PLUTARCH's Life of Agesilaos., Response to Sources In- The

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PLUTARCH's Life of Agesilaos., Response to Sources In- The NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBIRORY 089 54952 1. 3ksq PLUTARCH'S Life of Agesilaos., response to sources in- the presentation of character (In Two Volumes) Volume One by Donald Richard Shipley, M. A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne_ Department of Classics April 1990 To my wife and son CONTENTS VOLUME ONE Foreword vi Abstract vii INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: FROM EARLY YEARS TO ACCESSION. The qualities of leadership CHAPTER 1: Ancestry and training: verbal patterning 8 CHAPTER 2: Moral and physical qualities - lameness 19 CHAPTER 3: Alkibiades at Sparta: the disputed succession 29 PART TWO: THE CHARACTER OF AGESILAOS AND OF SPARTA. Developing a cohesive constituency CHAPTER 4.* Courting favour among the powerful Spartans 49 CHAPTER 5: Courting favour among the Spartan citizens: the danger of tyranny 58 PART THREE: THE CAMPAIGNS IN ASIA MINOR CHAPTER 6: Assembling the expedition: an ill-omen 73 CHAPTER 7: A question of protocol 85 CHAPTER 8: Differences settled: Spithridates arrives 94 CHAPTER 9: The ýfirst campaign: recruiting of cavalry 103 CHAPTER 10: The campaign against Tissapheýnes 118 PART FOUR: DIPLOMACY IN ASIA MINOR CHAPTER 11: The influence of personal relationships 128 CHAPTER 12: PCJPL0G15Vn 140 CHAPTER 13: Agesilaos' equivocal attitude to the obligations - of friendship 148 CHAPTER 14.- Agesilaos exemplifies Lykourgan principles 156 CHAPTER 15: Obedience: the supreme Lykourgan virtue 161 iii PART FIVE: THE RETURN TO SPARTA CHAPTER 16: Verbal stratagems backed by force 171 CHAPTER 17: To the Boiotian border 179 CHAPTER 18: A disputed victory 185 CHAPTER 19: (1) After the battle 194 VOLUME TWO PART SIX: 'CHARACTER CHAPTER 19: (2) Agesilaos at home 2 CHAPTER 201 Agesilaos' influence at Sparta 5 PART SEVEN: THE CORINTHIAN WAR CHAPTER 21: Games at Corinth contrasted with those at Sparta 20 CHAPTER 22: Retribution at Corinth: rehabilitation in Akarnania 27 PART EIGHT: THE PEACE OF ANTALKIDAS; PHOIBIDAS AND SPHODRIAS CHAPTER 23: Failures of Spartan justice: the Peace of Antalkidas and the Kadmeia 37 CHAPTER 24: Spartan interventions in Thebes and Attika 54 CHAPTER 25: Negotiating the acquittal of Sphodrias 64 PART NINE: THEBES CHAPTER 26: Growing unpopularity of Agesilaos 70 CHAPTER 27: The weakness of Agesilaos and Sparta: the Theban influence emerges 76 CHAPTER 28, Confrontation in conference and in battle 85 PART TEN: SPARTA CHAPTER 29: Spartans great in adversity 95 CHAPTER 30: A failure of nerve 102 iv PART ELEVEN: LAKONIA AND EPAMEINONDAS CHAPTER 31: Crisis in Sparta 110 CHAPTER 32: Epameinondas threatens Sparta 115 CHAPTER 33: The eclipse of Lykourgan standards 120 CHAPTER 34: Epameinondas again threatens Sparta 130 CHAPTER 35: Mantineia: Sparta isolated 139 PART TWELVE: EGYPT AND DEATH CHAPTER 36: The humiliations of mercenary service in Egypt 145 CHAPTER 37: Agesilaos is accused of betrayal 152 CHAPTER 38: Agesilaos' generalship is not recognized 158 CHAPTER 39: Agesilaos ' reasserts his military superiority 161 CHAPTER 401 The final honours for Agesilaos 165 CONCLUSION 168 ENDNOTES 1: A survey of events leading to the choice of Agesilaos as king of Sparta (Chapters 1-3) 177 2: The proposed Karian expedition (Chapter 9) 182 3: The battle of Sardis (Chapter 10) 186 4: Sparta and the north (Chapter 16) 198 5: Narthakion (Chapter 16) 200 6: 06 IJAY 6,\Xdl KQE (Chapter 23.4) 204 7: The trial of Sphodrias (Chapters 24 5) 205 8: Casualty figures at Leuktra. (Chapter 28) 210 BIBLIOGRAPHIES (1) Works cited or of central importance 212 (2) Other works consulted 218 V FOREWORD The work done for this thesis was begun after I retired from teaching Classics at the end of 1983. For five of the six years of study I was enrolled as a part-time student in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, spending seventeen months in Greece as an Associate Student of the British School at Athens from July 1986 until December 1987. While the Library of the British School was closed for extensions to its building, the American School of Classical Studies gave me very generous hospitality in the use of all its Library accommodation and facilities. During this time in Greece I continued my study of Plutarch, but also undertook topographical work in the relevant areas of Boiotiaq Peloponnese, Thessaly, and the Attic frontierg as well as visiting Asia Minor to explore routes from Ephesos and between the valleys of the Rivers Maiandros and Hermos. In Newcastle I have been privileged to use the University Library and thank