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MACKINNON COLLECTION ABSENCE AND PRESENCE FREE100 years of photographic gems Women in the Scottish Enlightenment

THE MAGAZINE OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND WWW.NLS.UK NO.42 WINTER 2019

BACK TO THE FUTURE Reflecting on how the 80s made modern life

CONTENTS WELCOME It was the ‘decade of excess’. But the prism of history shows there’s more to the 80s than shoulder pads, Dynasty and the Right to Buy... Looking back is a look at now 4 NEWS It is remarkable how rapidly the present becomes the past: how Have your say on our something seemingly recent is suddenly “history”. 2020-25 draft strategy We find ourselves looking back at the 1980s in a series of essays commissioned to support our Back to the future: 8 STATE 1979-1989 programme, which takes a fresh look at that Our Long Reads on the defining decade. 80s section opens with a Through the eyes of academics, researchers, professional study of diplomacy writers and our staff, we examine a period which so clearly shaped our modern world – culturally, musically, politically 12 SOUND REVOLUTION and socially. How the Walkman changed You can see it in the ubiquity of earphones that the more than the way we listen Walkman initiated, in the response to AIDS, and in the to music tensions that develop between supposedly friendly nations – all of these topics are covered within these pages. 15 URGENT FURY The writing, throughout, is bold and arresting, by turns The military operation in amusing and poignant. Grenada that put strain on In keeping with the decade, the 80s essays have been the ‘Special Relationship’ reproduced in a style akin to that icon of graphic design and long-form journalism, The New Yorker. Aside from the 80s, you will find other eye-catching pieces, 18 TESTING TIMES from a sample of the 14,000 photos in the stunning MacKinnon A gay teen’s perspective Collection, to a look at the evocative film, Her Century. on the terror surrounding Enjoy this righteous issue. AIDS in the 80s

21 NEW ROMANTICS How Lord Byron served as inspiration for a generation of pop stars Dr John Scally, National Librarian e: [email protected] 24 PHOTO HOARD Cataloguing the 14,000 images in the MacKinnon Collection

28 NORTHERN LIGHTS Examining women’s CONTRIBUTORS role in the Scottish Enlightenment

FIND US ONLINE www.nls.uk Graeme Hawley Damian Barr Stewart McRobert Dr Rosalind Carr Dr Emily Munro @natlibscot Head of Columnist Writer Lecturer in History Learning Officer, www.facebook.com/ General Collections and author and Gender Studies, Moving Image University of Archive NationalLibraryOfScotland www.instagram.com/ natlibscot/ FOR THE NATIONAL LIBRARY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Barbara Burke. EDITOR: David Willis [email protected] www.youtube.com/user/ PUBLISHED BY Connect Publications www.connectmedia.cc ISSN 1751-5998 (print) ISSN 1751 6005 (online) NLofScotland NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SCOTLAND | George IV Bridge | Edinburgh EH1 1EW | TEL: 0131 623 3700 | EMAIL: [email protected] The National Library of Scotland is a registered Scottish charity, No. SC011086

WINTER 2019 | DISCOVER | 3 NEWS

WE WANT YOUR VIEWS

Seattle-based choral group Byrd International Singers view a mediaeval music book before performing at the 2019 Fringe

e are about coming years. The strategy George IV Bridge building Email us at strategy@nls. to go out will set out how we plan into a more welcoming uk or write to us at Strategy for public to broaden our horizons, and invigorating place for 2020–2025, National Library consultation reach new audiences, shape people to visit – tailored for of Scotland, George IV Bridge, Won our draft strategy for our digital services to suit audiences of all ages and Edinburgh EH1 1EW. 2020–2025, which will take your needs, and take the interests. Pop into one of our us up to our centenary. national collections to The consultation begins on drop-in sessions, between While we are confident in locations beyond Edinburgh 2 December and will run until 3pm and 7pm, on the our direction of travel, we and Glasgow. 27 January, 2020. Let us know following dates: would like as many people While retaining our what you think. Wednesday 11 December, as possible to have a say in reputation as a sanctuary for  Complete the submission Kelvin Hall, Glasgow. how your National Library study and research, we also via our website (it should Tuesday 14 January, will best serve you in the have plans to redevelop our only take five minutes). George IV Bridge, Edinburgh.

