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Beneficial Effects of Pentanema Vestitum Linn. Whole Plant on The International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Pharmacology Volume 2012, Article ID 478023, 7 pages doi:10.5402/2012/478023 Research Article Beneficial Effects of Pentanema vestitum Linn. Whole Plant on the Glucose and Other Biochemical Parameters of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rabbits Ikram Ilahi,1 Ali Asghar,2 Shujat Ali,2 Murad Khan,3 and Nasrullah Khan2 1 Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2 Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 3 Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Correspondence should be addressed to Nasrullah Khan, [email protected] Received 9 August 2012; Accepted 12 September 2012 Academic Editors: F. J. Miranda, T. B. Vree, and S.-N. Wu Copyright © 2012 Ikram Ilahi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The residents of Lower Dir and Malakand agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, use the dry powder of whole plant of Pentanema vestitum for the treatment of asthma and diabetes. No documented reports are available about the therapeutic action of Pentanema vestitum. The present study was aimed to explore the antihyperglycemic effect of 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant in glucose-induced nondiabetic hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. During this study, the effects of plant extract on the serum lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine of diabetic rabbits were also studied. The extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant exhibited significant (P<0.05) antihyperglycemic activity in glucose-induced hyperglycemic rabbits. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits with extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced the elevated levels of serum glucose, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine. During the study of lipid profile, the extract proved to be antihyperlipidemic and HDL boosting in diabetic rabbit models. From the finding of the present research, it was concluded that the 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant has beneficial effects on serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin, and creatinine of diabetic rabbits. 1. Introduction diabetes is high ranging from 7.6 to 11% [3, 4]. More than 230 million people globally are affected by the disease [5]. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases charac- Diabetes mellitus is treated by different allopathic medi- terized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin cines. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is treated by sub- secretion, insulin action, or both. The type of diabetes that cutaneous administration of exogenous insulin. Non-insu- occurs due to the loss of insulin producing beta cells of the lin-dependent diabetes is treated by oral hypoglycemic drugs. islets of Langerhans in the pancreas is called type 1 or ThetwomajorgroupsoforalhypoglycemicdrugsareSul- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and the type of phonylureas and biguanides. Sulphonylureas act by stimu- diabetes which is due to insulin resistance or reduced insulin lating insulin release from beta cells and also by promoting sensitivity is called type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes its action through other mechanism. The common Sulpho- mellitus (NIDDM). nylureas are Tolbutamide, Tolazamide, Glibenclamide, Glip- The diabetic patients manifest the classic signs and symp- izide, and Glimepiride. Biguanides exert their action by toms of chronic hyperglycemia (polydipsia, polyuria, blurred decreasing gluconeogenesis and increasing the peripheral vision, headaches, and rapid weight loss), sometimes accom- glucose consumption. The marketed Biguanides is Metfor- panied by nausea and vomiting [1]. Hyperglycemia is asso- min [6]. ciated with an alteration in lipid parameters which leads to Management of diabetes is a huge burden. Currently cardiovascular complications [2]. The incidence of diabetes available antidiabetic pharmacological agents have several is increasing worldwide. In Pakistan the prevalence of complications which stimulated the researchers to explore 2 ISRN Pharmacology novel antidiabetic agents with different mechanism of action was repeated for three times, and the combine filtrate was [7]. It is hypothesized that the ultimate therapy for type I then evaporated on a rotary evaporator Heidolph Laborota and type II diabetes lies in the herbal approach [5]. There are 4000 efficient (Germany) under reduced pressure and ob- many online published reports on the usefulness of medici- tained a thick solution. This extract in thick solution form nal plants in the treatment of diabetes. was transferred to a beaker and placed in a well-ventilated Pakistan is rich in medicinal plants [8]. Some of them room for three days for evaporating the remaining solvent, have been reported for their antidiabetic actions. These and finally a thick paste of crude extract of grayish color was include Adhatoda vasica, Ficus benghalensis, Psidium guajava, obtained, yielding approximately 78 grams (13% w/w). Momordicacharantia,Cajanuscajan,Vignamungo,Allium cepa, Zizyphus jujuba, Dodonaea viscosa, Ocimum sanctum, 2.3. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening. A preliminary Momordica charantia, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Solanum phytochemical screening of 70% methanol extract of Pen- nigrum, Vigna sinensis, and Withania somnifera [9]. tanema vestitum whole plant was carried out by using stan- Many medicinal plants are used in folkloric medicines dard procedures [17]. for the management of diabetes, at individual or community levels in various parts of Pakistan. Several of these plants have 2.4. Animal Used. Fifty-six male rabbits of Oryctolagus cuni- not been screened or reported for their antidiabetic property. culus species weighing 1200–1500 grams and 4–6 months of The plant Pentanema vestitum Linn. is one of the medicinal age were purchased from local market. They were housed in plants found in some parts of Malakand division, khyber one of wide chambers of Bio Park at University of Malakand, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It belongs to the family Asteraceae Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The rabbits were fed on and genus Pentanema. It grows wild at 400–1500 m height green grasses and allowed tape water ad libitum. They were fromsealevel.ThePentanema vestitum has tap root system; acclimatized for 30 days before starting experiment. up to some extent, the branched root system is also present. The stem is erect, branched and herbaceous in nature; the leaf is exstipulate, serrate entire and oblong. The inflorescence is 2.5. Acute Toxicity Studies. The acute toxicity test of the capitulating or capitula and radially arranged in the form of extract was performed according to the OECD guidelines loose corymbs [10]. The residence in some parts of Malakand no. 420. A total of 20 male rabbits were used for this test. division, use the dry powder of whole plant of Pentanema The rabbits were divided into four groups, 5 rabbits in each vestitum for the treatment of asthma and diabetes. The plant group. The four groups of rabbits were orally administered Tridax procumbens that belong to the family Asteracea to with various doses of the extract ranging from 1000 to which Pentanema vestitum belong has been reported for anti- 2500 mg/Kg body weight. The animals were monitored for hyperglycemic activity [11, 12]. The antidiabetic property two weeks for mortality and behavioral, neurological, and of medicinal plants is attributed to their possession of autonomic responses. No death occurred and also no abnor- phytochemical ingredients that is, tannins, saponins, gly- malities were detected in behavioral, neurological and auto- cosides, flavonoids, and phenols [13–16]. Therefore during nomic responses till the end of second week. The extract was the present work, initially Pentanema vestitum extract was found to be safe up to the dose of 2500 mg/Kg body weight. subjected to phytochemical screening for investigating the In the present study the extract dose of 600 mg/Kg body presence of anti-hyperglycemic ingredients and in the next weight was chosen during the study of glucose-induced steps the extract was orally administered to glucose induced hyperglycemic rabbits and the extract dose of 100 mg/Kg nondiabetic hyperglycemic rabbits and alloxan-induced dia- body weight during the study of alloxan-induced diabetic betic rabbits. The objective of the study was to confirm the rabbits. antidiabetic activity of the plant Pentanema vestitum and also to assess its beneficial effects on other biochemical parame- 2.6. Experimental Design. The research work was divided ters of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit models. into two phases. During the first phase, the anti-hyper- glycemic property of plant extract was tested in glucose- induced nondiabetic hyperglycemic rabbits. The second 2. Materials and Methods phase involved the study of effects of plant extract on the serum levels of glucose, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine 2.1. Plant Material. The whole plant of Pentanema vestitum of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Linn. was collected from the campus of University of Mal- akand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The plant was iden- 2.7. Details of the First Phase. A total of 15 rabbits were used tified by Mr. Mehboob ur Rahman, Assistant professor, during this phase. The rabbits were divided into control,
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