INDEX

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures, those in bold refer to tables. Page numbers with suffix ‘n’ refer to endnotes.

acculturation model 249–50, 251 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 seasonal movements 81–2, 83 Acheulean hominins 219–30 retouch intensity 262 temporal changes 82 behavioral innovations 220, 229–30 Arnhem Land, Australia 78–91 tool flexibility/multifunctionality 83 cognitive capacity for lexicon 229 assemblage zones 80, 88–91, 89 long-term planning 229 reduction 88–91 Attirampakkam, Indian raw materials typological classification 79, 81 subcontinent 100, 107 seeking 228 assemblage variation 88 Aurignacian sequence transfer distances 228–9 chronological 91 la Ferrassie, France 186–94 social interactions 229 geographical 90 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 203 true imitation 229 new depictions 83 Auvergne, Upper Paleolithic Acheulean lithic assemblage 3–12, 220 traditional depictions 79, 80, seasonal direct mobility 36–8, 43 analysis methods 6–7 81–3 transfers 41, 42 Hunsgi-Baichbal basin 221 cores 87 axe fragments Indian subcontinent 99, 101, bipolar 87, 88, 89, 90 Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 81 106–7, 107–8, 109 non-bipolar 87, 88 see also handaxes Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition cultural groups 81 industries 19 environmental change 82, 83 Baichbal Valley, India 220–9 raw material selection 11–12 fabricators 89, 90 geology 226–7 Sede Ilan, Israel 179 flakes 79, 81, 82 basalt technology 219–30 bipolar reduction 85–8 Dry Creek, Alaska 61 transport of raw materials 108–9, production 85 hammerstones 226 227, 228–9 retouching 84, 85, 90 Indian subcontinent 99 action radius model, Hungarian foragers Isampur site, Indian Paleolithic 51 land use 88–91 subcontinent 225, 226 adaptation concept 129, 130, 140 mobility 91 mining 177 adzes, Dalton group 278, 279, 281 resource use variation 83 Nachukui Formation 9, 10, 11 Aebischer site, Midcontinent USA 274, foraging scrapers 265 277 risk 90–1 Sede Ilan, Israel 176–7, 179, 180 Alaska strategies 91 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 microblades 54–6 knappers 90 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 68, 69, 71, radiocarbon ages 55 landscape change 82–3 71, 72 site 56–8 map 80 bears, cave 253 see also Dry Creek, Alaska plain/plateau categories 82 Beauronnian truncations 209 amber, Hungarian Gravettian COPYRIGHTEDpoints 79, 89, 90 MATERIALbehavioral strategies, optimal 129 period 123 production 91 Beringia Ambler site, Midcontinent USA 274, 276 reduction/recycling to extend use hunter-gatherers 74–5 andesite life 84–5, 91 map 55 Epigravettian culture, retouching 89, 90 microblades 54–6 Hungarian 124, 125 procurement economics 90 non-microblade complexes 75 points 145 raw material availability 88–91 raw material procurement/ angular material, Indian reduction/recycling 91 selection 60–1, 62–3, 64–9, subcontinent 97, 107–8 intensity 83, 89, 90 70, 71, 72–3, 73 argillite use life extending 84–5 Upper Paleolithic toolstone Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64, 65 scrapers 79, 81, 82 procurement 54–75

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 289289 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:57:52:57 AAMM 290 Index

