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The Black-White Achievement Gap: When Progress Stopped

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The Black-White Achievement Gap: When Progress Stopped Policy information rePort The Black-White Achievement Gap When Progress Stopped This.report.was.written.by: Table of Contents Paul E. Barton and Richard J. Coley Preface.................................................................................... 2 The.views.expressed.in.this.report. Dedication.and.Acknowledgments........................................ 2 are.those.of.the.authors.and.do.not. Introduction............................................................................ 3 necessarily.reflect.the.views.of.the. What.NAEP.Tells.Us.About.the.Achievement.Gap............... 5 officers.and.trustees.of.Educational. Testing.Service. Narrowing.Gaps:.The.Period.of.Progress............................. 8 Additional.copies.of.this.report.can. Family.and.Demographic.Changes.................................. 8 be.ordered.for.$15.(prepaid).from: What.Explains.the.Rest?................................................... 8 Policy.Information.Center. Investment.in.Early.Education.and.Nutrition?.......... 9 Mail.Stop.19-R. Course.Taking.and.Tracking?..................................... 10 Educational.Testing.Service. Rosedale.Road. Desegregation?............................................................ 11 Princeton,.NJ.08541-0001. Class.Size?................................................................... 11 (609).734-5212. [email protected] Minimum.Competency.Testing?................................ 12 Copies.can.be.downloaded.from:. 1990.to.2008:.Bouncing.Around.a.Straight.Trend.Line..... 14 www.ets.org/research/pic Long-Term.Trends.and.the.Halt.in.Progress....................... 15 Expanding.the.View:.Where.to.Look.For.Causes............... 18 Copyright.©.2010.by.. Delving.Deeper.Into.the.Early.Childhood.Period.......... 18 Educational.Testing.Service... Villages,.Neighborhoods,.and.Social.Capital................. 19 All.rights.reserved..ETS,.the.. ETS.logo.and.LISTENING.. Disappearing.Fathers...................................................... 21 LEARNING..LEADING... The.Plight.of.Black.Males............................................... 24 are.registered.trademarks.. Cultural.Adaptations.and.the.Children.......................... 26 of.Educational.Testing.. Service.(ETS).. Identifying.the.Correlates.of.Achievement.................... 27 July.2010. A.Broader.Perspective..................................................... 28 Policy.Evaluation.and. Historical.and.Sociological.Perspective.............................. 30 ...Research.Center. Stuck.in.Concentrated.Deprivation..................................... 32 Policy.Information.Center. Educational.Testing.Service Adding.It.Up......................................................................... 34 The.Gap-Closing.Period.................................................. 34 The.Period.When.the.Gap.Narrowing.Stopped............. 34 The.Longer.View.............................................................. 34 Areas.to.Explore.............................................................. 34 The.Decline.of.the.Nuclear.Family................................. 35 The.Forces.at.Work......................................................... 36 The.Mobility.Factor......................................................... 36 Restarting.Progress......................................................... 36 Appendices............................................................................ 39 1 Preface There.is.widespread.awareness.that.there.is.a.very. in.educational.attainment.started.to.narrow,.and. substantial.gap.between.the.educational.achievement. bring.us.to.the.startling.and.ironic.conclusion.that. of.the.White.and.the.Black.population.in.our.nation,. progress.generally.halted.for.those.born.around.the. and.that.the.gap.is.as.old.as.the.nation.itself.. mid-1960s,.a.time.when.landmark.legislative.victories. heralded.an.end.to.racial.discrimination..Had.those. This.report.is.about.changes.in.the.size.of.that. things.that.were.helping.to.close.the.gap.stopped,. gap,.beginning.with.the.first.signs.of.a.narrowing. or.had.they.been.overshadowed.by.new.adversities. that.occurred.at.the.start.of.the.last.century,.and. that.were.not.remedied.by.gaining.equality.before. continuing.on.to.the.end.of.the.first.decade.of.the. the.law?.Unfortunately,.no.comprehensive.modeling. present.century..In.tracking.the.gap.in.test.scores,.the. by.researchers.is.available.that.might.identify.and. report.begins.with.the.1970s.and.1980s,.when.the.new. quantify.the.culprits,.nor.is.it.likely.that.there.will. National.Assessment.of.Educational.Progress.began.to. ever.be..The.authors.draw.on.the.knowledge.base.that. give.us.our.first.national.data.on.student.achievement.. is.available,.from.whatever.schools.of.scholarship. That.period.is.important.because.it.witnessed.a. that.have.made.relevant.investigations,.whether. substantial.narrowing.of.the.gap.in.the.subjects.of. they.be.historians,.or.sociologists,.or.economists,.or. reading.and.mathematics..This.period.of.progress.in. practitioners..Barton.and.Coley.explore.topics.that. closing.the.achievement.gap.received.much.attention. remain.sensitive.in.public.discussion.in.their.search. from.some.of.the.nation’s.top.researchers,.driven.by. for.answers. the.idea.that.perhaps.we.could.learn.some.lessons.that. could.be.repeated. A.lot.of.suspects.are.rounded.up,.and.their.pictures. are.posted.for.public.view..Ultimately,.readers.will. Next,.there.are.the.decades.since.the.late.1980s,. have.to.turn.to.their.own.good.judgment..The.report. in.which.there.has.been.no.clear.trend.in.the.gap,. informs.the.judgments.that.have.to.be.made,.for.. or.sustained.period.of.change.in.the.gap,.one.way. there.is.no.escaping.the.fact.that.failure.to.re-start. or.another..While.there.has.been.considerable. progress.is.an.unacceptable.and.dangerous.prospect. investigation.of.the.gap.that.remained,.little.advance. for.the.nation. in.knowledge.has.occurred.as.attention.was.directed.to. alternating.small.declines.and.small.gains,.interspersed. with.periods.of.no.change.. Michael.T..Nettles. Paul.Barton.and.Richard.Coley.drop.back.in.time. Senior.Vice.President.. to.the.beginning.of.the.20th.century.when.the.gap. Policy.Evaluation.and.Research.Center Dedication and Acknowledgments Forty-five.years.ago.Daniel.Patrick.Moynihan. Hugh.Price,.Visiting.Professor,.Woodrow.Wilson. completed.a.controversial.report.on.the.deterioration. School,.Princeton.University.and.Non-resident.. of.low-income.Black.families — The Negro Family: Senior.Fellow,.Brookings.Institution..Eileen.Kerrigan. The Case for National Action..The.authors.dedicate.this. was.the.editor;.Marita.Gray.designed.the.cover. report.to.Moynihan.and.his.prescient.warning. and.Sally.Acquaviva.provided.desktop.publishing.. Publication.was.coordinated.by.Bill.Petzinger... This.report.was.reviewed.by.Donnell.Butler,.ETS;. Errors.of.fact.or.interpretation.are.those.of.. Derek.Neal,.University.of.Chicago;.Michael.Nettles,. the.authors. ETS;.James.T..Patterson,.Brown.University;.and.. 2 Introduction The.nation’s.attention.has.been.—.and.remains.—. concentrated.poverty.and.deprivation,.lack.of.social. riveted.on.the.persistent.Black-White.gap.in.the. capital,.and.intergenerational.mobility. achievement.of.our.elementary.and.secondary.school. The.research.and.data.available.to.draw.on.differ. students..Each.year.when.the.National.Assessment. depending.on.the.period.we.are.examining..The.first. of.Educational.Progress.(NAEP).releases.“the. period.was.important.because.there.was.a.substantial. nation’s.report.card,”.the.front-page.news.focuses.on. decline.in.the.gap,.and.it.might.be.possible.to.learn. whether.scores.are.rising.or.falling.and.whether.the. something.that.would.help.to.further.close.the.gap.. achievement.gap.is.changing..Speculation.is.rife.as. This.period.was.the.focus.of.several.prominent. to.whether.any.change.is.some.indication.of.either. research.efforts.that.found.largely.similar.explanations. the.success.or.failure.of.the.No.Child.Left.Behind. for.a.portion.of.the.gap.closing..A.number.of. (NCLB).Act.and.other.efforts.in.our.local-state-federal. seemingly.plausible.explanations.beyond.those. education.system. identified.by.this.research.provide.a.list.of.potential. The.nation’s.efforts.to.address.the.achievement.gap. topics.that.might.have.had.a.role..One.example.is.the. have.a.long.history..Expectations.increased.with.the. minimum.competency.testing.movement.of.the.1970s. Brown v. Board of Education.desegregation.decision. and.1980s.when.the.gap.was.narrowing..Another.was. in.1954.and.with.passage.of.the.Elementary.and. the.reduction.in.average.class.sizes.that.was.occurring. Secondary.Education.Act.(ESEA).in.1965,.which. during.this.period..There.were.several.others.. focused.on.the.inequality.of.school.resources..The. However,.nothing.was.established.that.was.definitive. Civil.Rights.Act.of.1964.spiked.optimism.for.progress. one.way.or.the.other.. in.education.and.in.society.at.large..And.most. For.the.period.when.progress.stalled,.we.report. recently,.NCLB.was.purposeful.in.its.requirement.to. on.a.variety.of.available.evidence..It.is,.of.course,. “disaggregate”.the.average.achievement.scores.of.state. difficult.to.frame.an.inquiry.into.why.change.was.not. accountability.programs.to.expose.the.inequality.that. occurring,.as.compared.with.the.two.prior.decades. had.to.be.addressed.. when.there.was.a.reduction.in.the.gap..We.report. This.report.is.about.understanding.the.periods.of. about.a.major.book.on.the.achievement.gap.by.a. progress.and.the.periods.of.stagnation.in.changes.in. dozen.or.so.distinguished.scholars.that.was.started.
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