Journal of Medicinal Studies 2017; 5(5): 46-60

ISSN (E): 2320-3862 ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Ethno-botanical evidences of common wild NAAS Rating 2017: 3.53 JMPS 2017; 5(5): 46-60 medicinal herbs existing on Delhi Ridge: A © 2017 JMPS Received: 27-07-2017 Checklist Accepted: 28-08-2017

Amit Pandey M.Sc. Biodiversity and Amit Pandey and Shweta Singh Conservation G.G.S.I.P. University, New Delhi, India Abstract

Shweta Singh Herbs are organizing a rebound and herbal "renaissance" is going on everywhere throughout the globe. Post-Doctoral Fellow, The herbal items today symbolize security rather than the synthetics that are viewed as perilous to human University Grant Commission and condition. In spite of the fact that herbs had been valued for their therapeutic, enhancing and fragrant (UGC), New Delhi, India qualities for quite a long time, the engineered results of the present day age outperformed their significance, for some time. Be that as it may, the visually impaired reliance on synthetics is finished and individuals are coming back to the naturals with any desire for wellbeing and security. It has been evaluated that in developed countries, for example, United States, drugs constitute as much as 25% of the aggregate medications, while in developing countries, for example, and India, the commitment is as much as 80%. Accordingly, the monetary significance of restorative plants is a great

deal more to nations, for example, India than to rest of the world. These nations give two third of the

plants utilized as a part of present day arrangement of drug and the human services arrangement of [53] country populace rely upon indigenous formulations of pharmaceutical (Marshall, 2011) . The present work has been an effort to document the wild medicinal herbs found on the ridges of Delhi, India. The study has revealed the existence of 172 medicinal herbs from the five ridges of Delhi; these plants belong to 41 botanical families. Out of the documented plants 127 different genera with 162 species have been recorded.

Keywords: Wild medicinal herbs, Delhi ridge, medicinal use, checklist.

1. Introduction Pharmaceutical and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) and their subordinates are utilized for anticipation and in addition curing of human medical issues (infections and clutters) since time immemorial and there is worldwide resurgence now being used of plant based medications where present day drugs are either inaccessible, unreasonably expensive or unsuitable [53] (Marshall, 2011) . The therapeutic estimation of the medication plants are because of the nearness of particular compound substances like alkaloids, glucosides, gums, gums, tannins, fundamental and greasy oils and so on. The fundamental constituents of basic oils are mono and sesquiterpenes including sugars, phenols, aldehydes, alcohols, ether and ketones are capable both for the scent and for the natural movement of fragrant and therapeutic plants [36] (Kalemba and Kunika, 2003) . The vast majority of the therapeutic plants utilized by the home grown or pharmaceutical industry are gathered from wild territory. The Flora of Delhi was investigated by Maheshwari in 1950s and it was distributed in 1963. After Maheshwari, some scattered data are accessible about new records, for example, The different specialists who have detailed new records of plants for Delhi are Dakshini and Vijayaraghavan, (1970) [17], Viswananathan et al. (1982) [105], Viswananathan and Singh [106] [81, 82] [83, 84] (1986) , Sharma and Ahmad (1990, 1991) , Sharma (1984, 2002) , Kumar and Yadav (2005) [41], Naihani et al. (2006) [61] and Mishra et al. (2014) [54]. New Delhi, the capital of India, is a clamoring city that has a stunning blend of modernization and deliberately protected relic. Sprawled over the west bank of the waterway Yamuna, it is one of the quickest developing urban communities in India. New Delhi was worked by a

British modeler Edward Lutyens in 1912 as the new capital of the British Raj. The Victorian Correspondence engineering now intermixes with the city's elevated structures. Solid flyovers worked to Amit Pandey facilitate the developing activity are blended with well laid patio nurseries, Mughal tombs, M.Sc. Biodiversity and posts and landmarks (Singh, 2013) [86]. The city follows its history to Mahabharata, the Conservation G.G.S.I.P. University, New Delhi, India immense epic story of wars battled between offended cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas ~ 46 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

