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Morphological Study for Two Species of Genus Typha L. Typhaceae Growing in Some Areas in Lattakia – Syria

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Morphological Study for Two Species of Genus Typha L. Typhaceae Growing in Some Areas in Lattakia – Syria مجمة جامعة تشرين لمبحوث والدراسات العممية _ سمسمة العموم البيولوجية المجمد )40( العدد )3( 2018 Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series Vol. (04) No. (3) 8402 Morphological Study For Two Species Of Genus Typha L. Typhaceae Growing In Some Areas In Lattakia – Syria Salma Deebo (Received 15 / 10 / 8402. Accepted 16 / 5 /8402 ) ABSTRACT At this study, two species of genus Typha L. have been recorded, that they were: Typha domingensis Pers. and Typha angustifolia L. The two species we recorded for the first time in Lattakia. The morphological features were used to separate two species (measurement the spikes flowers and shapes, number of the hairs at the ovary, existence the bracteoles or absence, number of stamens and measurements, shapes of the scales and measurements). This study showed that: the pollen grains of the two species, they were very similarity, the pollen grains were rounded and they had an aperture. Also showed obvious difference in measurements the spikes male and female and difference in their shapes. Keywords: Typha L., spikes, pollen grains. Work Supervisor – Department of Botany – Faculty of Science – Tishreen Universitty – Lattakia – Syria. 132 صفات مورفولوجية وتشريحية لنوعين من جنس ذنب القط .Typha L من فصيمة Typhaceae ديبو مجمة جامعة تشرين لمبحوث والدراسات العممية _ سمسمة العموم البيولوجية المجمد )40( العدد )3( 2018 Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series Vol. (04) No. (3) 8402 صفات مورفولوجية وتشريحية لنوعين من جنس ذنب القط .Typha L من فصيمة Typhaceae ينتشران في بعض مناطق الﻻذقية- سوريا سممى ديبو )تاريخ اﻹيداع 15 / 10 / 2017. قبل لمنشر في 16 / 5 / 2018( مم ّخص Typha L تّم جمع نوعين من جنس ذنب القط . في ىذه الدراسة وىما : النوع T.domingensis Pers والنوع ذنب القط ذو اﻷوراق الضيقة .T.angustifolia L تّم تسجيل النوعين المدروسين ﻷول مرة في الﻻذقية . تّم تمييز النوعين عن بعضيما باﻹعتماد عمى الصفات المورفولوجية ) أبعاد السنابل الزىرية وأشكاليا، عدد أشعار المبيض وأبعادىا، وجود القّنابات أو غيابيا، عدد اﻷسدية وأبعادىا، أشكال الحراشف وأبعادىا(. أوضحت الدراسة وجود تشابو كبير في أشكال حبات الطمع التي تميزت بشكميا الكروي مع وجود فتحة إنتاش وحيدة. كما لوحظ اختﻻف واضح في أبعاد السنابل الزىرية المذكرة والمؤنثة وأشكاليا. الكممات المفتاحية: جنس ذنب القط .Typha L ، السنابل الزىرية، حبات الطمع. مشرفة عمى اﻷعمال - قسم عمم الحياة النباتية – جامعة تشرين – الﻻذقية – سورية. 