DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Mirrors and the Brain: Including a Functional Imaging Study of Role

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SOCIAL MIKEGKS AND THE BBAIN including a functional imaging study of role-play and verse PhD Thesis Charles Beresford Whitehead Department of Anthropology TJniversit}' College London 2003 ProQuest Number: 10016118 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10016118 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis attempts to bridge the conceptual gulf dividing social from biological anthropology using three main lines of argument: 1. Enculturated human cooperation originated in expanded systems of kinship and reciprocity which require obfuscation of selfish bodies. Disembodied self perceptions characterize all human belief systems including the behavioural sciences. This prevents our fully appreciating that the most distinctive feature of human behaviour is a formidable armamentarium of social displays. ‘Social mirrors’ underpin human self- awareness, social intelligence, and innate altruism (the ability to identify with others). 2. Social displays engage multiple sensorimotor systems and probably account in part for our large brains. I present a study of role-play and verse, the first in a proposed programme aiming to map social mirroring functions in the brain. There were three main findings: 1. Cortical areas that are most expanded in humans, and would be expected to show increased activity during role-play, were only apparent when ‘switching off role-play 2. The subjectively ‘easy’ control tasks showed greater brain activity than the ‘difficult’ role-play tasks 3. Verse and prose activations were indistinguishable Since role-play activations were not apparent in role-minus-control conditions, role- play may be a continuous mental activity in awake human adults. Cognitive effort may be required to suppress social imagination during non-social tasks. The brief flash of increased activity in presumed role-play areas during the role-to-control switch may implicate dissociation. The findings are at least consistent with a ‘play and display’ hypothesis of hominid brain expansion. 3. A ‘play and display’ hypothesis, compared with cognocentric/logocentric hypotheses, makes better sense of the fossil and archaeological records of human evolution. Contents 7 Acknowledgements 8 Introduction PART 1. SOCIAL MIRRORS AND SOCIAL ORDER 12 Chapter 1. The Anthropological ‘Other* 12 Five features of cultural difference 15 One hundred years of anthropological denials (1) Theories that blame the camera; (2) Theories that invoke real-world experience; (3) Otherworld theories and non-theories 52 Summary and conclusion 57 Chapter 2. Behaviour and Belief 57 Nature versus culture Culture and selfish-genes; Rules, genitals, and bodies; Kinship and reciprocity 60 Five bases of human cooperation (I) Kinship; (2) Exchange; (3) Belief; (4) Self!other-perception; (5) Ritual 93 Summary and conclusion 95 Chapter 3. Social Display 95 Self/other-awareness Theory o f mind; Social mirror theory; Theatre o f mind; Shared experiential worlds; Language and theatre 107 Social display (I) Three modes o f communication; (2) Three modes of play; (3) Three modes of performance; Symbolism’ versus social display 122 Social display and self/other-awareness Social display as a phylogenetic sequence; (I) Social displays in humans and animals; (2) Selflother-awareness in humans and animals; (3) Social displays during childhood development; (4) Selflother-awareness during childhood development 136 Self/other-awareness and society Emergent orders o f need; Wholty-believed-in make-believe; Subliminal signals and hypnosis 143 Summary and conclusion PART 2, SOCIAL MIRRORS AND THE BRAIN page 145 Chapter 4. The Social Brain 145 Why we have large brains ‘Intelligence ’ and language; Play and display 152 Areas of neocortical expansion Primary cortices; Secondary cortices; Major expansions. 155 Current views of the social brain (I) Temporal lobes and amygdalae; (2) Frontal lobes; (3) Parietal lobes 159 Towards a broader concept of the social brain Cognition and behaviour; Motor aspects o f cognition; Social and non-social perception; Multimodal integration 171 Mapping social mirroring functions in the brain (I) Implicit performance; (2) Mimetic representation; (3) Conventional communication 189 Summary and conclusion A ‘play and display’ hypothesis of brain expansion 194 Chapter 5. Role-Play and the Brain: A Junctional imaging study of role-play and verse 194 Background 198 Method Subjects; Task materials; Task briejing and rehearsal; Study design; Data acquisition; Statistical analysis 206 Results Individual results; Group