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History, Plan and Scope of the American Museum of Natural History

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History, Plan and Scope of the American Museum of Natural History *1* Y*~<. ^*? IQH70 U52N458 1910 v w, H m :->' X? t> ^C-t& /J r " p^E^r f ^r ^HQ x < "> y^ rff%mW/A/ i Ei Fi f iFiiii *«*.• ** ^ »* J* - s^m la WfE iri \ " ^Bxt^FJ ji^> mm \ 1 wffimfc k ^<^^B PflT \ i J2. \ 1 r i I THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 48 HISTORY, PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN PRESIDENT PRELIMINARY REPORT PRINTED FOR THE FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE TRUSTEES FEBRUARY 14, 1910 NEW YORK THE IRVING PRESS 1910 FOREWORD plan for the future it is well, first, to review the past, to TO follow the work of our Board, to see what the Museum is and what it contains, to think of the present and coming City of New York, and then to endeavor to be as large minded as the Founders were forty-one years ago. There are no models in this country or abroad to follow. Let us make our own model and set our own standard of a public educational institution and home of science in every branch of nature. The plan outlined in this Report is not a crystal. It is a growing thing to be developed and improved under criticism and suggestion and with the advance of science and discovery. But it is well to have a clear vision ahead for the next two or three decades at least, so that everything which may be done now will finally fit into its place as part of a continuous scheme, with an arrangement and sequence of the whole designed to give as clear an impression to the public as is given in each of the single exhibits of the present time. In preparing the materials for this Report I have been assisted by Director, Hermon C. Bumpus, by the Assistant Secretary, George H. Sherwood, and by members of the Scientific Staff. The basis of the history is that prepared by Mr. Louis P. Gratacap some years ago. It will be interesting to fill out many details as time goes on. Henry Fairfield Osborn, President. American Museum, January 31, 1910. CONTENTS PAGE I. Origin of the Museum 11 II. HlSTORY OF THE MUSEUM 19 III. History of the Departments 41 IV. Financial Administration 125 V. Future of the Museum . 141 L ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM I. ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM IOUIS AGASSIZ, the great Swiss naturalist, came to this country in 1848 on a call to Harvard College, and his influence -^ was immediate and far-reaching. One of his best gifts was that of inspiring all who heard him with a love of natural history. Among his many pupils at Cambridge was Albert S. Bick- more, who studied under him for four years (1861-65) and who caught his enthusiasm. Coming to New York in 1865 to arrange for an exploring expedition into the Far East, funds for which had been provided by New England friends, Mr. Bickmore made the acquaint- ance of Mr. William Earle Dodge, 2d, and broached to him his plan for a great museum of natural history in the metropolis. Such a museum had been projected by Agassiz for Harvard College. After three years (1865-67) spent in the Dutch East Indies, China, Japan, and Siberia, Mr. Bickmore, on his way home, stopped in London where he showed Sir Richard Owen, Director of the British Museum of Natural History, his plans for a natural history museum in New York, which had been maturing during his long journey in the East. Owen expressed general approval of the plan, thereby greatly encouraging the young traveler. This general conception of a very large and comprehensive museum, as developed through the action of the Trustees and the original architects, Calvert Vaux and J. Wrey Moulder, together with the fortunate selection of the site of Manhattan Square, resulted in the bold projection of the great American Museum building, one-third of which is now completed. On his return from London, Mr. Bickmore again called upon Mr. Dodge, who at that time was too much occupied with other matters to give his personal attention to the new project, and therefore sent the young man with a message to Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., in whom [13] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM the museum project found a strong friend and energetic supporter. Through Mr. Roosevelt and through Messrs. William A. Haines, Benjamin H. Field, and Robert Colgate, a remarkable group of men was brought together which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the first Board of Trustees. Mr. William A. Haines was both a merchant and a student; he had brought together a large collection of shells; he had in conversation and in correspondence emphasized his hope of seeing a museum of natural history erected in New York, and his talent as an organizer led to his taking a prominent part in the movement and being elected chairman of the Executive Committee. The Founders, or original Board, included the following: T John David W olfe, William T. Blodgett, Robert L. Stuart, Andrew H. Green, Robert Colgate, Morris K. Jesup, Benjamin H. Field, D. Jackson Steward, Richard M. Blatchford, J. Pierpont Morgan, Adrian Iselin, Moses H. Grinnell, Benjamin B. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, Howard Potter. The steps in the organization of the Museum were as follows : The first letter to the Commissioners of Central Park, dated December 30, 1868, with nineteen signers, received favorable response from Mr. Andrew H. Green, as Comptroller of Central Park, dated January 13, 1869. The signers of the letter then took immediate steps to raise a fund for the purchase of important collections which were then offered for sale. The Special Committee appointed to perfect the organization con- sisted of William A. Haines, Howard Potter, Theodore Roosevelt. [14] : ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM This Committee nominated the Trustees of the new Museum. Mr. John D. Wolfe was elected Chairman, and Mr. Howard Potter, Treasurer pro tern. The next meeting of the Trustees was held at the residence 1 of Mr. Haines, and Theodore Roosevelt was made Secretary. A plan for subscriptions was then considered and this eventful meeting, the results of which actually installed the first great museum devoted to natural science in New York City, adjourned. The conception of the Museum, its original purposes and its future may be gathered from passages in the First Annual Report of President Wolfe: "That, recognizing the necessity of such a Museum as a means of education and recreation, and desiring its establishment upon a scale commensurate with the wealth and importance of our great city ... we have, if properly supported and aided with funds by our fellow citizens, a guarantee of a prosperous future in the formation of a Museum of Natural History that will be second to none, and which, while affording amusement and instruction to the public, will be the means of teaching our youth to appreciate the wonderful works of the Creator." The original officers were the following President John David Wolfe Vice-Presidents Robert L. Stuart William A. Haines Secretary A. G. Phelps Dodge Treasurer Howard Potter Chairman of the Executive Committee William A. Haines The original letter of application was sent to the Commissioners of Central Park on December 30, 1868. The commissioners accepted on January 13, 1869, the responsibility of "the establishment of a [15] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM Museum in the Park that shall become an aid in the Great Educa- tional System of the City, concentrate and develop Scientific efforts in all departments of Natural History, and at the same time be an instructive and acceptable resort for the people of the city, and for the throng of strangers that visit it." Under the presidency of John David Wolfe and the able guidance of William A. Haines, Chairman of the Executive Committee, the Museum was incorporated April 6, 1869. The financial relations between the Trustees and the City were laid down December 23, 1869, and finally became embodied in the law relating to the Department of Parks. A most fortunate circumstance in the educational history of the City of New York was the discovery and embodiment in the Con- tract with the City of a new idea in municipal government, namely, the erection of the building and its maintenance by the munici- pality, and the donation by Trustees and other citizens of all the col- lections. This idea appeared in all the early correspondence, in the first contract, and was finally and formally expressed in the contract drawn up by Mr. Choate and Mr. Green when the Museum entered the original building on Manhattan Square. This reciprocal adjustment was stimulating both to public expendi- ture and to private munificence; it formed the model on which the re- lations of the American Museum and of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were established, and on which, in later years, the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park were founded. It is by far the wisest and best adjustment which has ever been devised, since it has proved, by experience, to be superior to exclusive municipal or state control, or to private control. The essential features in these agreements are as follows: "The Trustees of the American Museum to employ their own Curators for the care and arrangement of their collection, and to pay them their salaries, all such persons to be subjected to the regulations of the Park Commissioners. "The collections already acquired and those which may from time to time be acquired and so deposited, to remain [16] - ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM the property of the American Museum of Natural History, to be removed by them immediately after the expiration of six months' previous notice in writing to the Commissioners of the Park, or within six months after receiving a written notice from the Commissioners asking them to withdraw their property from the Park." * "The Board of Commissioners of the Department of Public Parks in the City of New York is hereby authorized to contract, direct, and to maintain in and upon that portion of the Central Park, formerly known as Manhattan Square, or any other public park, square, or place in said city, a suitable fireproof building ..
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