131 مجمة جامعة تشرين العموم البيولوجية المجمد )04( العدد )Tishreen University Journal. Bio. Sciences Series 1422 )3 مقدمة: ينمو في سوريا عدد كبير من اﻷنواع النباتية ذات اﻷىمية الطبية والبيئية: جنس ذنب القط .Typha L الذي ينتمي إلى الفصيمة التيفية Typhaceae ، رتبة Poales، Commelinids ، صف أحاديات الفمقة Monocots، مغمفات البذور Angiospermls، المممكة Plantae وفق التصنيف الحديث المبني عمى الجينوم )Apg IV, 2016( . يضم .Typha L نحو )30( نوعاً منتش اًر في كل أنحاء العالم خاصة في المناطق المعتدلة والمدارية )Govaerts,2012( ولوحظ انتشار نادر ﻷنواع ىذا الجنس في المناطق الباردة (Mouterde, 1966 ) . يعتبر ىذا الجنس من اﻷجناس ذات اﻷىمية الطبية الكبيرة، ومن اﻷنواع التي تنتمي إلى ىذا الجنس ذنب القط الجنوبي T.domingensis، يستخدم كمضاد أكسدة (chai et al., 2014 )، كما يستخدم ريزوم ىذا النوع في خفض نسبة سكر العنب في الدم (Saranya and Divya, 2016 )، أما النوع T.angustata الذي يعد النوع اﻷكثر أىمية طبياً بين أنواع التيفا وخاصة في اليند والصين وتركيا حيث يستخدم في عﻻجات دوائية ميمة ومتنوعة shukla et) (al., 2013 ، كما استخمصت من أو ارقو مواداً تفيد في تثبيط اﻷو ارم السرطانية (Pawar and Landge et al, 2010)، (Pawar, 2011). كما تبين أن البكتريا الموجودة في جذور ىذا النوع ليا القدرة عمى تثبيت اﻵزوت الجوي في التربة (Vashney and Mandhan, 1982) ، وتستخدم خﻻصات جذور ىذا النوع كذلك كمضادات أكسدة (chai et al, 2014) ،(Vani et al., 2016)، باﻹضافة إلى استخدام ىذا النوع في معالجة المياه العادمة (Pratik and Dharaiya, 2014) الناتجة عن معامل اﻷلبان كما تبّين عند تحميل أو ارق ىذا النوع احتوائيا عمى مواد ميمة مثل الكربوىيدرات، البروتينات، مواد مضادة لمبكتريا، فيتامينات، معادن، (Salman et al., 2015). أما النوع ذنب القط ضيق اﻷوراق T.angus tifolia تستخدم خﻻصة أوراقو كمواد طاردة لمديدان (Anbu et al., 2012)، كما يستخدم ىذا النوع في الطب الشعبي ﻹحتوائو عمى الغميكوزيدات المقوّية لمقمب .(Padalia and Chanda, 2015) باﻹضافة إلى استخدام حبات الطمع الجافة ليذا النوع في عﻻج بعض اﻷمراض مثل نزيف الرحم، الزحار، سرطان الجياز الممفاوي ، الديدان الشريطية، الجروح، (Chan GHro et al., 2015). أما النوع اﻵخر ذنب القط عريض اﻷوراق T.latifolia يستخدم فزاعة لمطيور في اﻷراضي الزراعية (Ostapkowicz et al., 2001) أما النوع T.elephantiana يستخدم في معالجة حاﻻت اﻹسيال الشديد ومرضى السيﻻن والحصبة (Gordon et al, 1987). وتستخدم خﻻصة أوراق وريزومات النوع T.Cappensis كمضادات لمجراثيم (Masoko et al., 2008). باﻹضافة إلى استخدام معظم اﻷنواع التابعة ليذا الجنس في حياكة السﻻل والحصر والبسط والسجاد وصناعة الورق وعمف الحيوانات وصناعة قبعات القش (Jafri et al., 1979). أىمية البحث و أىدافو : ييدف البحث إلى توصيف مورفولوجي وتشريحي لنوعين من جنس ذنب القط .Typha L ينموان في بعض مناطق الﻻذقية والتعريف باﻷىمية الطبية ليذا الجنس نظ اًر لقمة الد ارسات الميتمة. 