bifaces Boulder Conglomerate Formations Solvieux, France 208, 209, 210, Acheulean 220 (BCF), Indian subcontinent 101, 213, 214, 216n Dry Creek, Alaska 57 102, 103 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261, 265 Indian subcontinent 111 Brodrogkeresztúr (Hungary) 51 Chesrow site, Midcontinent USA 280, Isampur site, Indian Broken Mammoth site, Alaska 74–5 282 subcontinent 224, 225, 226, bruised ends, Arnhem Land, chipped stone artifacts 47–52 228 Australia 79, 81 nomenclature 49 metrics 222–4, 228 burins Christianson site, Midcontinent transport 227 Hłomcza, Poland 197 USA 280, 281–2 reduction strategy 145, 146–52 Raysse 210, 216n cleavers analysis 152, 153–5, 156–7 Acheulean 220 dacite 147–52, 153–5, 156–8 Caminade Est, France 133–4, 135, Isampur site, Indian debitage 157–8 136–7, 140 subcontinent 223–4, 226 flakes 19 Cardy site, Midcontinent USA 274, 277 distinction from handaxes 228 flaking 170 caribou hunting 282–3, 284 Clovis land-use patterns 270–85 transport 144 Carpathian Arch 118, 119 Aebischer site 274, 277 costs 146–52 Carpathian Basin 118, 119 Ambler site 274, 276 bifacial ovals, Arnhem Land, chipped stone artifacts 47–52 Bostrom site 274, 275–6 Australia 79, 81, 84, 85 map 48 Cardy site 274, 277 bladelets tool-working 122 Dugan Airfield 274, 276 carinated cores 190 Carpathian Mountains, southern environmental change 273 la Ferrassie, France 187–8, 189, 190 Poland 196–7 gatherings 284 refitted 203 see also Hłomcza, Poland; Obłazowa Hawk’s Nest site 274, 276 blades Cave, Poland hunting 282–3 blanks 188, 215 central place foraging models 146, Lincoln Hills 274, 276 cores 189–90 158 map 274 end-struck 259 central place site use models 165, mobility 282–5 retouching 136 171 Morrow-Hensel site 274, 277 Site 55, Indian subcontinent 105 chaîne opératoire Mueller-Keck site 273–5 Solvieux, France 214, 215 concept 165 population density 284 technology 128 Middle Paleolithic 16, 17, 18 raw material transport 282, 284 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 70, 73 Nachukui Formation 6–7 travel distances 284 see also microblades Namibian Lower Paleolithic 163–71 unbounded 273–7 blank portability hypothesis 130, prehistoric techno-economics 234 Withington site 274, 276–7 131–2, 132, 134 Sede Ilan, Israel 176 cobble–boulder sources blanks chalcedony, Solvieux, France 212 Indian subcontinent 105–7 blades 188, 215 cherts Mode 2 assemblages 106–7 Clovis groups 276 Arnhem Land, Australia 79 cobbles non-local 132, 133, 134 Bergeracois 136–7, 138, 139 Indian subcontinent 101–5 production from large flakes 238 foram fossils 211 Nachukui Formation 8–10 Quina technology 232 Solvieux, France 210, 211, 212, quartzite 101–5 production 238 213, 214 conceptions volumétriques, Middle retouched 136 Clovis groups 275, 276, 277 Paleolithic 16 Sede Ilan, Israel 179 Dalton group 278, 279–80, 281, continuity, long-term 271 selection for transport 133 282, 284 core volume organizations, Middle size 133, 134, 135, 136–7 hammerstones 226 Paleolithic 16 attrition 132, 134, 135 Indian subcontinent 103 core-and-flake assemblages, Indian Solvieux, France 209, 214 Isampur site 225 subcontinent 105–6 transport 131, 145, 235 Isle Valley Translucent 210–11, cores unretouched 131, 132 213, 216n Arnhem Land, Australia 87 boomerang, Obłazowa Cave, nodules 112n bipolar 87, 88, 89, 90 Poland 201, 203, 204 nummulithic 123 non-bipolar 87, 88 mammoth tusk 201, 204 retouching 135, 134 bidirectional 190 wooden 204 scrapers 265 blades 189–90 Bostrom site, Midcontinent USA 274, Senonian 138, 139, 190, 208, carinated 190 275–6 210–11 Clovis groups 276

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 290290 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM Index 291

Dalton group 282 George site 278, 280 Denali cultural complex 57–8 Hłomcza, Poland 197 maps 279, 280, 281 faunal remains 58 Isampur site, Indian mobility 284–5 formal/informal tool subcontinent 222, 224, 225, New Valmeyer site 279–80, 280 production 65–6, 67 226 Nochta site 280, 280–1 knappable materials 61 transport 227 Olive Branch site 278, 280 Lignite Creek 61 la Ferrassie, France raw materials 284 lithic artifacts 61, 63, 64 length 187, 188, 191 ritual practices 284 microblades 57, 61 morphology 189–90 Sloan site 277–8, 280, 281 production 66–7, 68 reduction 186–94 social networks 284 Nenana cultural complex 57, 75 multidirectional 190 tribal formation 284 Nenana Gravel 60–1 platforms at la Ferrassie, Darwinian evolution 129–30 scrapers 57 France 188–90 debitage tool assemblage 57 Quina technology 232, 236–8 analysis 145, 149–50 tool production 65–6, 67 production strategies 242 biface reduction strategy 157–8 toolstones reduction Dalton group 281 availability 61, 62 Clovis groups 276 Dry Creek, Alaska 57, 64 procurement 60–1, 62–3, 64–5, la Ferrassie, France 186–94 size 64–5, 66 73–4 Quina technology 236–8, 242 Great Basin Paleoarchaic 144–58 selection 65–7, 68, 74 Sede Ilan, Israel 178–9 quarries 156–7 variability 61, 63, 64 Senonian chert 213 residential sites 156–7 Dugan Airfield site, Midcontinent single orientation 190 variation 157–8 USA 274, 276, 279, 280 Site 55, Indian subcontinent 105 Indian subcontinent 107 Durkadi, Indian subcontinent 100, 106 Solvieux, France 213 Isampur site 222 tool making 131 size categories 153 Early Acheulean lithic assemblage, raw Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 68, 70 Solvieux, France 213 material selection 10–11 cortex systems economics Clovis groups 276 Middle Paleolithic 16–17 biface transport costs 146–52 Dry Creek, Alaska 64–5 Nachukui Formation 9–12 context of site of Quina Le Flageolet, France 134, 135 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 68, 69 assemblages 242 Solvieux, France 214, 215 size 71, 72 procurement in Arnhem Land, Tsoana site, Namibia 166–8 see also Levallois debitage system; Australia 90 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 71 Quina debitage system raw materials utility 146 Deccan plateau, India 220–9 acquisition/transport 130–1 Cowboy Rest Creek Quarry, Nevada Dehra-Gogipur, Indian Solvieux, France 208–16 (USA) 146–52, 153–5, 156–8 subcontinent 109, 110 see also techno-economics cryptocrystalline silicates Denali cultural complex, Dry Creek, edge modification 253 Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64, 65, 66, Alaska 57–8 embedded procurement strategy 131–2 67, 68 denticulates end scrapers, Clovis groups 275, 277 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 68, 69, retouching 199, 263 end-choppers, Toka, Indian 71, 72 Szeletian, Hungary 249 subcontinent 103, 104 cultural evolution 129 diabase, Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64 environmental change diorite, Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 Arnhem Land, Australia 82, 83 dacite retouch intensity 262 Clovis and Dalton land-use biface reduction 147–52, 153–5, distance attrition hypothesis 130, patterns 273 156–8 132–3, 136, 138–9 environmental complexity, la Ferrassie, Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64 dolerite France 191–4 points 145 Indian subcontinent 99 environmental knowledge, Dalton land-use patterns 270–85 Isampur site, Indian hominins 180 bounded 277–82 subcontinent 225 Epigravettian culture, Hungarian 123–5 Chesrow site 280, 282 Dry Creek, Alaska 56–8 equifinality, Upper Paleolithic 36 Christianson site 280, 281–2 artifact assemblage 57 distance of raw material bifaces 57 fabricators, Arnhem Land, transport 278 cortex 64–5 Australia 79, 81, 89, 90 Dugan Airfield site 279, 280 debitage 57, 64 fauna environmental change 273 size 64–5, 66 Dry Creek, Alaska 58

