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Acquired Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis, 166 Acquired Subglottic Stenosis

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Index A Airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma, 170 surfactant therapy in, 114–118 Acquired bilateral vocal cord paralysis, 166 Airway trauma, 152–156 pharmaceutical surfactants, 115 Acquired subglottic stenosis, 152 blunt trauma, 156 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Active pulmonary vasoconstriction, 233–234 direct trauma, 155–156 (ABPA), 216 Acute asthma foreign body aspiration, 153–155 Alveolar dead space, 10 severity assessment, 174 coins, 153 Alveolar gas equation, 5 history, 174 vegetable matter, 153 Alveolar ventilation, maintenance, 6 laboratory data, 174 inhalational injury, 155 Amicar, 136 modified Becker score for, 174 postextubation stridor, 152–153 Anesthesia, bronchoscopy in, 47 physical examination, 174 air-leak test, 153 Angioedema, 151–152 pulmonary function tests, 174 Airways Antibiotics, for RSV infection, 197 Acute bronchiolitis, 196 age-dependent effects of, 142 Antibody-mediated immunity, RSV Acute inflammatory demyelinating of infants versus adults, 142 infection, 196 polyneuropathy (AIDP), 223 See also individual entries Antiinflammatory approach, for Acute lung injury (ALI), 49–61, 239 Albuterol (Salbutamol), in status asthmaticus pneumonia, 210 See also ALI/ARDS management, 177–178 Antiinflammatory cytokines Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 223 ALEC®, 115 in ARDS, 55–56 Acute myopathies, 225 ALI/ARDS (Acute lung injury/Acute respiratory molecular regulation, 56 Acute or exudative phase, ARDS, 51 distress syndrome), 49–61, 113 Antimicrobial therapy, for pneumonia, 210 Acute respiratory distress syndrome acute or ecudative phase, 51 Anzueto, A., 117 (ARDS), 49–61 american-european consensus committee Aplasia, 15 inhaled NO in, 125 definition, 50 Aprotinin, 136 See also ALI/ARDS; Extracorporeal life animal studies, 116–117 Aquaporin (AQP) in ALI/ARDS, 61 support (ECLS) antiinflammatory cytokines in, 55–56 Argatroban, 135 Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 152 clinical course, 51–52 Arnold-Chiari malformation, 143 Adkins, W. K., 83 common causes of, 50 Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, in status β-Adrenergic agonists, in status asthmaticus extrapulmonary (indirect causes), 50 asthmaticus, 173 therapy, 176–178 pulmonary (direct causes), 50 Aspiration of microorganisms aspiration epinephrine, 176–177 conventional therapeutics, 56–59, See also pneumonia, 205 Adolescents, HFOV in, 102 under Therapeutics Aspiration pneumonia, 208 Adults, HFOV in, 102 epidemiology, 49–50 approach, 208 β2-Agonists, for RSV infection, 198 etiology, 50 definitions, 208 Air hunger, 173 exogenous surfactant drugs, 115–116 main features, 208 Air leak relative activity and inhibition resistance of, pathogens, 208 detection, 40, 153 115–116 Assist control mechanical ventilation (ACMV), 71 mechanical ventilation, 76 fibroproliferative phase, 51 Asthma, 169–183 syndromes future of, 118 See also Status asthmaticus HFOV in, 101 histopathology, 51–52 Atelectasis, 15–17, 30, 76 Airflow obstruction, 172 leukocyte chemotaxis related to, 54–55 in children, causes, 15 Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), outcomes, 50–51 compression atelectasis, 15 in asthma, 171 pathophysiologic mechanisms, 52–56 diagnostic bronchoscopy in, 44 Airway pressure release ventilation chemokines, 54 in infants, causes, 15 (APRV), 73 cytokines, 53–54 occurrence, mechanism, 15 Airway remodeling, 171–172 pulmonary edema, development of, 52–53 resorption atelectasis, 15–16 Airway resistance, 3–4 recovery phase, 51 Atelectrauma, 81 during illness, 4 risk factors, 50–51 Automatic tube compensation, 73–74 lung volume and, 4 surfactant dysfunction in, 113–114 main site of, 3 pathways, 114 B monitoring, 38–40 surfactant replacement therapy, human Baby lung concept, 82 pressure drop and, 3 studies of, 117–118 Bach, J. R., 219 247 248 Index Barotraumas, 81 auscultation, 30 intranasal tumors, 143 Becker, A. B., 173 See also Disorders of pediatric chest supralaryngeal anomalies, 142–143 Becker Clinical Asthma Score, 173 Chest tubes, 22–24 tongue cysts, 143 Beer-Lambert law, 33 drainage system, components, 23 upper airway obstruction Bifid epiglottis, 145 management, 22–24 associated syndromes, 142–143 Bilateral vocal cord paralysis, 165 Physics of, 22 See also Laryngeal anomalies; Tracheal Biophysically functional composition of placement of, 22 anomalies lung surfactant, 111–112 Chest wall Continuous albuterol nebulization, 177–178 Bleeding, during ECMO, 136–137 elastic properties of, 1–2, 220–221 Continuous positive airway pressure Blood flow, distribution, pulmonary, 10 function, assessment, 222 (CPAP), 5 Botulism, 224 palpation, 29 Continuous venous-venous hemofiltration Bradypnea, 29 Chiumello, D., 84, 85 (CVVH), 135 Breathing Choanal atresia, 143 Controlled mode mechanical ventilation airway resistance, 3–4 Choi, Y. S., 178 (CMV), 70–71 