results 212 Discussion (I) Switching from role to control tasks (RC); (2) Maintaining the non-role state (NC); Interpretation of the ‘wrong way round’ Jindings; (3) Verse and prose 244 Summary and conclusion PART 3. EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL MIRRORS AND THE BRAIN page 246 Chapter 6. Evolution of the Brain 248 The phased pattern of hominid brain expansion Three stages in the evolution of display; Three grade shifts in cranial capacity 294 Summary and conclusion 295 Chapter 7. The Emergence of Modem Culture 295 Was there a ‘cultural explosion’? ‘Symbolic behaviour' and ‘symbolic culture' 301 The archaeology of social display 304 Evidence from Eurasia and the Middle East Collecting behaviour; Other objects with ‘added value'; Self adornment; Use of pigments; Mark-making and geometric designs; Iconic representation; Intention­ al burial of the dead 320 Evidence from Africa The first anatomically modem humans; Variability in the MSA; Objects with ‘added value '; Burials; The difference between Africa and Eurasia; Use of pigments in Africa 340 Summary and conclusion CONCLUSIONS 344 Conclusions 344 The main argument 357 Some final thoughts Play and education; Science and religious experience 365 References Tables page 108 3. 1. Human displays 108 3. 2. Hypothetical evolutionary sequence 125 3, 3. Human and non-human displays 129 3.4. Ontogenesis of social displays 135 3.5. Co-development of self-awareness and social mirroring 153 4. 1. Areas of expansion of human relative to chimpanzee neocortex 208 5. 1. Major areas of increased activity during the role-to-control switch 209 5.2. Major areas of decreased activity during the role-to-control switch 210 5.3. Major areas of increased activity during control tasks 210 5.4. Contrasts between switching to a role and role-play 232 5. 5. Activations during ‘inner speech’ and ‘auditory verbal imagery’ compared with deactivations during role-to-control switch 250 6. 1. Geological and archaeological ages 296 7. 1. Earliest appearances of industries/cultures 303 1 .1 . Overt evidence of display behaviour in relation to grade shifts and archaeological ages 321 7. 3. Hominids and archaeological ages 339 7. 4. Stone Age/Palaeolithic analogues according to Watts (1999) Figures page 153 4. 1. Areas of differential expansion of human neocortex 174 4. 2. Brodmann’s areas activated by musical performance 174 4. 3. Glass brain’ diagrams showing areas significantly more active during ToM tasks than non-ToM tasks 184 4.4a. Brain areas activated when reading written English 185 4.4b. Brain areas activated when reading American Sign Language 203 5. 1. Factorial grid 203 5. 2. Study design showing cycle 1 208 5.3. Glass brain’ views of activations during the role-to-control switch 209 5. 4. ‘Glass brain’ views of deactivations during the role-to-control switch 210 5.5. Activations during control tasks contrasted with role-play 211 5. 6. Role-play contrasted with control 211 5. 7. Control minus role-play 214 5.8. Switching from role-play to control: ventromedial prefrontal cortex 214 5. 9. Switching from role-play to control: inferior parietal cortex 215 5.10. Switching from role-play to control: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 215 5.11. Inferior parietal lobe in relation to sensorimotor cortices 226 5.12. Right dorsolateral/orbital frontal and prefrontal activations during role-to- control switch 235 5.13. Maintaining the non-role state: intraparietal sulci 235 5.14. Surface anatomy of the intraparietal sulcus 251 6. 1. Hominid grade shifts 251 6. 2. Major stone tool industries in relation to grade shifts Acknowledgements The mapping study presented here was conducted at the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience. I particularly thank Professor R. Turner, Principal of the Functional Imaging Laboratoiy, for the opportunity to conduct the study, and for his guidance, collaboration, and supervision of the scanning. I also thank Drs. Bal Ashwal and John Ashbumer for help with SPM software; Dr. Hugo Critchley for advice on anterior cingulate cortex; Chris Freemantle, Data Manager, for assistance with visuals; and Professor Christopher Frith, Principal Research Fellow, for suggestions on interpretation. David Craik, Director of Quest Theatre Company and the International School of Screen Acting, and Senior Lecturer in Drama, dedicated many hours to discussing theatrical aspects of my study, recruiting volunteers, and rehearsing their performances for the study. My thanks also go
Recommended publications
  • ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM and MYSTICISM in AMERICAN NATURE WRITING by DAVID TAGNANI a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfill

    ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM and MYSTICISM in AMERICAN NATURE WRITING by DAVID TAGNANI a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfill

    ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM AND MYSTICISM IN AMERICAN NATURE WRITING By DAVID TAGNANI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English MAY 2015 © Copyright by DAVID TAGNANI, 2015 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by DAVID TAGNANI, 2015 All Rights Reserved ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of DAVID TAGNANI find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________________ Christopher Arigo, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________________ Donna Campbell, Ph.D. ___________________________________________ Jon Hegglund, Ph.D. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my committee members for their hard work guiding and encouraging this project. Chris Arigo’s passion for the subject and familiarity with arcane source material were invaluable in pushing me forward. Donna Campbell’s challenging questions and encyclopedic knowledge helped shore up weak points throughout. Jon Hegglund has my gratitude for agreeing to join this committee at the last minute. Former committee member Augusta Rohrbach also deserves acknowledgement, as her hard work led to significant restructuring and important theoretical insights. Finally, this project would have been impossible without my wife Angela, who worked hard to ensure I had the time and space to complete this project. iv ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM AND MYSTICISM IN AMERICAN NATURE WRITING Abstract by David Tagnani, Ph.D. Washington State University May 2015 Chair: Christopher Arigo This dissertation investigates the ways in which a theory of material mysticism can help us understand and synthesize two important trends in the American nature writing—mysticism and materialism.
  • From Africa to Eurasia * Early Dispersals Ofer Bar-Yosef! *, A

    From Africa to Eurasia * Early Dispersals Ofer Bar-Yosef! *, A

    Quaternary International 75 (2001) 19}28 From Africa to Eurasia * early dispersals Ofer Bar-Yosef! *, A. Belfer-Cohen" !Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA "Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel Abstract The dispersals of early hominins in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene into Eurasia were essentially sporadic. Little geographic and temporal continuity is observed between the various dated archaeological contexts, and the lithic assemblages do not demonstrate a techno-morphological continuity. The archaeological evidence from 1.8 to 0.7 Ma indicates at least three waves of early migrations. The earliest sortie involved bearers of core-chopper industries sometime around 1.7}1.6 Ma. Early Acheulean producers followed possibly around 1.4 Ma. The third wave occurred sometime around 0.8 Ma, and is represented by Acheulean groups who manufactured numerous #ake cleavers. The geographic scope of each of these waves is not yet well known.The reasons for &why' early humans dispersed from Africa into Eurasia include the &push' of environmental change and relative &demographic pressure', as well as the opening of new niches. Humans may have gained their meat supplies either from carcasses or through active predation. The archaeological and fossil records demonstrate that Homo erectus was a successful species, and like other successful species it enlarged its geographic distribution at all costs. Even if the trigger for the initial dispersal of Homo erectus remains unknown or controversial, the success of the hominid occupation of the Eurasian habitats was not primarily facilitated by the availability of food, or the human #exibility in food procuring techniques, but by the absence of the zoonotic diseases that plagued and constrained hominins in their African &cradle of evolution'.
  • The Culture of Wikipedia

    The Culture of Wikipedia

    Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented.
  • A Critical Review of Three Theories for Music's Origin a Thesis Presented

