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Pollination Syndromes Pollination Syndromes Wind-pollinated Monocots Announcements Quizzes graded, grades available on GradeBook. MHG Project: Lab demos and key plants: MHG Tour today during lab. Group Keying Poaceae in lab today. Family Review: Useful field characteristics online Family review slides online Textbook DVD WTU Image Collection Medicinal Herb Garden/Greenhouse Phylogeny of angiosperms Angiosperms “Basal angiosperms” Parallel venation scattered vascular bundles 1 cotyledon Tricolpate pollen ANITA grade •Ambor ella •Nymphaeaceae •Illicium •T rimenia vessels •Austr obaileya (Jansen et al. 2007) Monocots (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009) Commelinids: Cyperaceae Commelinids Juncaceae Poaceae Typhaceae Arecaceae Bromeliaceae wind animal Richard Old Jack Dykinga Araceae Orchidaceae Cyperaceae Typhaceae Liliaceae Bromeliaceae Juncaceae Arecaceae* Iridaceae Poaceae Phylogeny of monocots (Graham et al. 2006) Animal Pollination Syndromes Syndrome = a series of characteristics, all related to some function in the plant. Many different kinds of insects function as pollinators; often these involve very different floral characteristics: Bees, butterflies, etc.: 1) flowers showy, with brightly colored petals 2) flowers usually with some food reward, two common ones are: pollen - protein rich reward nectar - rich in nutrients (e.g., amino acids and sugars) 3) flowers often with strong favorable scent during the day 4) flowers often with ultraviolet markings visible only to the insects (not to humans) Animal Pollination Syndromes Carrion flies (Blowflies): 1) flowers purple or brown or greenish-brown 2) flowers often close to the ground 3) scent strong and foul (like dead animal) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus Animal Pollination Syndromes Moths: 1) flowers often white 2) flowers open and scent released in the evening or at night 3) nectar reward 4) flowers often long and tubular to limit access only to long tongued moths http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angraecum_sesquipedale http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angraecum_sesquipedale Animal Pollination Syndromes Birds often pollinate flowers, too: Hummingbirds (found in North and South America only): 1) flowers with long tubular corollas 2) flowers usually red 3) nectar reward in large quantity, rich in sugars (few other nutrients) 4) flowers often dangle away from plant so that bird can reach it while hovering In other parts of the world different birds, including honeycreepers (Hawaii), honeyeaters (Australia) and sunbirds (S. Africa) act as pollinators. Flowers adapted to these birds differ from those adapted for hummingbirds by having a “landing platform” for the birds to perch on, because they cannot hover. The flowers still have long tubular corollas and lots of sugar-rich nectar. Diana Bradshaw Freitas & Sazima 2006 Wind Pollination Syndrome 1) Flowers appear before leaves are out, or flowers extend above the rest of the plant. http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2365/2454884258_84354011c0.jpg Wind Pollination Syndrome 2) Often unisexual flowers, separate male and female flowers. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Wind Pollination Syndrome 3) Large number of small flowers (especially males) & aggregated into dense inflorescences (catkins, spikelets, etc.). Textbook DVD KRR& DLN Textbook DVD KRR Wind Pollination Syndrome 4) Individual flowers small and inconspicuous and dull-colored - without parts for attraction. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Wind Pollination Syndrome 5) Big stamens produce lots of pollen. Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Wind Pollination Syndrome 6) Stigmas large and plumose (feather-like) or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen on females. Textbook DVD KMN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Wind Pollination Syndrome 7) Ratio of pollen grains to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1 per flower). Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Typhaceae (Cattail family) Hannah Marx Hannah Marx Typha latifolia Typha angustifolia Typhaceae (Cattail family) 2 genera, 28 species (Typha [13], Sparganium [15]) Steven J. Baskauf 2002 Habit: Leaves: Typhaceae (Cattail family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Sex of plant: Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Typhaceae (Cattail family) Flower symmetry: Perianth parts: # of stamens: Textbook DVD KRR & DLN http://www.backyardnature.net/n/09/090419cu.jpg # of pistils/flower: # of carpels/pistil: Ovary position: Typhaceae (Cattail family) Fruit type: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/401/Magnoliophyta/Liliopsida/Poales/Typhaceae/Typha/Typha_latifolia/ http://www.aphotoflora.com/DevonandCornwall/Sparganium%20erectum-sh-27-07-06.jpg Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Triticum aestivum Oryza sativa - rice Textbook DVD KRR wheat Sorghum vulgare Textbook DVD KRR http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content-nw/full/21/suppl_3/161S/F1 sorghum Zea mays - corn Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Note: Alternate family names with an -ae ending are permitted by the ICBN for a few families. Textbook DVD WSJ 650 genera, 9700 species One of the largest plant families! Textbook DVD JRA Habit: Stems: Leaves: Textbook DVD DLN Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Sex of plant: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/images/0645.jpg Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Flower symmetry: Perianth parts: # of stamens: # of pistils/flower: # of carpels/pistil: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/images/0645.jpg Ovary position: Poaceae/Gramineae (Grass family) Fruit type: Textbook DVD KRR Textbook DVD KRR Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Scirpus microcarpus Rhynchospora alba panicled bulrush Ben Legler white beaksedge Ben Legler Cyperaceae (Sedge family) http://www.alibaba.com/member/hanour.html/viewimg/photo/10900431/Egyptian_Papyrus_Drawing.jpg.html Cyperus papyrus Ancient Egyptians used this species for making paper http://www.hear.org/starr/images/images/plants/full/starr-070221-4773.jpg Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Eleocharis dulcis water chestnut edible corms Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Textbook DVD JRA 104 genera, 4500 species (Carex, Cyperus, Eleocharis) Habit: Stems: Leaves: Textbook DVD JRA Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Sex of plant: Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Textbook DVD KRR+DLN Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Flower symmetry: Perianth parts: # of stamens: Textbook DVD KRR & DLN # of pistils/flower: # of carpels/pistil: Ovary position: Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Fruit type: Juncaceae (Rush family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD CSC Juncus dichotomous Luzula multiflora Juncaceae (Rush family) 6 genera, 400 species (Juncus [300], Luzula[80]) Habit: Stems: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2365/2454884258_84354011c0.jpg Leaves: Ben Legler Juncaceae (Rush family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Sex of plant: Jim Riley Juncaceae (Rush family) Flower symmetry: Perianth parts: # of stamens: # of pistils/flower: # of carpels/pistil: Ben Legler Ovary position: Juncaceae (Rush family) Fruit type: Luzula comosa Pacific woodrush Ben Legler Comparison of the three grass-like families Poaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Perianth reduced to reduced to 6-tepals (or lodicules bristles 3 sepals + 3 petals) Stem jointed, round, triangular, solid round, solid and usually or hollow hollow Ligule present usually no absent ligule, but Carex is exception Fruit caryopsis achene capsule “Sedges have edges, rushes are round, grasses have holes up from the ground, or…grasses have joints when cops don’t abound.” Comparison of the three grass-like families http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/grseru2.gif Arecaceae/Palmae (Palm family) Textbook DVD WSJ Textbook DVD WSJ Cocos nucifera Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Coconut palm Arecaceae/Palmae (Palm family) Note: Alternate family names with an -ae ending are permitted by the ICBN for a few families. Textbook DVD WSJ 200 genera, 2780 species (Cocos, Euterpe, Phoenix, Roystonia, Washingtonia) Habit: Stems: Textbook DVD WSJ Leaves: Arecaceae/Palmae (Palm family) Inflorescence: Flowers: Sex of plant: Arecaceae/Palmae (Palm family) Flower symmetry: Perianth parts: # of stamens: # of pistils/flower: # of carpels/pistil: Textbook DVD SZ Ovary position: Arecaceae/Palmae (Palm family) Fruit type: http://www.skrewtips.com/img/dates_fruits.jpg .
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