climate . The temperature ranges from a maximum of 45 °C (113 °F) to a minimum of 13 °C (55 °F). The monsoon which lasts from October to December brings rainfall of 1152.8 mm. The humidity ranges from 36%–63% during summer and 67%– 86% during winter. The district is well connected by road and rail.

Climate data for Tiruvallur MaMaMa NoNoNo DeDeDe Yea Month JanJanJan FebFebFeb Mar Apr JunJunJun JulJulJul Aug SepSepSep Oct yyy vvv ccc rrr 35. 35. 35. 39.8 42.8 44.4 45.0 44.3 40.9 39.4 39.6 39.2 45.0 Record high °C 3 8 0 (10 (10 (11 (11 (11 (10 (10 (10 (10 (113 (°F) (95 (96 (95 3.6) 9.0) 1.9) 3.0) 1.7) 5.6) 2.9) 3.3) 2.6) .0) .5) .4) .0) 29. 29. 28. 32.8 36.1 39.9 41.1 40.6 35.1 34.3 34.0 32.3 34.5 Average high 8 8 7 (91. (97. (10 (10 (10 (95. (93. (93. (90. (94. °C (°F) (85 (85 (83 0) 0) 3.8) 6.0) 5.1) 2) 7) 2) 1) 2) .6) .6) .7) 14. 20. 13. 18.9 21.6 24.6 25.7 25.2 24.5 24.0 23.4 22.4 21.6 Average low °C 8 6 2 (66. (70. (76. (78. (77. (76. (75. (74. (72. (70. (°F) (58 (69 (55 0) 9) 3) 3) 4) 1) 2) 1) 3) 8) .6) .1) .8) 12. 11. 7.4 12.0 12.1 17.8 18.1 19.6 18.8 18.7 18.7 15.6 Record low °C 1 0 8 (45 (53. (53. (64. (64. (67. (65. (65. (65. (60. (°F) (53 (51 (46) .3) 6) 8) 0) 6) 3) 8) 7) 7) 1) .8) .8) 11. 110. 134. 195. 158. 15 74. 1,03 Average precipi 1.7 16.7 28.2 69.7 78.2 5 4 1 2 1 6.3 0 4.1 tation mm (0.0 (0.6 (1.1 (2.7 (3.0 (0. (4.3 (5.2 (7.6 (6.2 (6. (2. (40. (inches) 7) 6) 1) 4) 8) 45) 5) 8) 9) 2) 15) 91) 71) Average precipitation 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.5 4.5 5.0 6.2 7.8 8.8 8.6 7.6 3.6 55.8 days

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

8. LAND UTILISATION PATTERN:PATTERN:----

Out of the total area of 3422 Sq.km. the Tiruvallur District hosts the major land use as the Agriculture with Crop land and Plantation type land covers, followed by the forest cover and so on.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Land utilization Pattern

S.No Class Area (Sq.Km)

1 Barren rocky area 18.82

2 Deciduous 17.94

3 Dry crop 73.22

4 Fallow Land 41.77

5 Forest plantations 11.72

6 Forest 122.95

7 Gullied / Ravenous land 2.06

8 Land with scrub 65.35

9 Land without scrub 16.46

10 plantation 448.85

11 Reservoir / Lake /Tank 162.34

12 River 29.90

13 Settlements 70.98

14 Salt affected 16.28

15 Sandy area 1.00

16 Scrub forest 9.54

17 Wet crop 447.89

Total 1557.07

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

9. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL GEOLOGYGEOLOGY::

This part of South India experiences semi-arid climatic conditions with moderate rainfall averaging about 1152.8mm per year. The river Kosasthalaiyar runs parallel to the hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats for a major part of its course and has a vast flood plain in the lower reaches, but is dry for major part of the year and it is ephemeral in nature. It is bounded on the north by Andhra Pradesh state, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the southeast by Chennai district, on the south by Kancheepuram and on the west by Vellore district. The coastal region of the district is mostly flat and dreary; but in the other parts it is undulating and even hilly in some places .

Fig.9.1.Fig.9.1.LineamentLineament Map of Tiruvallur District and surrounding area

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

10.10.10. RAINFALL PATTERN ALONG KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVER BASIN

Hydrometeorology

Fifteen rain gauge stations in Kosasthalaiyar river basin are considered for analysis. Three weather stations (full climate stations) are there in this basin. All the rain gauge stations and climate stations are maintained by Public Works Department.

Seasonal SSSlSlll.No.No.No.No Season Normal Rainfall(mm) Contribution ((%)%)%)%) 1 Winter(Jan–Feb) 33.5 3%

2 Summer( Mar–May) 65.7 6%

3 South West Monsoon 449.5 39%

4 North East Monsoon 604.1 52%

111111.11 . GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

The trace of each and every river/ stream was covered and studied on the following principles of Geology/River bed mining:

 The general geology of the area  The presence of any major geological structure  Origin of river  Pattern of primary / secondary/ tertiary streams  Total catchments  General profile of river/streams  Meandering Pattern  Bank stability  Total potential of river bed in reference to minor mineral

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

 General slope of the river / stream  Morphogenetic regions.