Entries now open for prestigious bookbinding award

The Elizabeth Soutar Bookbinding entries will also be added to the national Competition is once again calling for collection of fine bindings. entries, and in keeping with this 80s Initiated in 1993, the competition is open edition of Discover, entrants are asked to any resident of the EU. Recent winners to ‘take a trip back to the 80s’ with their have hailed from , Germany, the UK, submissions. Belgium and the Netherlands. The Library runs the competition to Mrs Elizabeth A Clark (formerly Soutar), encourage the practice and development of Moray, sponsored the competition of bookbinding skills that display from 1993 until her death in 2008. It has individual expression and originality. It continued since then with support from now runs every two years, with bigger the Magnus and Janet Soutar Fund. cash prizes for each category. The winners of Best Creative Binding  The deadline for entries is 24 February and Best Craft Binding will be awarded 2020. For information on how to enter, £2,500 each, and student winners for both visit our website, email [email protected], entries will receive £1,500. All winning or call +44 (0)131 623 3860.

4 | DISCOVER | WINTER 2019 THE BURRELL AT KELVINGROVE COLLECTING CHINESE TREASURE THE BURRELL AT KELVINGROVE Collecting Chinese Treasures S

GLASGOW MUSEUMS

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Graeme Hawley, Head of General Collections, discusses our essays looking back on a decade of monumental change at home and abroad

ince May this year, the Library good time to familiarise ourselves with horror, protest and the Right to Buy are all Shas been looking at the 1980s with what happened in our recent past. Essays common themes. Back to the future: 1979-1989. As curator on the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, the Back to the future: 1979-1989 has been of the multimedia and multi-platform Antarctic ozone hole, and Section 28 an opportunity to invite people to look retrospective, early questions that I had have all felt particularly relevant since again at the 80s. But it has also been an to answer were: why start in 1979, why we started the retrospective in May. opportunity to demonstrate the vastness the 1980s, and why now? Now is also a good time to ask of our collections. The answer to the first question is ourselves: “What on earth is going on?” That required a new approach, with just over 6,000 words and is given in the And among the Library’s 2.9 million long reads online linking to suggestions second-longest of the long reads on our publications that we collected during for further reading, and to digital 1980s website. the 80s (an astonishing fact in itself) resources that Library members can In part a review of Christian Caryl’s there is a book published in 1980 that access from home. 2013 book Strange Rebels: 1979 and the possibly contains the answer: Alvin Here are just some of our Birth of the 21st Century, the essay looks Toffler’s The Third Wave. Focus of favourite reflections on the at five significant events from that year: the longest of the long reads, this book fascinating decade… the election of , the looks at the bigger shifts that impacted Iranian Revolution, the Soviet invasion of on us: accelerative change, an historic Afghanistan, Pope John Paul II’s visit to increase in social and , and Deng Xiaoping’s economic political complexity, reform in . The case is made that and the friction that these events set the scene not just for occurs as industrial the decade that followed, but for the society is replaced by last 40 years. something else. That Of course, 1989 was also a year of it was published at significant events: the Tiananmen the start of the radical Square massacre, the fall of the changes of the 1980s Wall, revolutions in Czechoslovakia and and foretold much of Romania, and the invention of the World the 40 years since Wide Web. is testament These two years bookend a decade to Toffler’s skills of profound geopolitical, social and as a futurologist. technological change. The 1980s is There are 60 therefore a densely rich period to study, essays that span the suitably distant to allow us to see things decade: technology, afresh, suitably close to benefit from the popular culture, synth accounts of living witnesses. pop, fashion, Mrs Our website features tender eyewitness Thatcher, Ronald accounts of events such as women’s Reagan, activism in Northern Ireland, the Velvet Cold War Revolution, the Berlin Wall’s fall, and an politics, extremely moving essay by Kate Adie on Tiananmen Square. The 80s was also a decade that still shapes the world today. Now is a very