the Library Staff for their prompt and willing help in locating and obtaining the books I needed. The members of the Classics Department have very kindly allowed me to take up their time on occasions when I needed help and advice on their specialist subjects and I am grateful for their encouragement. I thank also the University's clerical and administrative staff and those in the book-binding department for their helpful co-operation and assistance. To Dr H. W.Catlingq until recently Director of the British School at Athens, to Mrs Catling, to all the School staff in the academic, Library, administrative and domestic departments, to the members of the Finlay Roomf I offer my warmest thanks for making me welcome and ensuring that my stay and travels in Greece were comfortable and profitable. I express my sincere thanks, too, to the American School and the Gennadion Library for their many kindnesses. My greatest debt is to my supervisor, Mr John Lazenby. He has guided me throughout the years in every aspect of the study with practical advice and perceptive criticism, and has with unfailing energy and generosity read my many progress reports and the draft versions of this thesis. My contacts with him have been most valuable. Finally. I am grateful to my wife and to my son, without whose patience and encouragement my studies would not have been possible, and to them this thesis is dedicated. April 1990. vi Plutarch's Life of Agesilaos- response. to sources in the presentation of character. By D. R. Shipley, M. A., University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Ph. D. Thesis, April 1990. ABSTRACT ýttempts This commentary to elucidate Plutarch's authorial intention in this Lffe by studying his response to source material, using topography where necessary. 2 Plutarch admired Sparta and the Spartans in so far as they were loyal to the Lykourgan rules for an ordered society, but identified shortcomings that marred their interpretation of its principles: (i) They neglected abstract values, mistakenly defining justice as "the best interest of Sparta", and lacking safeguards against I excesses. (ii) They misinterpreted the purpose of their training, using military superiority to control others, not for their own security. 3 Plutarch used manifestations of Agesilaos' character to indicate and explain the decline of Sparta during his reign. 4 Agesilaos received training in accordance with Lykourgan rules and inherited and acquired favourable characteristics. He exemplified the admirable qualities of king and Panhellenist general, and remained a worthy model for the true asceticism of a Spartiate, for devotion to the service of Sparta, and for self-denying obedience to the state and its laws; -. 5 but his accession was irregular and his conduct of affairs was guided by contention, excessive competitiveness, a distorted sense of justice and limited political judgement. 6 His hatred of Thebes was a personal excess which involved the city excessively in war. Leuktra brought defeat, loss of power and unprecedented humiliation. 7 Sparta declined because of failure to understand and follow the most important Lykourgan principle, which forbade military imperialism (Lyk. 28-31). 1 Plutarch followed Xenophon and other sources selectively for historical events, but imposed his own organization, interpretation and moral judgements on the selected material. 2 Two rhetorical aspects of the Life are: the intention to explain Sparta's decline, and the exposition of an ideology. Plutarch has identified unnecessary pitfalls and commends the Spartans' way of life, properly understood. 3 This rhetoric does not entail the falsity of his work. vii Corrigenda Please read: Volume One Volume Two Page: Page: 5.20 signposts 20.11 Peisandros 47.6 ý--, Leotychidas, 21.3 organization 56.12 (P. A. Cartledge (1987) p. 109) 22.17 announcement 56.21 G. E. M. de Ste Croix 24.8 incompatible 57.11 explicitly 11 1^-, i,. I ý!", , ""27.29 "'peninsula 61.29 G. E. M. de Ste Croix r 33.31- eastern- Arkadia 65.13 pace 34.16 The Achaians 70.1 Mor. 470C 38.1 Peisandros 70.2 , Mor. 824C ", 'f", """`44.6 1Isaiah 92.21 response ,-_ýý, 49.1, seize hPC)V 99-19 qualities 67.14 EVEKEV 103.11 interpretation 67.18 since 103.26 inflicting 7 0.,16, 'acquittal 108.23 interpretation expression 370.27., 109.29 Agesilaos 1.10-12 71.11 initiative 113.3 Nectanebis 72.1 the innovatory strategy 120.31 7 3' Lykourgan account .8 125.23- Peisandros 77.19 themselves, may be 134.15 and character-centred" 78.17 Erasistratos 134-18 anticipates 104.30 Apophth. 137.21 Dioskouroi 117.17 (cf. P. A. Caitledge (1987) 140.21 (HeR IVAM) 164)., P. ý- 142.6 Herodotos 118.30 reliability , 145.14 Herodotos 133.15 p. 10 n. ). 156.21 "'A.Weizsiicker 134.27 EOOt5vo_u 168.4 141.6 (Diodoros XV. 89). praiseworthy - 171.6 in northern Greece 145.14 non-military 176.16 Panhellenism 145.15 Ariobarzanes 182.7 Phokis 146.27 Herodotos 182-19 Peisandros [passim] 153.14, support --- 197.17 Diod. XIV. 83.1 156.9 apparently 197.19 Diod. XIV. 82.9 180.8 Cunaxa 198.11 medizers 218.24 Phoenix 39 220.5 Harris 222.34 Travlos V III . INTRODUCTION This is not a commentary in the sense of a set of annotations designed to assist a reader in the understanding of manuscripts, grammar, text, prosopography and general antiquities.
