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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CDD and Social Capital Impact Designing a Baseline Survey in the Philippines Copyright © 2005 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C., 20433, USA All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First Printing May 2005 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Table of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................i Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... v Background...................................................................................................................................................1 Evaluating CDD: Managing Real World Constraints...................................................................................3 Data Collected and Summary of Findings ....................................................................................................7 Poverty indicators..................................................................................................................................7 Social capital, empowerment and governance.....................................................................................11 Concluding Remarks: Need for flexibility in operations ............................................................................16 References...................................................................................................................................................17 Annex 1: The KALAHI-CIDSS..................................................................................................................18 Annex 2: Sampling Design .........................................................................................................................24 Annex 3: Household survey........................................................................................................................39 Annex 4: Village official survey.................................................................................................................75 Annex 5: Selected summary statistics.........................................................................................................84 Annex 6: TOR for qualitative component.................................................................................................104 Table 1: Data collection for KALAHI-CIDSS impact evaluation Table 2: Survey Municipalities Table 3: Poverty in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities Table 4: Service provision in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities Table 5: Social capital in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities Table 6: Participation in governance in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities Table 7: Decision-making process – investment planning Box 1: Lessons learned from survey implementation Box 2: Differences between Intervention and Comparison Groups Executive Summary Given the increasing use of CDD approaches in the Bank’s lending portfolio, it is important to develop insights on the impact of CDD programs, and to identify conditions and techniques that work well in order to improve project performance. The baseline survey of the KALAHI-CIDSS project in the Philippines is an attempt to generate such insights and strengthen learning about CDD programs through rigorous evaluations. This evaluation follows the “good practices” prescribed by experts in that it collects quality baseline data in a representative sample of both intervention groups and matched comparison groups. This baseline survey not only provides valuable information about the KALAHI-CIDSS project, but also offers some guidance on developing technically sound evaluations for CDD programs. One of the most promising CDD operations in the East Asia region, and in the Bank portfolio, is the KALAHI-CIDSS project in the Philippines, implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). In accordance with the imperative to learn what works, the DSWD and the World Bank are committed to a careful impact evaluation of the KALAHI-CIDSS. As the source of ex-ante information for the KALAHI-CIDSS, a quantitative baseline survey was implemented in Phase 3 municipalities in the fall of 2003. It served as the first round of a panel survey that will track 2,400 households and 132 villages before, during, and after project implementation1. The survey captures information on household and village conditions in intervention and comparison communities. In future rounds, the survey will be complemented by a qualitative component to allow for triangulation of information and a richer and more detailed analysis. This data will primarily provide baseline information for determining the impact of the KALAHI-CIDSS on poverty reduction, social capital, empowerment and governance. In addition, a deeper understanding of the areas in which the KALAHI-CIDSS will operate has great value of its own. Together with lessons learned from project implementation to date, the baseline survey for the KALAHI-CIDSS impact evaluation provides valuable information for project management. The survey finds that poverty is widespread in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities. In all dimensions of poverty, means (income/expenditure, quality of labor supply), outcomes (education, health, housing and amenities) and perception (self-rated poverty), the incidence of poverty is estimated to be very high. The baseline survey also gets villagers’ pre-intervention status on access to neighboring villages, local markets, schools, and other public facilities; travel time and transport costs; water and sanitation; health conditions; and education outcomes. In general, access conditions are very limited, indicating the poverty in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities. Road conditions and access to water are especially poor when compared to other facilities such as education and health. This may explain the large preference of early KALAHI-CIDSS villages to build roads and water systems. Some of the challenges for the KALAHI-CIDSS include: · understanding how the project can build on existing social dynamics and practices in the villages to facilitate participation, and · promoting the emergence of capable leaders, and internalizing transparent communication and management practices. For example, the capability of communities to organize themselves is a key variable relevant to the success of the project. Community capacity to organize can be measured by social capital conditions, which includes trust, inclusion, groups and networks, collective action, and information and communication. Measuring initial social capital conditions in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities allows for an assessment of whether 1 Funding for further data collection has been secured through the Japan Social Development Fund. ii communities with more social capital are more effective in having their proposals funded and in implementing their sub-projects. It also provides useful information to project management about existing conditions that facilitate or hinder KALAHI-CIDSS implementation. Social capital and governance indicators vary across the survey municipalities but seem to be stronger in the relatively deprived areas in Mindanao. There is, for example, a remarkably strong tradition of Bayanihan2/collective action in KALAHI-CIDSS municipalities in Mindanao. Despite low levels of trust and problems with conflict and violence in all four survey provinces, most respondents perceive their village as relatively peaceful. Interestingly, the two provinces in Mindanao, where peace and order problems are widespread, perceive themselves as most peaceful. A key finding of the survey is that different regions in the country vary quite substantially both in terms of poverty