WINTER 2019 | DISCOVER | 7 LONG READS ON THE 80S

STATE FUNERALS IN THE 1980S As the threat of nuclear war loomed large, the Funeral March ushered in a changing of the guard. The Library’s Graeme Hawley was a fascinated child

y first exposure to human death show his actual dead body on the news. other than to fear it. By that Mthat I remember, I think, was the I went back to school after lunch and told age I had accepted as a simple fact that of President the other kids that Anwar Sadat had died, I would one day be annihilated by this of in 1981. I was seven. but they’d never heard of him. estranged entity, and that even our ice I don’t remember anything about the skaters weren’t safe from them. death of John Lennon the year before, THE STATE FUNERAL OF The year before Brezhnev’s funeral or my parents referring to it, although IN 1982 I had witnessed, along with two billion I do remember losing the I’m almost certain that the first corpse I others, a tremendous state occasion in US presidential election a month before ever saw therefore was the fifth Leader of the form of the wedding of Prince Charles and feeling sorry for him. the Soviet Union (if you count Malenkov), and Lady Diana Spencer. State occasions I used to come home from school for Leonid Brezhnev. I was eight years old. I were supposed to be colourful affairs. lunch and would watch the news with watched his funeral on the television and But despite my total lack of knowledge my mum. I remember seeing the airfield was astonished by it and by the total lack about state-run societies and the events tarmac, some crouching and fast-moving of effort to conceal his deadness. I didn’t in the forest of Ekaterinburg in 1918, I gunmen, and probably the voice of Sandy realise that a dead person could be so instantly knew upon watching the state Gall explaining that President Sadat had deliberately visible. funeral of Brezhnev that this was a been assassinated. As I recall, they didn’t At age eight, I knew nothing of the country that would never have a royal