Recommended publications
  • Copyrighted Material
    Index Note: page numbers in italics denote tables, maps, or illustrations Abdera 74 Cleomenes 237 ; coins 159, 276 , Abu Simbel 297 277, 279 ; food production 121, 268, Abydos 286 272 ; imports 268 ; Kleoitas 109 ; Achaea/Achaeans: Aigialos 213 ; Naucratis 269–271 ; pottery 191 ; basileus 128, 129, 134 ; Sparta 285 ; trade 268, 272 colonization 100, 104, 105, 107–108, Aegium 88, 91, 108 115, 121 ; democracy 204 ; Aelian 4, 186, 188 dialect 44 ; ethnos 91 ; Aeneas 109, 129 Herodotus 91 ; heroes 73, 108 ; Aeolians 45 , 96–97, 122, 292, 307 ; Homer 52, 172, 197, 215 ; dialect group 44, 45, 46 Ionians 50 ; migration 44, 45 , 50, Aeschines 86, 91, 313, 314–315 96 ; pottery 119 ; as province 68 ; Aeschylus: Persians 287, 308 ; Seven relocation 48 ; warrior tombs 49 Against Thebes 162 ; Suppliant Achilles 128, 129, 132, 137, 172, 181, Maidens 204 216 ; shield of 24, 73, 76, 138–139 Aetolia/Aetolians 20 ; dialect 299 ; Acrae 38 , 103, 110 Erxadieis 285 ; ethnos 91, 92 ; Acraephnium 279 poleis 93 ; pottery 50 ; West Acragas 38 , 47 ; democracy 204 ; Locris 20 foundation COPYRIGHTED 104, 197 ; Phalaris 144 ; Aëtos MATERIAL 62 Theron 149, 289 ; tyranny 150 Africanus, Sextus Julius 31 Adrastus 162 Agamemnon: Aeolians 97 ; anax 129 ; Aegimius 50, 51 Argos 182 ; armor 173 ; Aegina 3 ; Argos 3, 5 ; Athens 183, basileus 128, 129 ; scepter 133 ; 286, 287 ; captured 155 ; Schliemann 41 ; Thersites 206 A History of the Archaic Greek World: ca. 1200–479 BCE, Second Edition. Jonathan M. Hall. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons,
    [Show full text]
  • The Heracles : Myth Becoming
    Natibnal Library Bibhotheque naticmale I* of Canada du Canada Canadian Theses Service Services des theses canadiennes Ottawa, Canada K1 A ON4 CANADIAN THESES THESES CANADIENNES NOTICE The quality of this microfiche is heavily dependent upon the La qualite de cette microfiche depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis submitted fcr microfilming. Every de la these soumise au microfilmage. Nous avons tout fail pour effort has been made to ensure the highest quality of reproduc- assurer uoe qualit6 superieure de reproduction. tion possible. D If pages are missing, contact the university which granted the S'il 'manque des pages, veuillez communiquer avec I'univer- degree. Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the original certatnes pages peut laisser A pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbon or if the univer-- ont 6t6 dactylographi6es sity sent us an inferior photocopy. a I'aide d'un ruban us6 ou si Imuniversit6nous a fa;t parvenir une photocopie de qualit6 inf6rieure. Previously copyrighted materials (journal articles, published cuments qui font d6jA I'objet d'un droit d'auteur (articles tests, etc.) are not filmed. ue, examens publi&, etc.) ne sont pas microfilmes. Reproduction in full or in part of this film is governed by the La reproduction, mGme partielle, de ce microfilm est soumke Canadian Copyright Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30. A la Loi canadienne sur le droit d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30. THIS DI~ERTATION LA THESE A ETE HAS BEEN iICROFILMED M~CROFILMEETELLE QUE EXACTLY AS RECEIVED NOUS L'AVONS REGUE THE HERACLES: MYTH BECOMING MAN.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Property Ownership and Status in Classical and Hellenistic Sparta
    Female Property Ownership and Status in Classical and Hellenistic Sparta Stephen Hodkinson University of Manchester 1. Introduction The image of the liberated Spartiate woman, exempt from (at least some of) the social and behavioral controls which circumscribed the lives of her counterparts in other Greek poleis, has excited or horrified the imagination of commentators both ancient and modern.1 This image of liberation has sometimes carried with it the idea that women in Sparta exercised an unaccustomed influence over both domestic and political affairs.2 The source of that influence is ascribed by certain ancient writers, such as Euripides (Andromache 147-53, 211) and Aristotle (Politics 1269b12-1270a34), to female control over significant amounts of property. The male-centered perspectives of ancient writers, along with the well-known phenomenon of the “Spartan mirage” (the compound of distorted reality and sheer imaginative fiction regarding the character of Spartan society which is reflected in our overwhelmingly non-Spartan sources) mean that we must treat ancient images of women with caution. Nevertheless, ancient perceptions of their position as significant holders of property have been affirmed in recent modern studies.3 The issue at the heart of my paper is to what extent female property-holding really did translate into enhanced status and influence. In Sections 2-4 of this paper I shall approach this question from three main angles. What was the status of female possession of property, and what power did women have directly to manage and make use of their property? What impact did actual or potential ownership of property by Spartiate women have upon their status and influence? And what role did female property-ownership and status, as a collective phenomenon, play within the crisis of Spartiate society? First, however, in view of the inter-disciplinary audience of this volume, it is necessary to a give a brief outline of the historical context of my discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Anton Powell, Nicolas Richer (Eds.), Xenophon and Sparta, the Classical Press of Wales, Swansea 2020, 378 Pp.; ISBN 978-1-910589-74-8
    ELECTRUM * Vol. 27 (2020): 213–216 doi:10.4467/20800909EL.20.011.12801 www.ejournals.eu/electrum Anton Powell, Nicolas Richer (eds.), Xenophon and Sparta, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea 2020, 378 pp.; ISBN 978-1-910589-74-8 The reviewed book is a collection of twelve papers, previously presented at the confe- rence organised by École Normale Supérieure in Lyon in 2006. According to the edi- tors, this is a first volume in the planned series dealing with sources of Spartan his- tory. The books that follow this will deal with the presence of this topic in works by Thucydides, Herodotus, Plutarch, and in archaeological material. The decision to start the cycle from Xenophon cannot be considered as surprising; this ancient author has not only written about Sparta, but also had opportunities to visit the country, person- ally met a number of its officials (including king Agesilaus), and even sent his own sons for a Spartan upbringing. Thus his writings are widely considered as our best source to the history of Sparta in the classical age. Despite this, Xenophon’s literary work remains the subject of numerous controver- sies in discussions among modern scholars. The question of his objectivity is especial- ly problematic and the views about the strong partisanship of Xenophon prevailed for a long time; allegedly, he was depicting Sparta and king Agesilaus in a possibly overly positive light, even omitting inconvenient information.1 In the second half of the 20th century such opinion has been met with a convincing polemic, clearly seen in the works of H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Sage Is , Based Pressure E Final Out- Rned by , : Hearts, Could Persuade
    Xerxes' War 137 136 Herodotus Book 7 a match for three Greeks. The same is true of my fellow Spartans. fallen to the naval power of the invader. So the Spartans would have They are the equal of any men when they fight alone; fighting to­ stood alone, and in their lone stand they would have performed gether, they surpass all other men. For they are free, but not entirely mighty deeds and died nobly. Either that or, seeing the other Greeks free: They obey a master called Law, and they fear this master much going over to the Persians, they would have come to terms with more than your men fear you. They do whatever it commands them Xerxes. Thus, in either case, Greece would have been subjugated by the Persians, for I cannot see what possible use it would have been to to do, and its commands are always the same: Not to retreat from the fortify the Isthmus if the king had had mastery over the sea. battlefield even when badly outnumbered; to stay in formation and either conquer or die. So if anyone were to say that the Athenians were saviors of "If this talk seems like nonsense to you, then let me stay silent Greece, he would not be far off the truth. For it was the Athenians who held the scales in balance; whichever side they espoused would henceforth; I spoke only under compulsion as it is. In any case, sire, I be sure to prevail. It was they who, choosing to maintain the freedom hope all turns out as you wish." of Greece, roused the rest of the Greeks who had not submitted, and [7.105] That was Demaratus' response.