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 291291 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM 292 Index

fauna (Contd.) utility 146 quarries 156–7 la Ferrassie, France 192, 193, 194 flints residential sites 156–7 Szeleta Cave, Hungary 253 Baltic transfer 41 variation 157–8 Transbaikal region, Siberia 260 Bircza 198 flakes felsitic quartz porphyry, Szeleta Cave, blocks 179 measurements 152, 153 Hungary 252, 253 “blond” Turonian 40 numbers 152, 154 fine-grained volcanics (FGV) 61, 64, chocolate 118, 201, 202, 203, 205 samples 150–1 65, 66, 67, 68 Epigravettian culture, size categories 152, 155 fingers, human 203–4 Hungarian 124 group movements 273 flake blanks exploitation patterns 181 Quina technology 235 “flysch” 40 hammers retouching relationship 240–1 ‘grain de mil’ 29, 38, 40, 41 Isampur site, Indian flake tool index of retouch Hłomcza, Poland 198 subcontinent 227 intensity 262 Hungarian Gravettian period 123 Quina technology 236 flakes identification 29 hammerstones analytical protocol 151–2 Krakow Jurassic 118, 201 Isampur site, Indian analytical refitting 168, 169, 170 Neolithic use 180 subcontinent 222, 224, 225, Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 81, 82 nodules 179, 180 226 bipolar reduction 85–8 Northern 118 materials 226 production 85 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 200, 201, handaxes retouching 84, 85, 90 202, 203, 205 Acheulean 220 biface reduction 19 outcrop use 180–1 Indian subcontinent 109, 110, 111 Clovis groups 275, 276, 277 quarrying 175, 180–4 Isampur site, Indian cortical backs 237 Quina technology 235 subcontinent 222, 223–4, 226 Dalton group 278, 282 Sede Ilan, Israel, extraction 179–80 distinction from cleavers 228 dorsal cortex 154, 156 Upper Paleolithic 36, 38, 39–40 Sede Ilan, Israel 179 dorsal scar 154, 156 “Vachons” 40 Hawk’s Nest site, Midcontinent Hłomcza, Poland 197 focal site model 165 USA 274, 276 Indian subcontinent 107, 109, 110, Folsom groups 273, 282 Hłomcza, Poland 196, 197–8 111 foragers/foraging 242 artifacts 197–8 Isampur site, Indian Arnhem Land, Australia flints 198 subcontinent 222, 223 land use 88–91 topography 198 jasper 212 mobility 91 home base model 165 Levallois debitage system 18, 19 resource use variation 83 hominids Middle Paleolithic tool risk 90–1 Neanderthal 233 provisioning 18–19 strategies 91 scavenging 165–6 Nachukui Formation 8–10 central place models 146, 158 hominins Perigord region, France 236–8 la Ferrassie, France 191–4 activity models 4 platform preparation 152, 154, radius of hunter-gatherers 191 brain size 220 156 environmental impact 182 Quina debitage system 19–20 gabbro, Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 environmental knowledge 180 Quina technology 232, 237, 240 retouch intensity 262 landscape impact 182 refitting analysis 168, 169, 170–1 George site, Midcontinent USA 278, Middle Pleistocene 180, 182 retouched 84, 85, 90, 107, 136, 280 Plio-Pleistocene 6, 8–10 179 granite, Indian subcontinent 99 see also Acheulean hominins Quina technology 237, 240 Isampur site 225 Homo ergaster 220 sample analysis 150–1 Gravettian see Hungarian Gravettian Homo heidelbergensis 220 size categories 152, 155 period Homo sapiens sapiens, Szeleta Cave, Solvieux, France 214, 215 Great Basin Paleoarchaic 144–58 Hungary 251–2 technology 128 analytical protocol 151–2 human bone, Obłazowa Cave, transport 131, 235 biface reduction 146–52, 153–5, Poland 203–4 Tsoana site, Namibia 166–8 156–8 Hungarian Gravettian period 116–25 un-retouched 107 analysis 152, 153–5, 156–7 Northern flint 118 Upper Paleolithic 36, 43 debitage Paleolithic assemblages 118–19 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 70, 73 analysis 149–50 phyla 117