    A Critical Review of Three Theories for Music's Origin a Thesis Presented

    A Critical Review of Three Theories for Music’s Origin A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Kevin W. Kondik March 2010 © 2010 Kevin W. Kondik. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled A Critical Review of Three Theories for Music’s Origin by KEVIN W. KONDIK has been approved for the Department of Philosophy and the College of Arts and Sciences by Arthur Zucker Associate Professor of Philosophy Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT KONDIK, KEVIN, W.,, M.A., March 2010, Philosophy A Critical Review of Three Theories for Music’s Origin (82 pp.) Director of Thesis: Arthur Zucker This thesis compares three theories which debate whether or not the trait of music is constitutive of a biological adaptation. Steven Pinker advances a view that music cannot be an adaptation because making or responding to music utilizes faculties which evolved for other reasons. On the next view, Geoffrey Miller claims that music is a sexually selected trait which evolved primarily to seduce potential mates. Finally, Ian Cross argues that music can be seen as an extension of juvenile behaviors into adulthood and has efficacy in the consolidation of bonds within a group. I conclude that all three theories are insufficient as an explanation of why music evolved in the hominid lineage. The main reasons why these theories all fail is they all rely upon a speculative historical reconstructions and imprecise definitions of music.
  • The Evolution of Human Mating: Trade-Offs and Strategic Pluralism

    The Evolution of Human Mating: Trade-Offs and Strategic Pluralism

    BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2000) 23, 573–644 Printed in the United States of America The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism Steven W. Gangestad Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 [email protected] Jeffry A. Simpson Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [email protected]. Abstract: During human evolutionary history, there were “trade-offs” between expending time and energy on child-rearing and mating, so both men and women evolved conditional mating strategies guided by cues signaling the circumstances. Many short-term matings might be successful for some men; others might try to find and keep a single mate, investing their effort in rearing her offspring. Recent evidence suggests that men with features signaling genetic benefits to offspring should be preferred by women as short-term mates, but there are trade-offs between a mate’s genetic fitness and his willingness to help in child-rearing. It is these circumstances and the cues that signal them that underlie the variation in short- and long-term mating strategies between and within the sexes. Keywords: conditional strategies; evolutionary psychology; fluctuating asymmetry; mating; reproductive strategies; sexual selection Research on interpersonal relationships, especially roman- attributes (e.g., physical attractiveness) tend to assume tic ones, has increased markedly in the last three decades greater importance in mating relationships than in other (see Berscheid & Reis 1998) across a variety of fields, in- types of relationships (Buss 1989; Gangestad & Buss 1993 cluding social psychology, anthropology, ethology, sociol- [see also Kenrick & Keefe: “Age Preferences in Mates Re- ogy, developmental psychology, and personology (Ber- flect Sex Differences in Human Reproductive Strategies” scheid 1994).
  • Travis Sidak Thesis 2020. Making up a Drug Epidemic

    Travis Sidak Thesis 2020. Making up a Drug Epidemic

    MAKING UP A DRUG EPIDEMIC: CONSTRUCTING DRUG DISCOURSE DURING THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC IN ONTARIO By: Travis M. Sidak Bachelor of Art: Rhetoric and Writing, University of Winnipeg, 2017 A thesis presented to Ryerson University and York University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the program of Communication and Culture Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2020 © Travis M. Sidak, 2020 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A THESIS I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. i i Making Up a Drug Epidemic: Constructing Drug Discourse During the Opioid Epidemic in Ontario Master of Arts 2020 Travis M. Sidak Communication and Culture Ryerson University & York University Abstract The current opioid epidemic has resulted in growing rates of overdose across the province with the introduction of fentanyl into illicit drug markets. What barriers are preventing policy makers from enacting emergency measures to save lives and how have those affected by the epidemic been categorically ignored? The following research critically analyzes drug discourse relating to the current opioid epidemic in Ontario and discusses why government responses to the epidemic have been delayed, and why they offer inferior measures to prevent growing mortality and morbidity.
  • Noetics Lawrence Krader

    Noetics Lawrence Krader

    Noetics Lawrence Krader ©2010 Cyril Levitt Editor’s Introduction Lawrence Krader passed away on November 15, 1998, after having produced what he considered to be the antepenultimate draft of his magnum opus on noetics. He planned to prepare the final draft for publication in the following year. In August 1998, during our last face- to-face meeting in Berlin, he reviewed the theory of noetics with me and felt confident that the manuscript he had completed to that point contained all the major ideas that he wished to present to the reading public. It was then a matter of fine-tuning. In preparing this manuscript for publication, I have exercised my editorial privilege and decided not to second guess the author in terms of clarifying ambiguities in the text, smoothing out cumbersome con- structions of language that would have surely been changed in the final draft, eliminate repetitive thoughts or passages, or adding and specifying further bibliographic detail that might be of help to the reader. I’ve performed some light editing, correcting spelling and grammar mistakes such as they were, and obvious errors, for example, where one thinker was identified in the text when it was clear that another was meant. I decided upon this strategy not only because I didn’t want to second-guess the intention of the author in matters of detail; in addition, I felt that the reader should wrestle with Krader’s words as he left them. The book will be a “rougher” and less elegant read, but the reader will hopefully benefit from this encounter with a manuscript in statu nascendi, a whole lacking the finishing touches and some elegant turns of phrase in a polished draft of which the author could say “this is my final product.” In a strange way, as the reader will discover, the lack of synthesis is a theme of noetics.
  • The Problem with Neurolaw