In Addition to above, presence of the following objects were also studied

 Agriculture fields  Bank protection works  Plantation etc.  Bridges

Following are the important guiding principles considered while recommending the river / stream bed or part of the river / stream bed for collection for minor minerals:-

• A stable river is able to consistently transport the flow of sediments produced by watershed such that its dimension (width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are maintained without aggrading (building up) or degrading ( scouring down) • The amount of boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand deposited in river bed equals to the amount delivered to the river from watershed and from bank erosion minus amount transported downstream each year. • It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their belts and therefore they will have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without hindrance. Any attempt to diminish the width of this corridor (floodway) and curb their freedom to meander would prove counterproductive. Erosion and deposition is law of nature. The river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycle from youth, mature to old age. • River capturing is unavoidable. • Erosion in upstream and deposition in downstream. • Tendency of the river / stream toward grade. • Fundamentally, the lowest point of any stream is fixed by Sea Level. • The ratio between the width of meander belt and width of the stream decreases as the width of the stream increases.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

• Formation, Bank erosion and Replenishment of any specific riverbed depends Primarily upon:  The Geology of the area  River Profile  Nature of source  Rainfall in catchments  Morphogenetic region  Catchments geomorphology  Efficiency of River / Stream ( i.e. erosive power)  The competency of the river / Stream ( i.e. transport heaviest stone)  The capacity of the River/Stream ( i.e. volume of transportation)  Hydraulic radius of the River / Stream (ratio between cross sectional area and length of wetted perimeter)

Secondarily upon:

 Geological structures  Porosity of formation  Run off in the catchments  Forest cover

In addition to the above following man made factors are also involved.

 Type of agriculture  Encroachment on flood plain leaving least space for meandering  Any barrier on river / stream bed i.e banks , dams and bridge foundations etc  Throwing of debris into the river/stream course  Drying up of river courses due to construction of dams, thereby reducing the efficiency and capacity of the river / stream.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

The total potential of the river / stream bed is calculated up to the depth of one meter and in the workable span. Total potential or annual replenishment is not necessarily mineable. Mine ability depends upon the availability of approachable roads, distance from the general conditions of policy viz distances from WSS Schemes, bridges etc and overall on the market demand etc. Thus keeping these factors into consideration 60% of the total potential has been taken for the purpose of exploitation of minor minerals.

111111.11 . a. Method For calculation of Reserves:

For the calculation of total reserves of sand available in the river bed, length, average width and depth of the river bed for which the exploitation is to be carried out / allowed under rule / prevailing instructions of the Goverment taken into consideration. The volume thus obtained is multiplied with the bulk density which has been assumed as 1.65 for all types of minor minerals. Thus reserves up to particular datum line i.e. one meter below the surface have been calculated.

Total reserves of minor minerals (M.T.) = Length x Width x Height i.e Depth x Density. For the annual replenishment of minor mineral reserves, the average annual mean depth up to which the replenishment of minor mineral takes place annually, has been taken into consideration which depends upon the annual rainfall factor and geology of the catchments area.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

121212.12 . RIVER SYSTEM

121212.12 . a.KOSASTHALAIYAR RIVER

Kosasthalaiyar is 136-kilometre (85 mi) long and originates near Vellore District and drains into the Bay of Bengal. Its northern tributary Nagari River originates in Chitoor district of Andhra Pradesh and joins the main river in the back waters of Poondy dam. Its catchment area spreads in Vellore, Chitoor, North Arcot, Thiruvallur and Chennai districts. It has catchment area in Vellore District with a branch near Kesavaram Anicut and flows to the city as Cooum River and the main Kosasthalaiyar River flows to Poondi reservoir. From Poondi reservoir, the river flows through Thiruvallur District, enters the Chennai metropolitan area, and joins the sea at Ennore creek. The river has 9 check dams. There are two check dams across the river at Thamarapakkam and Vallur. The excess discharge in the river is controlled by the Thamarapakkam Anicut located across the river in the downstream of Poondi reservoir. Vallur Anicut is a small check dam constructed near Minjur across the river to control water levels and feed irrigation channels in the area. It flows to a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi) in the Chennai metropolitan area. The total catchment area of the river is 3,757 kilometres (2,334 mi), and the bed width ranges from 150 to 250 metres (490 to 820 ft). The discharge capacity of the river is 110,000 cubic metres per second (3,900,000 cu ft/s), and the anticipated flood discharge capacity is about 125,000 cubic metres per second (4,400,000 cu ft/s). The river drains up to 50,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m3/s) of flood water into the sea through the Ennore creek during monsoons.

