2 Lynette M. F. Bosch I THE ARTISTS LYNETTE M. F. BOSCH Defining Cuban-American art or what is “Cuban” or “Cuban-American” about art produced in the United States by artists of Cuban birth or of Cuban ancestry is a complex task, because the artistic production of art- ists who belong to these categories defies easy classification of style, sub- ject, media, and message. Whereas the easy definition of these artistic categories can be resolved by forwarding identity as a determinant ele- ment, the implicit questions “What is ‘Cuban’ about Cuban Art?” and “What is ‘Cuban American’ about Cuban-American art?” cannot be so easily answered because issues of identity are simultaneously subjective and objective. A comprehensive or definitive definition of “Cuban” and “Cuban-American” identity(ies) has not been achieved. The attempt to determine a fixed definition of what constitutes Cuban art, Cuban- American art, or both is additionally complicated by the complexity of defining artistic identity, especially that of exiled artists belonging to differ- ent generations. This introduction to the interviews of Baruj Salinas, Humberto Calzada, Emilio Falero, María Brito, Mario Bencomo, Arturo Rodríguez, Demi, Juan Carlos Llera, and Alberto Rey is meant to guide the reader toward an understanding of how issues of identity are made manifest by visual artists, who are also Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans. Artists are artists first and their concerns are primarily technical and visual. Visual artists, be they painters, sculptors, printmakers or architects, respond to a need to express their experience through objects. Once made, these works exist on their own terms, endowed with histories and meanings that cannot be fixed or limited by their originating circum- stances. Interpretation, which is part of any “text,” or object as “text,” when considered within the purview of the artistic process, develops its own rules of logic while achieving context and connected meanings. Works of art produced by exiled artists of multiple identities are not easy paral- lels of literary, musical, or theatrical productions, because the process of making a work of art is not the same as these other creative endeavors. © 2008 State University of New York Press, Albany Identity, Memory, and Diaspora 3 It is, therefore, important to understand that the interviews conducted with the Cuban-American artists featured here are primarily artist inter- views and secondarily interviews with a group interested in the expression of identity and the experience of exile. The artists interviewed discuss their creative process within their personal, formal, stylistic and conceptual exploration involved in making objects. Each of them attempts to solve problems created by the material demands of their chosen media and in working with and around the pos- sibilities inherent in those materials and in their manipulation. It is impor- tant to understand that visual artists are not philosophers, neither are they wordsmiths, and, while the myth of the inarticulate artist is just that, the artistic personality sees the world on its own terms. The artist is not inter- ested in objectivity or in sociological, philosophical, or scholarly definitions of the subjects and experiences they represent. The perspective of artists is uncompromisingly personal and reflected in their work. The artists inter- viewed here have very strong individual opinions about their artistic cre- ativity, their personal expression of this creativity, and the manner in which they view their situation as artists in relation to their being Cuban American and exiles. As artists, they do not seek “objectivity,” but rather the expres- sion of their personal vision of human experience. Each of the artists included here represents slightly different expe- riences of being Cuban, Cuban American, and an exile. All were born in Cuba and have spent most of their lives in the United States, yet they are in many ways very diverse, and they came at different ages: Baruj Salinas as an adult and mature artist, Alberto Rey as an infant without memories of Cuba, Demi as a child, Humberto Calzada as a young adult, and the rest as teenagers of various ages. (The interviews are arranged in an order that reflects the different stages at which these artists came to the United States.) Except for Salinas, who came as an adult and Rey, who lacks childhood memories of Cuba, every one of the featured artists represents a range of ages conforming to what Ruben Rumbaut identified as the one-and-a-half generation: being Cuban American born in Cuba and brought to the United States as children and adolescents. The concept of the one-and-a-halfers as a social identity was popularized by Gustavo Pérez Firmat in Life on the Hyphen and has become a given for identifying those Cuban Americans who came to this country at a certain age. As these artists have created a body of work that reflects their personal experience, they