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 292292 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM Index 293

raw materials Acheulean assemblages 99, 101, Knudtsen site, Nevada (USA) 146–52, local/long distance 118 106–8, 109 153–5, 156–8 types/distribution 118–19 angular material 97, 107–8 Kokiselei 4 (Early Acheulean) site 5–6 usage 119–25 artifacts 103–5 rock composition 8 sites 117 bifaces 111 Kokiselei 5 (Oldowan) site 5–6 Hungarian Paleolithic 48–52 biogeography 98–9, 100 knappers 10 action radius model 51 clast groups 100, 101–7 raw materials 10 diffusion radius of materials 52 cobble–boulder sources 105–7 rock composition 8 lithic raw materials core-and-flake assemblages 105–6 Kombewa technique 238 identification 48–52 flakes 107, 109, 110, 111 Koobi Fora site 167–8 obsidian 51, 52 geographical distribution of raw Krakow Jurassic flint 118, 201 rock crystal 52 materials 98–9, 100, 101–7 Kun-kundurnku 1 site, Arnhem Land, secondary sources of raw pebble–cobble sources 101–5 Australia 86–7, 88 materials 52 picks 111 workshop settlements 50 quartzite clast sites 99 la Ferrassie, France Hungary seasonal availability of raw Aurignacian sequence 186–94 chipped stone artifacts 47–52 materials 101 bladelets 187, 189, 190 Lithotheca raw materials sites 100 production 187–8 collection 49, 116 tabular material 97, 107–8 climatic conditions 187 Neolithic 50 transport of raw materials 108–9 cores Hunsgi Valley, Indian Isampur site, Indian Aurignacian 187–90 subcontinent 220–9 subcontinent 107–8 length 187, 188, 191 Hunsgi-Baichbal basin, Indian biface metrics 222–4, 228 morphology 189–90 subcontinent 107–8, 220–30 cleavers 228 reduction 186–94 geology 226–7 cores 222, 224, 225, 226 distant sources of raw materials 191 raw material transport transport 227 environmental complexity 191–4 distances 226–7, 228–30 hammers 227 fauna 192, 193, 194 hunter-gatherers handaxes 222, 223–4, 226 food selection efficiency 193 Alaska 75 distinction from cleavers 228 foraging 191–4, 193 assemblage size/diversity 128 quarry 221–2 habitat diversity 192–3 Beringia 74–5 raw materials landscape utilization 186–94 environmental constraints 42 selection 224, 225, 226, 228 lithic reduction 186–94 foraging radius 191 transfer distances 226–7 local foraging area 191–4 Middle Paleolithic 20 slab thickness selection 227, 228 local procurement 191 mobility 27, 28 seasonal movements 191 jasper 138 raw material transfers 27 Senonian cherts 190 flakes 212 subsistence 191 social exchange 190–1 Solvieux, France 212 technological efficiency 127–41 subsistence 191–2 toolstone transport 131 Kalpi, Indian subcontinent 100, 105 territory size 190–1 traditional ecological Kamchatka topographical variation 192–3 knowledge 183–4 microblades 54–6 La-Côte, France 133–4, 135, 137–40 hunting, Clovis land-use see also Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka landmarks, lithic landscape 272–3 patterns 282–3, 284 knappers landscape 271–3 hunting camps Arnhem Land, Australia 90 change in Arnhem Land, Obłazowa Cave, Poland 203 Kokiselei 5 (Oldowan) site 10 Australia 82–3 Solvieux, France 215 multipurpose tools 145 hominin impact 182 hydroquartzite Nadung’a 4 (Acheulean) site 11 Sede Ilan, Israel Hungarian Gravettian period 120, knapping alteration 182 121, 122, 253 bipolar 85–8 features 175, 176, 181 Szeleta Cave, Hungary 252 location 183 maintenance with Quina assemblages 241 quarrying 182–3 Illinois Basin, USA 271, 272 knives utilization imitation 229 function 263 la Ferrassie, France 186–94 India, peninsula 220–9 small backed 199 Namibian Lower Indian subcontinent 97–112 see also bladelets; blades Paleolithic 163–71