133 صفات مورفولوجية وتشريحية لنوعين من جنس ذنب القط .Typha L من فصيمة Typhaceae ديبو طرائق البحث و مواده: تّم إجراء البحث في مخابر قسم عمم الحياة النباتية في كمية العموم كما يمي: 1- المادة النباتية: تّم ت دراسة نوعين من جنس ذنب القط والمذان جمعا من أماكن متعددة في منطقة الﻻذقية ) جبريون، المختارية، جب حسن، الشير، دعتور بسنادا( خﻻل الفترة 5/2015 ولغاية 8/2016 وىذين النوعان ىما: T.domingensis Pers. Sny:T.angustata Bory et Chaub. T.angustifolia L. Syn:T. australis Schum et thonn. 2- الطرائق: أوﻻً : حفظ العينات : - الطريقة الجافة: جففت النباتات بالكامل ووضعت عمى ورق ج ارئد ضمن مكابس خاصة ثّم نقمت إلى لوحات كرتونية ووضع عمييا لصاقة، ُكتب عمييا مكان الجمع وتاريخو. - الطريقة السائمة: تّم حفظ العينات ضمن عبوات بﻻستيكية تحتوي مثبت F.A.A ) 90% كحول، 5 % فورمول، 5% حمض الخل الثمجي(. ثانياً: الدراسة المورفولوجية: تّم تعريف وتوصيف النوعين النباتيين مورفولوجياً بدراسة ما يمي: )الشكل الحياتي، الجذر، الساق، اﻷوراق، السنابل الزىرّية، اﻷزىار المذّكرة والمؤّنثة، الثمرة، أشعار المبيض، الحراشف وأبعادىا، الميسم، حبات الطمع، اﻷسدية، القّنابات وجودىا أوغيابيا(. ثالثاً: الد ارسة التصنيفّية : تّم تصنيف و توصيف ود ارسة النوعين النباتيين المذكورين بالرجوع إلى الم ارجع العممّية المخت ّصة التالية: ( Post, 1933; Mouterde, 1966; Zohary, 1986; Jafri et al., 1977; Davis, 1984; Boulous,1999, Apg iv, 2016, flora of china ). اربعاً: د ارسة الشكل الخارجي لحّبات الطمع: تّمت د ارسة حّبات الطمع بعد نثرىا عمى صفيحة زجاجية ثم درست باستخدام المجير الضوئي العادي بإضافة حمض الكبريت الكثيف. خامساً: اﻷدوات المستخدمة في البحث: تّمت الد ارسة المورفولوجية باستخدام اﻷدوات التالية : مجير ضوئي، مكّبرة، مسطرة، ورقة ميمممترّية، كاميرا تصوير ديجتال، كاميرا بشكل عدسة مجير توصل بالحاسوب من جية أخرى موديل CD2. الصفات العامة لجنس ذنب القط: (Jafri et al., 1977 ، نبات عشبي مائي أو مستنقعي معّمر طويل، ريزومي ) اﻷو ارق خض ارء شريطّية ﻻطئة متوازية منتصبة وجمدية المممس (Mouterde, 1966)، اﻷزىار وحيدة مسكن وحيدة جنس وصغيرة الحجم، عارية، (Post, 1933)، تتو ّضع عمى سنابل زىرّية اسطوانّية الشكل، السنابل العموّية مذّكرة والسفمّية مؤّنثة اﻷزىار المذّكرة (Jafry et al., 1977)، والمؤّنثة كثيرة العدد جّداً وتكون اﻷزىار محاطة بأشعار ناعمة وكثيرة العدد اﻷوراق تكون عادة أطول أوطوليا يساوي طول السنبمة الزىرّية )أطمس التنّوع، 2002(. 