8 | DISCOVER | WINTER 2019 https://digital.nls.uk/1980s/ wedding. And I think that was so because state funerals ever, and there’s a reason can’t think of any obvious reason why of a complete absence of anyone that I for this: Tito was a co-founder and the there was no one from the Dominican saw on the television who might take the first Secretary General of the Non- Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Djibouti, Malawi, role of a bride. Growing up in a country Aligned Movement (NAM). This group of Bhutan, or Laos, other than that they with a female and a female countries accounted for most of the rest perhaps felt too little a connection to the head of government, it was, albeit no of the world who were not party to NATO event to make arrangements at short doubt subconsciously at the age of eight, or the Pact, and NAM countries notice, or that they knew that one of properly odd to see a balcony of men only were therefore not only important to each their neighbours would pass on their at such a massive state occasion. Where other, but to the two superpower blocs best wishes. on earth was the queen? as well. Tito’s funeral was a gathering Suriname (in the throes of a military My memory of Brezhnev’s funeral is everyone wanted to be at. coup), Chad (engaged in a post-civil quite limited. I recall it as a predominantly The list of attendees at Tito’s funeral war power struggle), Papua New Guinea charcoal grey affair with lots of red reads like a Who’s Who of world politics (whose prime minister had just lost a flags and large photographs of the dead at the time: Saddam Hussein (), King vote of no confidence), Guatemala (civil leader. I can also recall Brezhnev’s large Hussein of , -Sung (North war), El Salvador (civil war), and Honduras waxy face, and the sense of seriousness Korea), Eric Honecker (East Germany), (elections) all presumably had other more amongst all those assembled in massed (West Germany), pressing matters to attend to. rank. But I mostly remember it for Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (), As far as I am aware, President Jawara Chopin’s Piano Sonata No.2 in B-flat Nicolae Ceausescu (Romania), Leonid of the Gambia also did not attend, minor, more popularly known as the Brezhnev (USSR), President Hafez Assad although he may well have had reason ‘funeral march’. (Syria), Hua Guofeng (China), Hosni to stay at home in May 1980 because Children in the late 70s and early Mubarak (Egypt), (), when he attended the Royal wedding 80s always seemed to be mumbling (Zimbabwe), future the year after, a Marxist coup temporarily the funeral march. It was convenient French president Francois Mitterand, toppled him from power. shorthand for conveying dread or threat, Margaret Thatcher, Jim Callaghan, and was not officially and was in regular use as I recall. I had Prince Philip (home team), and US represented, presumably as a result no idea that it was in fact a piano sonata President Jimmy Carter’s mother (Jimmy of international hostility towards the by Chopin, nor indeed how the piece Carter stayed away because he did not country’s system of Apartheid, but the progressed beyond the 11 melancholy want to bump into Brezhnev). African National Congress was there, as notes to which we would perform a In addition to these were scores of well as the South West African People’s crude military step. But as I watched foreign ministers and other leaders Organisation from Namibia, and the Brezhnev’s coffin work its way through of organisations and paramilitary Polisario Front from Western Sahara, the mourners, I heard for the first while official representatives were not. time how the piece develops, with and Paraguay, whose right-wing a triumphant section leading then to leaders may well have found themselves a rather exquisite little melody. without anyone to sit next to, were also I’m more familiar now with this as not officially represented. a piano work, but back then even the Saudi Arabia did not send official Red Army Band managed to convey the representation, I’m guessing on account hidden beauty within the piece. Growing of Iranian attendance; did not send up in an English village, nothing about representation, I imagine because of the Brezhnev’s funeral ought to have felt presence of a number of hostile nations familiar, and yet the soundtrack to it felt and individuals (not least Arafat) and like life in the West Riding of Yorkshire general feelings towards Tito’s politics; at Whitsuntide. and stayed away, I am That’s as much as I recall, but the assuming, because went. I impression it left on me was significant. may well be wrong. It was the first time that I had seen A notable absence at Tito’s funeral the Soviet Union at work. Far from the was . Both men had been, by nightmare-inducing alien lifeform that all accounts, good personal friends and I had imagined they must be in order to had much in common politically. But in want to kill me and my family to death 1979, with Castro hosting the 6th NAM died in 1984 with nuclear bombs, or invade our house summit in Havana, their relationship had and make us be something we didn’t deteriorated as a result of a significant want to be, they seemed rather organised, departure from each other on basic tuneful, and capable of being sad too. organisations including Yasser Arafat principles. Whereas Castro was keen (Palestinian Liberation Organisation), and to see NAM adopt a sympathetic leaning THE STATE FUNERAL OF TITO Billy McKee (provisional Irish Republican towards Moscow, Tito maintained that IN 1980 Army). In 1980, quite a gathering. non-alignment should mean precisely I’ve been fascinated by state funerals ever With 83 per cent of United Nations that. Having been friends for years, since. At eight, I came late to the party; if member states represented in one this rupture was significant enough to I had been a more attentive six-year-old way or another, what becomes more keep Castro away, sending his foreign I would have been able to tune in to the interesting isn’t so much who attended minister instead. state funeral of , President this funeral as who didn’t. To the best of Yugoslavia. Taking place on 8 May, of my knowledge, 21 countries were not FUNERAL DIPLOMACY 1980, it is regarded as one of the largest officially represented at Tito’s funeral. I The list of foreign dignitaries at