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 293293 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM 294 Index

land-use microblades Lower Paleolithic Clovis and Dalton patterns 270–85 Beringia 54–6 hominids 165 legacies at Sede Ilan, Israel 183–4 Dry Creek, Alaska 57, 61 Namibian 163–71 Late Paleoindian 271 production 66–7, 68 Middle Paleolithic 27, 28 Late Pleistocene, Indian Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 69, 70 Namibian Lower Paleolithic 163–71 subcontinent 103 production 73 Tsoana site, Namibia 170 Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, Indian Midcontinent of North Upper Paleolithic 27, 28 subcontinent 102–3 America 270–85 group 32, 34–40, 41–2 lavas, Nachukui Formation 8 Clovis land-use patterns 273–7, seasonal direct 36–8, 43 law of progress 128–9 282–5 see also seasonal movements Le Flageolet, France 133–4, 135, 136, Dalton land-use patterns 273, Mogyorósbánya site, Hungarian 140–1 277–82, 284–5 Gravettian 122–3 Levallois debitage system 16, 17, 18 Middle Paleolithic Morrow-Hensel site, Midcontinent flakes 18, 19 debitage systems 16–17 USA 274, 277 Sede Ilan, Israel 178–9 Hungary 50 mountain crystal 201 Lignite Creek, Dry Creek, Alaska 61 hunter-gatherers 20 see also rock crystal limestone landscape impact of hominins 182 Mousterian assemblages angular tabular material matrices 19, 20 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 198–9 exploitation 107–8 mobility 27, 28 Perigord, France 233, 234 Isampur site, Indian Mousterian culture 198 Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition subcontinent 222, 225, 226 personal gear transport 20, 28 (MTA) industries 19 Sede Ilan, Israel 179 raw material transfers 27–8 Movius Line 98 Limestone Peak Locality 1, Nevada strategies Mudnur X site, India 227, 229 (USA) 147–52, 153–5, 156–8 for provisioning individuals 28 Mueller-Keck site, Midcontinent limnoquartzite for raw material acquisition/ USA 273–5 Hungarian Gravettian period 120, management 18, 43 121, 122 techno-economic patterns of Nachukui Formation 4–12 Szeleta Cave, Hungary 252 procurement 28 analysis methods 6–7 Lincoln Hills, Midcontinent USA 274, tool provisioning 15–21 debitage systems 9–12 276 distance of transfer of location 7 lithic landscape see landscape materials 18 physical setting 4–6 lithic procurement see procurement finished products on flints 19 raw material selection 8–10 Lithotheca raw materials collection flakes 18–19 rock composition 7–8 (Hungary) 49, 116 systems 17 Nadung’a 4 (Acheulean) site 5–6 Little Smoky Quarry, Nevada (USA) waste materials 20 raw materials 11–12 147–52, 153–5, 156–8 tool types 249 rock composition 8 Lokalalei 2C (Early Oldowan) site 5–6 transition to Upper Namibian Lower Paleolithic 163–71 heavy-duty tools 10 Paleolithic 247–50 Neanderthals raw material selection 8–10 Middle Pleistocene behaviors 16 rock composition 8 flint quarrying 175 cognition 233 Lower Paleolithic hominins 180 overlap with modern humans 251 chaîne opératoire concept 165 landscape impact 182 social interactions 233 hominid mobility 165 Indian subcontinent 103 Szeletian 249 Hungary 50 quarry complexes 182–3 near-kill accumulation model 166, Hunsgi-Baichbal basin, India 221 Sede Ilan, Israel 174–84 171 landscape impact of hominins 182 mirror neurone system 229 Nenana cultural complex, Dry Creek, Namibian 163–71 mobility Alaska 57 site use 165 Arnhem Land, Australia, Nenana Gravel, Dry Creek, lydite 123 foragers 91 Alaska 60–1 Clovis land-use patterns 282–5 Neolithic Magdalenian colonization 198 Dalton land-use patterns 284–5 environmental impact of Solvieux, France 208, 209, 210, group humans 182 212 movements 273 flint use 180 matrices, Middle Paleolithic 19, 20 Upper Paleolithic 32, 34–40, Hungary 50 Megyaszó-Szelestetõ site, Hungarian 41–2 New Valmeyer site, Midcontinent Gravettian 119–20 hunter-gatherers 27, 28 USA 279–80, 280

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 294294 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM Index 295