have, at different times and in different ways, addressed their multiple identities. Because one-and-a-halfers were partially formed in Cuba, but forced to acculturate to American culture before their Cuban identities were fully formed, their lives are truncated, cut in “half.” But the halves are not neatly divided, as exile did not break their lives in even parts. Instead, the © 2008 State University of New York Press, Albany 4 Lynette M. F. Bosch hyphen becomes a figure of fracture that creates a movable territory of negotiation that is ongoing and fluid. One-and-a-halfers are also exiles, whose sense of identity, both Cuban and Cuban-American is defined by a landscape of slippage. The hyphen is a geography of change, where one-and-a-halfers navigate back and forth between their Cuban and American cultural references on a daily and hourly basis, as events and incidents call forth reactions from their Cuban and their American parts. For those who remember their Cuban lives, the removal from Cuba rep- resents a central memory and a break with the continuity they knew as children. The older they were when they left Cuba, the more “Cuban” they had become. For the younger members of the one-and-a-half generation, their American part represents the greater part of their lives, as the years in the United States have lengthened into lives lived outside Cuba. Those one-and-a-halfers, who were teenagers and older children, were old enough to understand that exile meant leaving home, forever maybe. As they matured, their cognitive understanding of exile became an aspect of their experience that separated them from their American peers and defined them as being different. Those who were very young chil- dren or infants when they left Cuba, grew up in a culture of family exile, which they shared through circumstance. As they matured, association formed their identity as exiles. Thus, the exiled children and adolescents of different ages became exiles of multiple identities bound to their cul- ture of origin through birth and ancestry, yet becoming adults in a culture that became progressively familiar as they progressively absorbed it. The response of this group of Cuban Americans to the divided self varies always, moving from exhilaration to conflict, as the tension created by the life on the hyphen fluctuates with changing circumstances. As exiles, Cuban-American artists are possessed of multiple identities as insiders and outsiders on either side of the hyphen. For artists, yet another identity is added to these, because artists are by nature outsiders who participate in a culture and observe society in order to transform their observations into art. For the exiled artist, being an outsider takes on charged significance. For some, the moment of exile and the experience of exile may remain a fixed topos in their work. For others, it may be a passing consideration that emerges here and there in their work. Generational placement can also alter the artists’ relationships with their exile identity and can affect the content and subjects they choose to develop. Each of these approaches is reflected in the work of the different artists interviewed in this book and no consensus is reached as to which approach is more or less legitimate. Yet, each artist inter- viewed has had to come to terms with his or her multiple identities, as Cuban, exile, and Cuban American. © 2008 State University of New York Press, Albany Identity, Memory, and Diaspora 5 The connection between identity and art in a Cuban context can be traced to the first generation of Cuban modernist artists, the painters of the Vanguardia, who were active in Cuba during the 1920s and 1930s. These artists, who include Carlos Enríquez, Wifredo Lam, Amelia Peláez, and Fidelio Ponce, sought to bring modernist movements and styles to Cuba in order to transform Cuban art from its nineteenth-century aca- demic traditions into a more contemporary artistic expression. Simulta- neously with the artistic agenda of the Vanguardia artists, Cuban cultural critics, such as Fernando Ortiz, became concerned with the definition of a Cuban identity, an identity that seemed to require articulation after the War of Independence from Spain. As Cuba began the process of postwar reconstruction, it became necessary to pull together a diverse population that included Spaniards, Africans, Chinese, and other European and Asian populations so as to create a national identity that united these groups. Ortiz’s use of ajiaco, the Cuban equivalent of the American melting-pot, became popular on the island as a solution to the problem of the varied ethnic and racial identities that existed in Cuba. Ortiz’s conceptual project became linked to the artistic efforts of the Vanguardia artists to transform Cuban art, and, by extension, Cuban society. The visual explorations and experimentation of these artists included a conscious desire to represent lo cubano, the essential nature of what constitutes Cuban identity.