WINTER 2019 | DISCOVER | 9 LONG READS ON THE 80S

Brezhnev’s funeral reads a little like the B team in comparison. For Western nations still engaged in a precariously balanced and weaponised Cold War, attending this occasion was a political hot potato. The scaled down from the 1980 gathering to Francis Pym (Foreign Secretary) and Ambassador Sir Ian Sutherland. The scaled up (I think), from the President’s mother in 1980, to Vice President George Bush. China sent their foreign minister. It’s worth remembering that Sino-Soviet relations during this period were at least as complex, if not more so, than US-Soviet relations. Discuss. Despite these calculated and loaded choices, there were still considerable numbers of A-list heads of state to do the occasion justice, including leaders Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev of the Eastern Bloc countries, President sign the SALT II nuclear treaty Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India, and Colonel Gaddafi of Libya. Prime China and the US cast a considerable Minister Pierre Trudeau of You can form, shadow over these key relationships. attended with his son, Justin, who would The tightening of control over Eastern have been three years older than me enhance or repair Europe and expansion of Soviet military at the time. Also in attendance on this relationships by might between 1964 and 1982 seem to be occasion was Fidel Castro. significant features of his rule. Just like an invitation to any social attending. You can A strategic and military miscalculation occasion, there is a maze of issues to in 1979 with the invasion of Afghanistan navigate when it comes to attending a even make a point meant that at the time of his death, he state funeral: did you like the person; will by not attending was leaving under a considerable cloud. it trigger an international incident if you But in a 2013 poll by the Levada Center, go; will it trigger an international incident Brezhnev scored highest in a popularity if you don’t go; will there be people there vote of Soviet leaders, six points ahead that you really don’t want to talk to; will of Stalin. Perhaps there is nostalgia not there be someone that you can sit next so much for him, but for a time when the to and involve yourself with until you CIA’s assessment of Fidel Castro’s latest Soviet brand was so strong. Achieving can leave quietly; can someone else go decision not to attend a funeral: “Castro’s military parity with the United States instead; what excuse or reason do you decision not to attend the funeral of came at a huge price, but in terms of the give for not attending? Soviet General Secretary Konstantin psyche of the USSR (or perhaps more Such is the complexity of issues around Chernenko on 13 March apparently was specifically, and pro-Russian state funerals, there is even a name for intended to underscore his continued republics of the USSR), perhaps it was a the art form: the working funeral, or dissatisfaction with several elements of price worth paying. funeral diplomacy. They are obviously Soviet policy… Castro evidently concluded Brezhnev was the second-longest- places to do business, or to observe that a symbolic rebuke to the Soviets serving leader of the USSR and was others doing business. How sincere were would be more beneficial for Cuban in office during a period of incredible the greetings? Who seemed relaxed? interests than any favour he could curry geopolitical change when the modus Who arrived early or stayed late? You can by attending the funeral. The fact that operandi of the Cold War superpowers form, enhance, or repair relationships by he passed up the opportunity to meet were perfected. As a personality, he attending. You can even make a point by Gorbachev... suggests he is pessimistic seems less remarkable in contrast not attending. that relations can be improved in the to those that came before him, or the near term.” (Western) media-friendly Gorbachev AFTER BREZHNEV The obituary for Brezhnev in The Times who followed. The image that I tend Following the death of Brezhnev, the for 12 November, 1982, page 6 (available to think of is of his dead waxy face in world got extra practice in Soviet funeral on The Times Digital Archive, another one 1982, but it belies a far more interesting attendance, with Brezhnev’s successor, of our subscriptions), gives a full page character I suspect, and one that I think Yuri Andropov dying in 1984, two years to discussing his life and importance. might be due for reappraisal. after taking office, and his successor, Although regarded as a ‘safe pair of I saw the funerals of both Andropov dying after only hands’, the domestic stability that he and Chernenko on the television in 1984 nine months in office. In a CIA memo oversaw also coincided with economic and 1985 but I don’t have any very strong dated 28 March, 1985 (available on the stagnation. International relations memories of them. But there was a state eResource Cold War Intelligence, one improved, but stopped short of breaking funeral in 1984 that I do remember seeing of the National Library of Scotland’s much by way of new ground. Concerns very well, and that was the funeral of many subscriptions), you can read the about improving relations between Indira Gandhi. I remember quite clearly