Nochta site, Midcontinent USA 280, Perigord region, France 233, 234, direct 131–2, 273 280–1 235–43 Upper Paleolithic 39–40 nodule size hypothesis 130, 133, flake production 236–8 economics in Arnhem Land, 136–7 raw materials procurement 235–6 Australia 90 Northern flint, Hungarian Gravettian seasonal movements 236 embedded strategy 131–2 period 118 personal gear transport 242 indirect 273 notches, Szeletian, Hungary 249 Middle Paleolithic 20, 28 Upper Paleolithic 39–40 Upper Paleolithic 28, 43 la Ferrassie, France 191 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 196, 198–201, phonolite, Nachukui Formation 8, Middle Paleolithic techno-economic 202, 203–4 9–10, 11 patterns 28 artifacts 198–201 picks, Indian subcontinent 111 Quina technology 232, 235–6 boomerang 201, 203, 204 Pilikarar, Indian subcontinent 100, raw materials flints 200, 201, 202, 203, 205 106–7, 109, 111 Beringia 60–1, 62–3, 64–9, 70, history 201 Pilismarót site, Hungary 123–5 71, 72–3, 73 human bone 203–4 platforms direct 39–40, 131–2, 273 hunting camp use 203 core at la Ferrassie, France 188–90 Perigord region, France 235–6 layers 203 flake preparation 152, 154, 156 strategies 175 long distance imports 199 size in Quina assemblages 240 ritual practices 271–3 Mousterian assemblages 198–9 striking 151, 152 social networks 271–3, 284 Pavlovian period 201, 204 Pleistocene 102–3 strategies 175 radiolarite 199, 200, 201, 202 blade technology 128 subsistence 191–2 rock crystal 201, 202 see also Middle Pleistocene toolstones shamanism 204, 205 Plio-Pleistocene hominins 6 Dry Creek, Alaska 60–1, 62–3, side scrapers 199 raw material selection 8–10 64–5, 73–4 transport of raw materials 205 points Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 67–9, obsidian andesite 145 70, 71, 72, 74 Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64, 66, 67, 68 Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 89, 90 Upper Paleolithic Hungarian Gravettian period 120, production 91 techno-economic patterns 28, 121, 122, 123 reduction/recycling to extend use 34–5, 36, 38–40 Hungarian Paleolithic 51, 52 life 84–5, 91 toolstones in Beringia 54–75 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 199, 200 retouching 89, 90 provisioning points 145 use wear 85 of individuals 242 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 68, 69, bifacial 84, 85 place 242 71, 72 Clovis groups 275, 276, 277, 284 Upper Paleolithic 28 Oldowan lithic assemblage 3–12 contracting stemmed 145 Püspökhatvan site, Hungarian analysis methods 6–7 dacite 145 Gravettian 120–1, 253 raw material selection 10 Dalton group 277–8, 279, 280, Püspökhatvan-Öregszõlõ site, Olduvai site 112n, 167–8 281–2, 284 Hungarian Gravettian 121–2 Olive Branch site, Midcontinent Gravette 210 Pyrenees, Upper Paleolithic 36, 38 USA 278, 280 leaf 199–200, 203 optimality concept 129 Szeletian assemblages, quarry complexes, Middle Orbitoides media (fossil) 211 Hungary 249, 250, 251, 252 Pleistocene 182–3 obsidian 145 quarrying 175 Pabbi Hills site, Indian retouching 84, 85, 89, 90 flints 175, 180–4 subcontinent 100, 102 Solutrean 216n landscape maintenance 182–3 Paleoindian groups 271, 273 unifacial 84, 85 organization 183 Paleolithic post-Siwalik period 102, 103, 104–5 resource management/ assemblages of Hungarian Gravettian preforms conservation 183–4 period 118–19 Clovis groups 275, 276, 277 Sede Ilan, Israel 176–84 see also Hungarian Paleolithic; Lower Dalton group 278, 279, 281, 282 quartz Paleolithic; Middle Paleolithic; procurement 271–3 Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 87 Upper Paleolithic Beringia Indian subcontinent 103 Pavlovian period, Obłazowa Cave, raw materials 60–1, 62–3, 64–9, quartzite Poland 201, 204 70, 71, 72–3, 73 Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 87, pebbles, quartzite 101–5 Upper Paleolithic 89–90 Peninj site 167–8 toolstone 54–75 clasts 107

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 295295 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:58:52:58 AMAM 296 Index

quartzite (Contd.) raclettes 210, 263 scrapers 240–1 cobble–boulder sources 105–7 radiolarite sequence 164–5 cobbles 101–5 Hungarian Gravettian period 120, Solvieux, France 215 dimensional constraints 109, 110, 121, 122–3 resources 111 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 199, 200, management/conservation at Sede Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64, 65, 66, 201, 202 Ilan, Israel 183–4 67, 68 raw materials utility components 146 Hungarian Gravettian period 120, availability and artifact curation 257 retouching 121, 122 economics of acquisition/ blades 136 Indian subcontinent 97–112 transport 130–1 cherts 135, 134, 137–8 Isampur site 225 group affiliations 272 denticulates 199, 263 morphological constraints 109, 110, intermediate 138–9, 140 distance attrition hypothesis 132 111 local 133, 138–9, 140 flake blank relationship 240–1 pebbles 101–5 non-local 132, 133, 134, 138–9, 140 flakes 84, 85, 90, 107, 136, 179 primary sources 101 regional affiliations 272 Quina technology 237, 240 rounded 97–112 retouch intensity 133–4 frequency 136, 137–8, 139 secondary sources 101, 102 retouched 134, 135, 136, 139 index 262, 267 sub-angular 97–112 scrapers 264–5 intensity 133–4, 257 Szeleta Cave, Hungary 252 sizes 133 flake tool index 262 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 Solvieux, France 208–16 tool function 263–4 retouch intensity 262 thermal alteration 210 Transbaikal region, Siberia 262 transport of raw materials 108–9 Tsoana site, Namibia 166 points 84, 85, 89, 90 see also hydroquartzite; limnoquartzite type 139 Quina technology strategies 242 Quina assemblages 234–43 unretouched 133–4, 135, 136 raw material types 134, 135, 136, curation of tools 241 West Turkana Region, Kenya 3–12 139 economic context of site 242 see also procurement; transport of scrapers 238–41, 263–4, 266 implements 238–41 raw materials tools 131 lithic variability 241 reduction Transbaikal region, Siberia 261–7 platform size 240 Arnhem Land, Australia 88–91 rhyolite, Dry Creek, Alaska 61, 64 scrapers 238–41 bipolar of flakes 85–8 ritual practices site occupation length 242 intensity 83, 89, 90 Dalton group 284 tool reduction 241 points 84–5, 91 lithic procurement 271–3 tool variability 241 use life extending 84–5 Riwat site, Indian subcontinent 100, variation 242 biface strategy 145, 146–52 102 Quina debitage system 16, 17 analysis 152, 153–5, 156–7 rock crystal flakes 19–20 dacite 147–52, 153–5, 156–8 Epigravettian culture, scrapers 19–20, 43 debitage 157–8 Hungarian 124, 125 “Quina system” 232, 243 flakes 19 Hungarian Paleolithic 52, 119 Quina technology flaking 170 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 201, 202 artifact transport 235 Great Basin Paleoarchaic 146–52, blanks 232 153–5, 156–8 Ságváran site, Hungarian production 238 cores Gravettian 122 cores 232, 236–8 Clovis groups 276 Samnapur, Indian subcontinent 100, production strategies 242 la Ferrassie, France 186–94 105 reduction 236–8, 242 Quina technology 236–8, 242 sandstone flake blanks 235 dacite 147–52, 153–5, 156–8 hammerstones 226 flakes 232 debitage biface strategy 157–8 Isampur site, Indian with cortical backs 237 flakes 19 subcontinent 225, 226 production 236–8 bipolar 85–8 scavenging 165–6 flint 235 Great Basin Paleoarchaic 152, scavenging station model 165–6 hammers 236 153–5, 156–7 schist 225 raw material procurement 232, intensity 240–1 scrapers 235–6 la Ferrassie, France 186–94 Arnhem Land, Australia 79, 81, 82 retouching strategies 242 Quina assemblages basalt 265 tool production 232–43 cores 236–8, 242 carinated 188 toolkits 243 tools 241 chert 265