for the city of Indraprastha. Verifiably, the city has since a 2. Methodology long time ago been the chief in political significance with During the investigation regular field trips were undertaken in progressive lines picking it as their seat of energy, between monsoon, late monsoon, winter and summer due to the the thirteenth and the seventeenth hundreds of years (CSE, availability of different plants in the seasons for the year 2016) [23]. Old Delhi was established by Mughal rulers who 2015-16. The plant specimens were photographed and were controlled the city in progression beginning from Qutab-ub- given a series number for their identification (table 1.). The racket to Khiljis, Tughlaqs each, under an alternate name plants were indentified with help of the help of The Flora of given to the city. This rapid creating district, Delhi was made Delhi (Lal et al. 2002) [49] and Illustrations of the Flora of the capital of Independent India in 1950 and it was Delhi (Maheshwari, 1966) [52], Flora of Haryana (Kumar et al. proclaimed a state in 1992 (Singh, 2013) [87]. 2005) [41], Flora of North Western Himalaya (Singh et al. Delhi Ridge, at times essentially called The Ridge, is an edge 2013) [92] Herbaceous flora of Dehradun (APG III, 2009) [9]. in the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India (Pandey, Each plant has been arranged as per Bentham and Hooker’s 2005) [64]. The edge is a northern augmentation of the old System of classification. The genera in a family and species in Aravalli Range, somewhere in the range of 1500 million years are arranged alphabetically. The plant species includes of age (contrasted with only 50 million for the Himalaya) scientific name, local name (s), family, habit and their (Hutchinson, 1989; Brown et al. 2009) [27, 12]. The edge medicinal use. Updated Nomenclature of plant species comprises of quartzite rocks and reaches out from the (www.theplantlist.org.) was also undertaken. Southeast at Tughlaqabad, close to the Bhatti mines, spreading out in spots and decreasing in the north close to Table 1: Some common wild medicinal herbs found in Delhi ridge Wazirabad on the west bank of the stream Yamuna (Delhi ridge, 2016) [19] covering a separation of around 35 kilometers. The Delhi Ridge is said to be the green lungs for the city and shields Delhi from the hot winds of the deserts of toward the west (Singh, 2013) [82]. It is now divided into five fragmented zones namely, Northern Ridge, Central Ridge, South Central Ridge, Southern Ridge and Nanakpura South Central Ridge (Sinha, 2014) [96]. 1. The Northern Ridge (also called Old Delhi, 28041’51.19”N, 77013’08.93”E) comprises of the hilly area near Delhi University. It is approximately 87 Hectares. • 2. The Central Ridge (also called New Delhi, 28037’23.05”N, 77010’43.48”E) consists of around 864 Hectares of forested area, from south of Sadar Bazaar to Dhaula Kuan, but some bits of the Central Ridge have been nibbled away. • 3. The South-Central Ridge (also called Mehrauli, 28037’25.54”N, 77010’49.96”E) consists of 626 Hectares of forested land around the Sanjay Vana area, near Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). • 4. The Southern Ridge (also called Tughlaqabad,

28037’02.97”N, 77011’09.24”E) consisting of 6200 Hectares is the biggest area of the Delhi Ridge. • 5. The Nanakpura South Central Ridge (28035’06.24”N, 77010’30.52”E) has an area of 7 Hectares.

All the 5 Zones make up for a total area of 7,784 Hectares spread over the entire city in different patches.

Fig 1: Study area ~ 47 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

3. Results and discussions The analysis of the data collected revealed that Delhi has 172 wild medicinal herbs existing on the five ridge region (Table 2). The study has documented 127 genera of wild medicinal herbs with 162 different species. Out of these 127 genera 98 are monogeneric. The documented plants belongs to various botanical families, the study has revealed that the plants listed in this research article belongs to 41 different families out of the most dominant families are i.e. , Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Lamiaceae (Fig.1). It has also been analyzed that the medicinal herbs of Delhi has also been used by many tribal communities in countries like Kenya, Ghana, China, Iraq, Japan etc. The documented diseases have been

categorized as acute and chronic diseases (Kuller, 1987) [39]. The analysis has revealed that out of 111 different diseases Fig 2: Most documented plant family which are being traditionally cured by these medicinal herbs 72 falls under acute diseases and 29 under chronic diseases. The most documented diseases cured with the help of wild medicinal herbs of Delhi are i.e. Neurological disorders (diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves), cardiovascular disease (diseases related to hearts), gynecological disease (disease occur in female), hepatorenal syndrome (diseases related to kidney and liver), common diseases like fever, cough, cold, diarrhea, cuts and wounds