130 مجمة جامعة تشرين العموم البيولوجية المجمد )04( العدد )Tishreen University Journal. Bio. Sciences Series 1422 )3 الزىرة المذّكرة تتكّون عادةً من )1-5( أسدية ذات خيوط ممتحمة في اﻷسفل، حبات الطمع تنمو عادة منفردة أو Zohary في رباعّيات (1986 , )، الزىرة المؤّنثة تتألّف من مدقّة ) مبيض- قمم خيطي- ميسم خيطي( مع حامل مأنثي ) أطمس التنّوع، 2002(، المبيض وحيد الكربمة يحوي بويضة واحدة ويغطى الحامل المأنثي بأشعار خيطّية ناعمة وطويمة يتراوح عددىا بين )24-60( شعرة ) سعد، 1994( يزىر ىذا النبات في فصمي الّربيع وال ّصيف ) أطمس التنّوع، 2002(، وتقوم مجموعة من اﻷزىار العقيمة بحماية اﻷزىار الخصبة) عيسى، 1995(. الثمرة جوزة صغيرة الحجم، مغزلّية الشكل متفتّحة أو غير متفتّحة بشق طولي مع غﻻف غشائي (Davis, 1984) ،(Boulous,1999) بعد أن تج ّف الثمار تسقط في مجموعات وتُنتج كل ثمرة بذرة واحدة، . الخصائص البيئية لجنس ذنب القط ومكان انتشاره: ينتشر ىذا النبات عمى سطح الكرة اﻷرضية في المناطق الرطبة وفي المستنقعات والحفر والخنادق المائية وفي اﻷنيار وفي البرك (Davis, 1984)، كما ينتشر حول البحيرات (Zohary, 1986)، وقد يسبب انسداداً في مجاري المياه نتيجة نمّوه السريع في فصل الصيف ) سعد، 1994( وينتشر حتى ارتفاع )2250( م فوق سطح البحر ) عيسى، 1995(. النتائج والمناقشة: تّم في ىذه الد ارسة جمع نوعين من جنس ذنب القط في المواقع المدروسة ) كما في الجدول رقم 1( مع مﻻحظة اختﻻف فترات اﻹزىار حيث كانت فترة إزىار النوع T.domingensis في الصيف، في حين كانت فترة إزىار النوع T.angustifolia في الربيع، وكان من أبرز النتائج: التأكيد عمى تسجيل النوعين المدروسين ﻷول مرة في (Mouterde, 1966 الﻻذقية بعد أن تّم تسجيميما مسبقاً في دمشق ) . جدول رقم)1( النوعان المدروسان وأماكن انتشارىما: الجنس اﻷنواع مكان الجمع خﻻل مكان الجمع وفقاً لـ species Typha )Mouterde,1966( )2016-2015( T.domingensis Pers. = المختارية – جبريون - الشير حتب- عزاز- وفي جنوب الحمة T.angustifolia L. = المختارية – جبريون- جب حسن – دعتور بسنادا وصف النوعين المدروسين: :Typha domingensis Pers نبات عشبي معمر مائي أو مستنقعي ذو ساق قوية، يتراوح طوليا بين )1.5-2 ( م، اﻷوراق شريطية ﻻطئة خض ارء مزرقّة، عرض نصل اﻷوراق يتراوح بين )5-14(مم، اﻷوراق والساق منتصبة ومستقيمة. السنابل الزىرّية المذّكرة والمؤّنثة تكون متباعدة عن بعضيا البعض ومنفصمة بمسافة تت اروح بين )0.5-10(سم. طول اﻷو ارق اﻹعاشية الخض ارء يتجاوز طول الساق الزىرية، طول السنبمة الزىرّية المذّكرة يت اروح بين )12-38(سم وتكون أطول بمرة ونصف من السنبمة المؤّنثة، عدد اﻷسدية )3(، حّبات الطمع كروية الشكل ومنفردة ذات فتحة إنتاش وحيدة. 132 صفات مورفولوجية وتشريحية لنوعين من جنس ذنب القط .Typha L من فصيمة Typhaceae ديبو السنبمة الزىرّية المؤّنثة يت اروح طوليا بين )10-28(سم، بنّية المون وتصبح عند النضج بمون القرفة، الميسم مستقيم ويكون أطول من أشعار المبيض الخارجية، الثمار طوليا حوالي )1(مم متفتّحة بشق طولي، عدد اﻷشعار يتراوح بين )24-54( عادة ً، طول اﻷشعار يتراوح بين )5-7(مم، البذور صغيرة)0.2(مم مع أشعار نحيفة تساعدىا في اﻻنتشار مع الرياح.
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