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 296296 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:59:52:59 AMAM Index 297

Clovis groups 275, 276, 277 side-choppers, Toka, Indian stone procurement strategies see Dalton group 278 subcontinent 103, 104 procurement Dry Creek, Alaska 57 silex striking platform 151, 152 efficiency 265 Epigravettian culture, subsistence, procurement at function 263 Hungarian 124 la Ferrassie, France 191–2 Quina assemblages 238–41 Hungarian Gravettian period 120, Swieciechów spotted hornstone 118 Quina debitage system 19–20, 43 122, 123 Szeleta Cave, Hungary 247–54 raw materials 264–5 silicates see cryptocrystalline silicates acculturation model 249–50, 251 reduction intensity 240–1 Singi Talav, Indian subcontinent 100, assemblages 251–2 resharpening 265 106 archaic appearance 253 retouching 238–41, 263–4, 266 Site 55, Indian subcontinent 105 dating of site 250, 251, 252 small 266–7 Siwalik Hills, Indian faunal assemblage 253 Transbaikal region, Siberia 263–5, subcontinent 101–4 felsitic quartz porphyry 252, 253 266–7 biface manufacture 111 hydroquartzite 252 see also side scrapers transport of raw materials 108 limnoquartzite 252 seasonal movements Sloan site, Midcontinent USA 277–8, map 248 Arnhem Land, Australia 81–2, 83 280, 281 post-depositional modifications 253 Auvergne, Upper Paleolithic 36–8, alliance network 284 raw material use 252–3 43 Soanian assemblages, Indian stratigraphy 248, 249 la Ferrassie, France 190–1 subcontinent 103 Szeletian felsitic porphyry 120, 121–2 Sede Ilan, Israel 174–84 social exchange, la Ferrassie, Szeletian industry, Hungary 247–54 Acheulean lithic assemblage 179 France 190–1 basalt 179, 180 social networks Tabor, Mt., Israel 175, 176, 181–2 mining 176, 177 Dalton land-use patterns 284 tabular material, Indian blanks 179 lithic procurement 271–3, 284 subcontinent 97, 107–8 chaîne opératoire 176 Solvieux, France taphonomy, flake refitting 170 cores 178–9 artifacts 210 techno-economics Eocene formation 180 blades 214, 215 Middle Paleolithic procurement flints 179 blanks 210, 214 patterns 28 extraction 179–80 chalcedony 212 Nachukui Formation 7 outcrop use 180–1 chert 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, prehistoric 234 handaxes 178–9 216n Upper Paleolithic procurement human behavior 179–80 cores 213 patterns 28, 34–5, 36, 38–40 industrial area 176–80 cortex 214, 215 West Turkana Region, Kenya 3–12 landscape Couche A 210, 212, 213, 214, 215 technological efficiency alteration 182 debitage 213 adaptative significance 139–40 features 175, 176, 181 flakes 214, 215 hunter-gatherers 127–41 maintenance with hunting camps 215 progressive increase 128, 129 quarrying 182–3 jasper 212 raw material use 130–1 land-use legacies 183–4 Level IV 209–10, 212, 214, 215 theory of mind, imitation 229 large-scale use of designated Level M 210, 212, 214, 215 Toka, Indian subcontinent 100, 103–4 industrial areas 180–2 Magdalenian colonization 208, 209, Tolbaga, Transbaikal region, Levallois debitage system 178–9 210, 212 Siberia 258–9 limestone flakes 179 on-site reduction 215 tools quarrying 176–84 raw material behavior complexity 175 landscape maintenance 182–3 distribution 212–15 Dalton group 277, 278 resource management/ economy 208–16 denticulate retouch 199 conservation 183–4 local 215 Dry Creek, Alaska assemblage 57 tailing piles 177, 182 types 210–12 flexibility/multifunctionality in traditional ecological utilization 215 Arnhem Land, Australia 83 knowledge 183–4 technological organization 208–16 function and retouch shamanism, Obłazowa Cave, thermal alteration of raw intensity 263–4 Poland 204, 205 materials 210 heavy-duty at Lokalalei 2C (Early side scrapers 199, 239 special activity location models 165, Oldowan) site 10 Clovis groups 275 166 Hłomcza, Poland 197 Szeletian, Hungary 249 stone cache model 165, 166 linking with behavior 164–6