    [Show full text]
  • Spartans a New History Pdf
    Spartans a new history pdf Continue For those who study or teach the ancient world but are not a disciple of ancient Sparta, Nigel Kennell has written a paper to bridge the gap between Sparta's general concept and what experts believe. He argues that this is appropriate, given the fact that while the myth of Sparta is slowly collapsing (graphic novels and films like 300 might suggest otherwise), the new picture is far more fragmentary and complex than we might imagine. Kennenell's book tries to emphasize advances in our knowledge, reconcile, where possible, contradictory explanations, and often recognize that the state of our knowledge excludes consistent and convincing conclusions. The book begins with a brief discussion of the geography/topography of the region; the brevity of this section is perhaps the clearest indicator of the lack of systematic archaeology in the region. The more well-known and subject of most of the chapter are the twelve main sources of written or epigraphic evidence that Cannell examines (and evaluates) in chronological order. While all literary sources have contributed to the Spartan myth, Cannell acknowledges that Plutarch is probably the main culprit. The second chapter, the Sons of Hercules, tries to reconcile conflicts in the myths of Spartan origin with the evidence presented by archaeology. Cannell argues that, while the Spartans themselves may have reconciled Heraclid's return to Dorian's invasion, archaeological records and linguistic evidence are milit against a consistent explanation. Kennell is more confident in the archaeological records of the eighth century, during which, he said, Laconia was and remained sparsely populated, almost exclusively in the settlements of the Eurotas Valley in Sparta and Aiklae.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; influence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians,
    [Show full text]
  • A Collection of Exceptional Ancient Greek Coins
    A Collection of Exceptional Ancient Greek Coins To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Book Room 34-35 New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Monday 24 October 2011 at 11.00 am Public viewing: Morton & Eden, 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Thursday 20 October 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Friday 21 October 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Sunday 23 October 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 51 Price £15 Enquiries: Tom Eden or Stephen Lloyd Cover illustrations: Lot 160 (front); Lot 166 (back); Lot 126 (inside front and back covers) in association with 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding Morton & Eden Ltd offer an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the understanding that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connection.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict in the Peloponnese
    CONFLICT IN THE PELOPONNESE Social, Military and Intellectual Proceedings of the 2nd CSPS PG and Early Career Conference, University of Nottingham 22-24 March 2013 edited by Vasiliki BROUMA Kendell HEYDON CSPS Online Publications 4 2018 Published by the Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies (CSPS), School of Humanities, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. © Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies and individual authors ISBN 978-0-9576620-2-5 This work is ‘Open Access’, published under a creative commons license which means that you are free to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form and that you in no way alter, transform or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without express permission of the authors and the publisher of this volume. Furthermore, for any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csps TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. i THE FAMILY AS THE INTERNAL ENEMY OF THE SPARTAN STATE ........................................ 1-23 Maciej Daszuta COMMEMORATING THE WAR DEAD IN ANCIENT SPARTA THE GYMNOPAIDIAI AND THE BATTLE OF HYSIAI .............................................................. 24-39 Elena Franchi PHILOTIMIA AND PHILONIKIA AT SPARTA ......................................................................... 40-69 Michele Lucchesi SLAVERY AS A POLITICAL PROBLEM DURING THE PELOPONESSIAN WARS ..................... 70-85 Bernat Montoya Rubio TYRTAEUS: THE SPARTAN POET FROM ATHENS SHIFTING IDENTITIES AS RHETORICAL STRATEGY IN LYCURGUS’ AGAINST LEOCRATES ................................................................................ 86-102 Eveline van Hilten-Rutten THE INFLUENCE OF THE KARNEIA ON WARFARE ..........................................................
    [Show full text]