    The Problem with Neurolaw

    Saint Louis University Law Journal Volume 58 Number 2 (Winter 2014) Article 7 2014 The Problem with NeuroLaw David W. Opderbeck Seton Hall University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation David W. Opderbeck, The Problem with NeuroLaw, 58 St. Louis U. L.J. (2014). Available at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol58/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Saint Louis University Law Journal by an authorized editor of Scholarship Commons. For more information, please contact Susie Lee. SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW THE PROBLEM WITH NEUROLAW DAVID W. OPDERBECK* ABSTRACT This Article describes and critiques the increasingly popular program of reductive neuroLaw. Law has irrevocably entered the age of neuroscience. Various institutes and conferences are devoted to questions about the relation between neuroscience and legal procedures and doctrines. Most of the new “neuroLaw” scholarship focuses on evidentiary and related issues, and is important and beneficial. But some versions of reductive neuroLaw are frightening. Although they claim to liberate us from false conceptions of ourselves and to open new spaces for more scientific applications of the law, they end up stripping away all notions of “selves” and of “law.” This Article argues that a revitalized sense of transcendence is required to avoid the violent metaphysics of reductive neuroLaw and to maintain the integrity of both “law” and “science.” * Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science & Technology.
  • Paluma Nature Notes Contributions to the PDCA Newsletter, Turkey Talk, 2011-2018

    Paluma Nature Notes Contributions to the PDCA Newsletter, Turkey Talk, 2011-2018

    Paluma Nature Notes Contributions to the PDCA Newsletter, Turkey Talk, 2011-2018 by Roy MacKay Compiled by Jamie Oliver Roy Mackay – Nature Notes Compilation Introduction Roy Mackay first moved to Paluma in 1987 having had a varied and successful career in Australia and PNG working as taxidermist, curator wildlife park director, photographer and book author. He was a highly skilled naturalist, with a keen interest in all plants and animals (especially in the tropics). Through his regular walks in and around Paluma and avid reading of the literature, Roy quickly became Paluma’s resident expert on the wildlife and natural history of the area. With the establishment of Paluma’s regular newsletter, Turkey Talk, Roy found an effective way to share this wealth of knowledge. His first contributions, starting with issue 28, dealt with short notes related to natural history (eg. announcements of new species lists, book reviews etc.) but by Issue 39, with an article entitled “Nature Notes” he concentrated on recording new and interesting observations from Paluma and nearby areas. With the exception of a series of 4 articles titled “Roy's Rovings” (under a different Turkey Talk editor), and the occasional missed article due to absence or ill health, and one article named “Paluma in the Clouds” Roy’s contributions were simply labelled “Nature Notes” and they became a much-read part of virtually all issues of Turkey Talk from number 45 onwards. In total he wrote 78 articles. All of these are reproduced below. Jamie Oliver December, 2019 Page 2 Contents Each Nature Notes article has been extracted from an issue of the newsletter of the Paluma & District Community Association (Turkey Talk – abbreviated at TT throughout).
  • Santa Fe New Mexican, 01-16-1913 New Mexican Printing Company