Fig.12.1.Fig.12.1.SubSubSubSub----basinbasin Map of Kosasthalaiyar River

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

121212.12 . b CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS: HUMIDITY AND WIND

Seasonal SSSlSlll.No.No.No.No Season Normal Rainfall(mm) Contribution (%) 1 Winter(Jan–Feb) 33.5 3%

2 Summer( Mar–May) 65.7 6%

3 South West Monsoon 449.5 39%

4 North East Monsoon 604.1 52%

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE TIRUVALLUR

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

TIRUVALLUR WEATHER BY MONTH //WEATHERWEATHER AVERAGES

Climate data for Tiruvallur Month JanJanJan FebFebFeb Mar Apr May JunJunJun JulJulJul Aug SepSepSep Oct Nov Dec Year 35.3 39.8 42.8 44.4 45.0 44.3 40.9 39.4 39.6 39.2 35.8 35.0 45.0 Record high °C (°F) (95. (103. (109. (111. (113. (111. (105. (102. (103. (102. (96. (95. (113. 5) 6) 0) 9) 0) 7) 6) 9) 3) 6) 4) 0) 0) 29.8 32.8 36.1 39.9 41.1 40.6 35.1 34.3 34.0 32.3 29.8 28.7 34.5 Average high °C (85. (91.0 (97.0 (103. (106. (105. (95.2 (93.7 (93.2 (90.1 (85. (83. (94.2 (°F) 6) ) ) 8) 0) 1) ) ) ) ) 6) 7) ) 14.8 18.9 21.6 24.6 25.7 25.2 24.5 24.0 23.4 22.4 20.6 13.2 21.6 Average low °C (58. (66.0 (70.9 (76.3 (78.3 (77.4 (76.1 (75.2 (74.1 (72.3 (69. (55. (70.8 (°F) 6) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1) 8) ) 7.4 12.0 12.1 17.8 18.1 19.6 18.8 18.7 18.7 15.6 12.1 11.0 8 Record low °C (°F) (45. (53.6 (53.8 (64.0 (64.6 (67.3 (65.8 (65.7 (65.7 (60.1 (53. (51. (46) 3) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 8) 8) 110. 134. 195. 158. 156. 1,03 11.5 1.7 16.7 28.2 69.7 78.2 74.0 Average precipitati 4 1 2 1 3 4.1 (0.4 (0.07 (0.66 (1.11 (2.74 (3.08 (2.9 ononon mm (inches) (4.35 (5.28 (7.69 (6.22 (6.1 (40.7 5) ) ) ) ) ) 1) ) ) ) ) 5) 1) Average 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.5 4.5 5.0 6.2 7.8 8.8 8.6 7.6 3.6 55.8 precipitation days

The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 193 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 8.9 °C.

Humidity

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

Humidity Graph

Wind:Wind:----

The windie r part of the year lasts for 5 months with average wind speed of more than 12.6 km / hour. with an average hourly wind speed of 18.4 km / hour. The ca lmer time of year lasts for 7 months with an average hourly wind speed of 4.8 km / hour .

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Average wind speed diagram

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11131333.. DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITH DESCRIPTION OF MAIN RIVERS

S.NO Name of the River Area drained % Area drained in the District

(Sq. km)

1. KOSASTHALAIYAR 249 7.27

11141444.. SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT RIVERS AND STREAMS

S.NO Name of the River or Total Length (in Place of Origin Altitude at Stream Km) Origin

(m)

KOSASTHALAIYAR Vellore 154 1. KOSASTHALAIYAR 136

2. ARANIYAR 108 Sadasivakonda 1040

3. COOVAM 73 Coovam,tiruvallur 76

151515.15 . MINERAL POTENTIAL OF THE DISTRICT:

Sl.Sl.Sl. River or stream Length of Average width Area Mineable Mineral NoNoNo area recommend Potential (in Metric of area recommen of area ed for Tonne) (60% of total recommended for ded for recommended for mineral mineral potential) mineral mineral concession concession concession) (in square (in km) (in m) meter)

666 666 1.1.1. KOSASTHALAIYAR 60.00 100100100 666.00x106.00x10 3.63.63.6X103.6 X10

2.2.2. ARANIYAR 50.00 1010100 10 000 555.00x10 5.00x10 666 333.00x103.00x10 666

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT Tiruvallur District

161616.16 . ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING

The mining will generate direct and indirect employment during mining operations. In general, there will be no adverse effect on human health as no blasting or handling of toxic material involved in sand mining. All the safety measures will be strictly followed to prevent occupational risk during excavation, loading and transportation.

The State is highly urbanized State after Maharashtra, the sand mining operation in the district will be the backbone for infrastructural development besides generate the revenue to the Government. Since the operation is carrying out by the Public Works Department they properly identify the aggradation area over the river bed in the district It will be useful to maintain the hydro geological cross section of the river to carry the maximum flood discharge.

171717.17 . CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONCONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION:

The detailed scientific study reveals that the Kosasthalaiyar River carrying sand sediments whenever there is sufficient flows along its entire length in the district. This cumulative sediment has resulted in shoal formation and reduces the carrying capacity of flood. The properly managed sand mining activities are recommended in Kosasthalaiyar. Hence, it is concluded that, the permission of sand quarries in the potential areas of river in the district will be beneficial for infrastructural development of the state of Tamil Nadu.

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