developmental mechanics of, 1–5 Chronic inflammatory demyelinating Co-oximetry as standard for oxygenation work of breathing, 8–9 polyneuropathy (CIDP), 223–224 monitoring, 33 See also Chest wall; Lung Chronic myopathies, 225–226 Copland, I. B., 84 Bronchial atresia, congenital, 13 muscular dystrophies, 225–226 Corticosteroids, 197–198 Bronchiolitis, 195–199 Chronic therapy, pulmonary hypertensive in ARDS, 59 acute bronchiolitis, 196 disorders, 235 Cox, R. G., 89 diagnostic criteria, 195 Chu, J., 109 Craig, V. L., 178 HFOV in, 101 Chylothorax, 20 Critical illness myopathy/steroid See also Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Clements, J. A., 109 myopathy, 225 infection Closed-loop ventilation, 73 Curley, M. A., 58, 93 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 207 Cochrane Collaboration review, 175, 181 Curosurf ®, 115 Bronchodilators Communicating or open Cyanosis, 29 for RSV infection, 198 pneumothorax, 20–21 Cystic fibrosis (CF) as indication for lung in status asthmaticus management, 177 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), transplantation, 213–214 Albuterol (salbutamol), 177 206–207 Cysts, of upper airway, 143 epinephrine hydrochloride, 177 approach, 206–207 Cytokines, 53–54 ipratropium bromide, 177 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 207 in ARDS, 53–54 ketamine, 177 definitions, 206 IL-1β, 53–54 magnesium sulfate, 177 main features, 206 IL-8, 54 terbutaline sulfate, 177 microbiologic confirmation, 206 MCP-1, 54 Bronchogenic cysts, 14 specific pathogens, 206 TNS-α, 53–54 Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), 20 Compensatory anti-inflammatory response neutralization in ALI/ARDS, 59 Bronchoscopy in PICU, 43–47 syndrome (CARS), 55 production, targeting, in ALI/ARDS, 59 anesthesia, 47 Complete tracheal rings, 168 complications to, 46–47 Compression atelectasis, 15 D contraindications to, 46 Computed tomography (CT), in pediatric chest Darioli, R., 182 absolute, 46 imaging, 32 Dellinger, R. P., 125–126 relative, 46 Congenital airway anomalies, 163–168 Dermatomyositis, 225 indications for, 43–46 complete tracheal rings, 168 Devidayal, 176 See also Diagnostic bronchoscopy; Flexible laryngomalacia, 165 Dexamethasone, 197 bronchoscopy; Therapeutic bronchoscopy posterior laryngeal clefts, 166–167 Diagnostic bronchoscopy, 43, 44–45 Brooks, L. J., 174 prevention of complications, 163 aspiration, 45 Brown, E. S., 109 retrognathia/glossoptosis, 164–165 in atelectasis, 44 Brown, R. S., 93 single-stage airway reconstruction, 164 in hemoptysis, 44 Butler, W. J., 97 subglottic stenosis (SGS), 166 for intrathoracic masses, 45 tracheotomy, 164 recurrent or persistent pneumonia indication C vascular compression, 167–168 for, 45 Cannulation of ECLS, 133–134 vocal cord paralysis, 165–166 in stridor, 44 Capnography, 35–36 See also Tracheal intubation in wheezing, 45 Capnometry, 35 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformations Diaphragmatic hernia, congenital, 14 Carbon dioxide (CO2) (CCAM), 14 Diaphragmatic paresis, 216 determination, 35, See also Ventilation: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Diffuse alveolar disease, 101–102 monitoring (CDH), 101 DiGuilio, G. A., 173 exchange (ventilation), 132 Congenital heart disease, pulmonary Direct trauma, 155–156 Carboxyhemoglobinemia, 34 hypertension associated with, 236–238 Disorders of pediatric chest, 13–24 Cardiovascular effects, mechanical ventilation, Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome See also Chest tubes; Lung: congenital 76–78 (CHAOS), 145 anomalies; Pulmonary edema; Pleural Carl, J. C., 178 Congenital laryngeal atresia, 145 space, diseases of; Trachea, congenital Casado-Flores, J., 93 Congenital laryngeal webs, 145 anomalies Cell-mediated immunity, RSV infection, 196 Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), 14 Douglas, W. W., 93 Central nervous system effects, mechanical Congenital myotonic dystrophy, 225 Duchenne muscular dystrophy ventilation, 76 Congenital subglottic stenosis, 144 (DMD), 219 Chemokines in ARDS, 54 Congenital upper airway anomalies, 142–146 Dugernier, T. L., 84 Chest, pediatric, 13–24 choanal atresia, 143 Dynamic hyperinflation, 172 Index 249 E Fluid replacement, for RSV infection, 197 Hypoxemia, 173 Elastic properties Fluoroscopy, 33 Hypoxia, 239 chest wall, 1–2 Force–length relationship, neuromuscular compliance of, 2–3 respiratory failure, 220 I dynamic compliance, 2 Foreign body aspiration, in airway trauma, 153–155 Iatrogenic overdistention, monitoring, 37–38 static compliance, 2 coins, 153 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension of lung, 1–2 removing techniques, 155–156 (IPAH), 238 Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), 103–104 vegetable matter, 153 Imaging modalities for pediatric chest, 30–33 Empyema, 20, 209 Fridrich, P., 93 computed tomography (CT), 32 approach, 209–210 Fujiwara, T., 109 fluoroscopy, 33 definitions, 209 Functional residual capacity (FRC), 4 magnetic resonance imaging, 32 main features,
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