    Santa Fe New Mexican, 01-16-1913 New Mexican Printing Company

    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Santa Fe New Mexican, 1883-1913 New Mexico Historical Newspapers 1-16-1913 Santa Fe New Mexican, 01-16-1913 New Mexican Printing company Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/sfnm_news Recommended Citation New Mexican Printing company. "Santa Fe New Mexican, 01-16-1913." (1913). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/sfnm_news/3696 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the New Mexico Historical Newspapers at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Santa Fe New Mexican, 1883-1913 by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. --JO' ANTA MEW MEXIC VOL 49 JVWM(?0, THURSDAY, JANUARY 16, 1915. NO. 289 MAYBEQYOU BUY HAIR TONIC. TOO I TO MA KE NEW STATE MONEY AND CREDIT twflwt that ni n n. CflvW)IJ MfltfF lightning- - rod stunt) ME LflUG-H- HAND DOrt T Mt I uu l I TLOT Tl CWttNtV',1 frEr mm I V 11,111 IV v y ONE OF GREATEST i nnk i ik-- curw r MENACE TO COUNTRY V r T vj k. m. -w n I ' IN ENT IRE ONION SAYS THIS BANKER REYNOLDS OF CHICAGO ASSERTS PRESENT FINANCIAL BIGGEST MEETING OF BOOSTERS EVER HELD IN SANTA FE ASSEMBLES AT; GEORGE M. TEM WRONG AND THAT IT WILL EVENTUALLY LEAD TO DISASTER PALACE HOTEL LAST NIGHT AND SPEECH MAKING AND ORGANIZATION IS -I- DIRECTORATES ARE NOT DANGEROUS OCCUPY TIME UNTIL AFTER MIDNIGHT -- REAL BOOSTING THIS TIME NTERLOCKING' JUDGE RICHARDSON MAKES BIG HIT FEDERAL BANK INSPECTORS WERE OF EVENING IN BRILLIANT TALK; NOT EFFICIENT, SAYS FINANCIER THE LI.
  • The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion

    The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2005 The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion Max Andrew Taylor University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Taylor, Max Andrew, "The Evolutionary Basis and Function of Religion" (2005). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/921 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EVOLUTIONARY BASIS AND FUNCTION OF RELIGION A Senior Honors Project In Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor of Arts with University Honors in Anthropology The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Max Andrew Taylor May 2005 Faculty Mentor: Dr. Hector Qirko, Ph.D. Anthropology Abstract In this paper, I offer a possible evolutionary explanation for the existence of religion and for its ubiquity. I suggest that religion evolved in modern humans through the conflation of two essential characteristics of Homo sapiens sapiens. The first, social hierarchy, is observed in all social primates-indeed, in all socially-living animals. The second, cognitive fluidity, appears to be unique to our species. Religion resulted from cognitively-fluid modern humans' attempt to relate to the ecological environment using strategies derived from the social environment: humans viewed environmental stressors and forces as humanlike, and attempted to relate to them in humanlike ways.
  • Book Reviews

    Book Reviews

    BOOK REVIEWS Indian Beads: A Cultural aud Technological Study. Shantaram Bha1chandra Deo. Pune: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, 2000. 205 pp., 7 color, 37 b/w plates, 3 maps, 24 figures, bibliography, no index. Paper 600 rupees. No ISBN. Distinctive Beads in Ancient India. Maurya Jyotsna. BAR International Series 864. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2000. 122 pp., 1 map, 10 figures, 7 tables, bibliography, index. Paper cover. ISBN 1-84171-067-9. Amulets and Pendants in Ancient Maharashtra. Maurya Jyotsna. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 2000. 102 pp., 4 maps, 12 figures, 3 tables, bibliography, index. Cloth 220 rupees. ISBN 81-246-0158-5. Reviewed by PETER FRANCIS JR. (1945-2003), former Director of the Centerfor Bead Research, Lake Placid, New York India is one of the world's largest countries rate with him on a book. That project with one of its most ancient civilizations. never happened, as Dikshit passed away in Blessed with immense natural and human 19(}9, just before his own History (?f Indian resources. It is no surprise that it is a lead­ Class was published. ing source of beads in both ancient and Deo received a fellowship from the In­ modern times. Only China is larger and as dian Council of Historical Research to ancient, but the Chinese have never been study and prepare a manuscript on Indian as interested in beads as have the Indians. beads during the years 1985 to 1988. He The Indian subcontinent has been unparal­ worked on the project for many years, long leled in terms of bead making, bead trad­ after the period of the fellowship.