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 297297 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:59:52:59 AMAM 298 Index

tools (Contd.) direct acquisition 131–2 seasonal direct mobility 36–8, 43 manufacture 164 distance in Upper Paleolithic 29, shell transfers 40 multipurpose 145 30–1, 37–8, 43 Solvieux, France 208–9 retouched 131, 132, 133 Hunsgi-Baichbal basin, Indian strategies for provisioning intensity 133–4, 257, 263–4 subcontinent 226–7, 228–30 individuals 28 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261–7 Isampur site, Indian techno-economic patterns of search for stone 175 subcontinent 226–7 procurement 28, 34–5, 36, serrated 263 la Ferrassie, France 191 38–40 size 133, 136–7 Obłazowa Cave, Poland 199, 205 toolstone procurement across attrition 132 Perigord region, France 235 Beringia 54–75 Transbaikal region, Siberia 261 Tsoana site, Namibia 163–71 Transbaikal region, Siberia 257, transport 131 cortex 166–8 258 use-wear analysis 164 flakes 166–8 transition from Middle toolstones refitting rate 168, 169, 170–1 Paleolithic 247–50 movement 130–1 mobility rate 170 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 59 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 67–9, 70, movement frequency 170 Western Central Europe 40–1, 42 71, 72, 73, 74 raw materials 166 use-wear analysis 164 see also raw materials; transport of tuff Ushki Lake, Kamchatka 67–8 raw materials Arnhem Land, Australia 87 radiocarbon ages 55 trachytes, Nachukui Formation 9, 10, 11 Indian subcontinent 103 Ushki-5 site, Kamchatka 58–60 traditional ecological knowledge 183–4 Turkana, Lake, Kenya 5, 6 archeological features 59–60 Transbaikal region, Siberia 256–67 Turkana Basin, Kenya 7 bifaces 71, 72 adaptive strategy 258–9 blades 70, 73 artifacts 258, 259, 261 Upper Paleolithic 25–44 cores 68, 70 cherts 265 adaptive strategy 258–9 cortex 71 fauna 260 artifacts 258 debitage 68, 69 map 257 continentality gradient 40–1 size 71, 72 occupation of sites 259, 261 cultural ecological paradigm 41–3 flakes 70, 73 raw materials cultural periods 258 lithic artifacts 68–9 availability 261 cultural range expansion 36, 38 lithic assemblage 59 functional tasks 267 direct procurement 39–40 microblades 69, 70 selection 265–6 distance of raw material production 73 tool function 264–5 transport 29, 30–1, 37–8, 43 toolstones use 261 equifinality 36 availability 67–8 retouch 257–67 flakes 36, 43 procurement 67–9, 70, 71, intensity 263–4 flints 36, 38, 39–40 72, 74 scrapers 263–5, 266 group mobility 32, 34–40, 41–2 selection 71, 72, 73, 74 small 266–7 Hungary 50–1 variability 68–9, 70 time periods 257 indirect procurement 39–40 unifaces 71, 72 tools 261 interaction networks 32, 34–40, 41–3 Upper Paleolithic 59 function 263–5 maximum transport distances 32, utility components 146 Upper Paleolithic 257, 258 35, 41, 42, 43 transport of raw materials mobility 27, 28 variation concept 129, 130 Acheulean lithic assemblage 108–9, group 32, 34–40, 41–2 volcanic petrography, Nachukui 227, 228–9 seasonal direct 36–8, 43 Formation 6–7 biased 131 personal gear transport 28, 43 volcanics, fine-grained 145 bifaces 144 provenance studies in Western costs 146–52 Europe 26–7 West Turkana Region, Kenya, techno- blanks 131, 145 provisioning places/strategies 28 economic behaviors 3–12 selection 133 raw materials Western Central Europe, Upper Clovis land-use patterns 282, 284 sources 26–7 Paleolithic 40–1, 42 Dalton group 278 transfers 27–8, 29, 30–1, 32, 33, Withington site, Midcontinent debitage assemblages 157–8 34, 35 USA 274, 276–7

BBlades_Index.inddlades_Index.indd 298298 22/3/2009/3/2009 99:52:59:52:59 AMAM