10 | DISCOVER | WINTER 2019 https://digital.nls.uk/1980s/ that it was a Saturday because we were part of the funeral furniture. I was Princess Diana). Margaret Thatcher’s all watching teatime television when her interested enough in this to try to funeral at St Paul’s Cathedral in 2013 feels son, , split her skull open chart the attendance of leaders at state fairly unique in that domestic reaction with a thick wooden pole whilst she funerals in the 80s on a spreadsheet, but did not match international reaction quite lay on an open pyre so as to release her apart from the difficulty in establishing as these moments usually do, and is soul from the body. It couldn’t have been attendance, guests too often became the evidence of the polarising effect she more culturally different to funerals in deposed or deceased to see any patterns has even now on British society. It this country, although open pyres had emerging (Zia-ul-Haq died in 1988). stopped short of a state funeral, but been introduced to the Western world the The decade ended with two significant nonetheless attracted the unusual year before courtesy of the final scenes funerals. In 1989, Hirohito, the Emperor presence of Queen Elizabeth II. in Return of the Jedi, in which Darth of , died after a reign of 62 years. He In fairness to Fidel Castro, non- Vader is returned to the spirit of Anakin was the longest-reigning monarch in the attendance at international funerals, Skywalker via an open pyre on the forest world at that time. His funeral was a huge even though he may have personally moon of Endor. occasion, steeped in protocol, ceremony, wished to attend, was perhaps a method For the funeral of Indira Gandhi, who and ritual (the Annual Obituary for 1989, of survival. Famously the target of had been assassinated by two of her own available in our main reading room, notes hundreds of assassination attempts, bodyguards, the United States sent Vice that Hirohito’s funeral was accompanied attending a funeral (typically at short President George Bush again. Margaret by the actual ceremonial suicides of two notice and with the secret services of Thatcher and Princess Anne represented elderly gentlemen). It was one of the dozens of other nations presumably the United Kingdom, Yasser Arafat largest state funerals ever, for a person present) was a high-risk move. In 2016, attended, as did President Zia-ul-Haq, whose rule had spanned one of the most it was the rest of the world’s turn to say which was a surprise given the serious transformative periods in history, but goodbye, leading to hand-wringing of tensions between India and Pakistan caused considerable consternation in the epic proportions. The United Kingdom at that time. Mrs Thatcher’s attendance West because of the role of Imperial Japan was officially represented in Havana by only three weeks after she herself had in the Second World War. George Bush, Alan Duncan, Minister of State for Europe survived an assassination attempt in the always the bridesmaid at these affairs, and the Americas. Brighton hotel bombing was testament, finally got to represent the United States amongst other things, to the close as President. Japan in 1989 was an ally, SUGGESTIONS FOR personal relationship between the two and a vital economic sparring partner. FURTHER READING world leaders in spite of their difference Not unlike the funeral of Tito at the start You will find hundreds of entries in of opinions on free markets. Fidel Castro of the decade, everyone was there for this our catalogue by searching for any did not turn up, again, which seemed to gathering in . of these terms: ‘Brezhnev’, ‘Tito’, genuinely surprise people given his warm Also in 1989 was the funeral of ’s ‘Fidel Castro’, Indira Gandhi’, or ‘Non- friendship with Gandhi. Ayatollah Khomeini. Not only was Aligned Movement’. this probably the largest state funeral Registered readers in Scotland can 1989 AND THE END ever, it is also still amongst the largest access some excellent eResources OF AN ERA gatherings of human beings in history, from home by going to the eResources There are circumstances under which with approximately 10 million people page of our Digital Resources section. state funerals do not typically take place: in attendance. Few of those attendees, Cold War Intelligence contains a lot reasons might include execution, exile, however, were foreign dignitaries, such of original source material relating relative insignificance, exiting office was the pariah nation status of Iran at to some of the themes in this essay. under a cloud, and length of absence from that time, and it does not feel like a state The Brill Journals Collection features office prior to death. They are usually the funeral to me in the way that most other a number of interesting journal titles preserve of leaders or figures who die state funerals do. It was different in every in the International Relations section. in office, and those types of leaders are possible way. Sage Journals has a large section within usually democratically elected leaders Since the 1980s, state funerals have Social Sciences and Humanities called who are assassinated (like Indira Gandhi), continued to serve their important, Politics and International Relations or life-term political or religious leaders sombre, and peculiar purpose. They which has dozens of journal titles of or monarchs who die, typically through continue to throw up the kind of interest. SpringerLink journals and illness, while in that role (like leaders of diplomatic headaches that many leaders ebook collection has a huge number of the Soviet Union, or popes). There are could do without. Occasionally there resources within the Political Science also significant funerals for people who are people who, for a variety of reasons, and International Relations section of occupy a unique place in the national command such widespread international relevance to the political topics covered psyche but who otherwise may not and popular admiration and respect in this essay. There is a journal title on formally qualify (in this country, see: – even if there have been historical the Oxford Journals Online resource Duke of Wellington, , differences – that attending their funeral called Diplomatic History which is well Princess Diana). seems to be not just a duty but an honour worth exploring with the search terms Whereas large funerals of notable (see: , Pope John Paul II, suggested above. people command personal choices and draw upon the personal relationships that people had with the deceased, state Also in 1989 was the funeral of Ayatollah funerals are corporate by comparison. Attendance by someone is required, Khomeini. It is still amongst the largest unless you want to send a message by gatherings of human beings in history… staying away. What can be additionally interesting is when individuals become approximately 10 million in attendance

WINTER 2019 | DISCOVER | 11