(Fig. 2). Fig 3: Number of the diseases documented the most

Table 2: Checklist of the wild medicinal herbs from the study area

S. Botanical Name Family Habit Common Name Medicinal Uses No. Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Hindi: ‘Bhakumbhar’, ‘Nilam’, Anti-cancer, anti-radical scavenging, Ageratum Jangli pudina; English: billygoat- Anticoccidial, Insecticidal, Allelopathic 1. Asteraceae Herb conyzoides (L.) L. weed, chick weed, goatweed, property, Schistosomicidal, Antidiarrheal whiteweed (Singh, 2013; Adebayo et al. 2010; Jain and Srivastava, 2005) [92, 1, 31] Anticancer, Antidiarrheal, Antifungal, Anthelmintic, Antihyperglycemic, Anti- Alocasia Hindi: Mankanda, English :Giant inflammatory, Antimicrobial, 2. macrorrhizos (L.) Araceae Herb Taro, Upright elephant ear, Giant Antinociceptive, Antiprotozoal, Antitumour, G. Don ape Diuretic, Hepatoprotective, Hepatorenal, Laxative, Reproductive activity (Singh et al. 2017) [94] Alysicarpus Hindi ‘Jungli ghas’ English: Antipyretic (Choudhary, 2010) [16] 3. Fabaceae Herb bupleurifolius DC. Sweet alyce Clover Antibacterial (Kumar et al. 2014) [47] Alysicarpus Hindi: Chauli, Sauri, Chuklai ; Skin allergy, Antipyretic, Expectorant, bone 4. Fabaceae Herb vaginalis DC. English: Alyce Clover fracture, joint pain (Choudhary, 2010) [16] Laxative, stomachic, appetizer, hepatopathy, rubifacient, aphrodisiac, lithontripptic Hindi: Aginbuti, Ban mirich, strangury, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, Dadmari, English; Jungli Ammannia antiarthritic, antianalgesic, antipyretic, 5. Lythraceae Herb mehendi Blistering Ammannia, baccifera L. antidiuretic, (Vasudevan et al. 2014) [101], Acrid weed, Monarch redstem, congestive heart failure, constipation, edema Tooth cup and microbial infections (Vasudevan et. al. 2016) [100] Ammannia English: Many Flowered Fever (Kumar and Narain, 2010) [45], Head 6. Lythraceae Herb mutilflora Roxb. Ammannia itching (Kanthale and Biradar, 2012) [37] Psoriasis, Vitiligo, Tinea Versicolor, (Ali, Hindi: ‘Atilal’ English bishop's 7. Ammi majus L. Apiaceae Herb 2013) [8], Anti-Insect Activity (Hussein et al. weed, false bishop's weed 2016) [26] Antiulcer, gastro protective, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, antihyperlipidaemic, antihypercholesterolaemic, Anticancer; anti- Anethum diabetic ; antioxidant; antisecretory ; 8. Apiaceae Herb ‘Hindi: Soya’ graveolens L. Hypolipidemic Effect, Genotoxicity Effect, Hyperlipidemic Effect, Antispasmodic Effect, Antimycobacterial Effect (Heamalatha et al. 2011) [25] 9. Argemone Papaveraceae Herb English: Mexican Prickly Poppy Anti malarial, Antiplasmodial, Antibacterial,

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mexicana L. ‘Unkatera’,‘Kateli’, ‘Kandiari’ Cytotoxic, Wound healing, Vasorelaxant, Antiasthmatic, Anti-HIV, Hepatoprotective, Molluscicidal, antimicrobial, wound healing capacity in rat, larvicidal, chemosterilant, nematicidal and allelopathic potential (Rajvaidhya et al. 2014) [75] Insecticidal, antimalarial, free-radical Artemisia scoparia 10. Asteraceae Herb ‘Bano’, ‘Barna’ scavenging and insecticidal (Fariba et al. Waldst. & Kit. 2011) [22] Antimicrobial, Antifungal (Dangi et al. 2013) [18], decoction used in kidney stone while leaf paste is applied on swellings. The seeds Asphodelus 11. Xanthorrhoeaceae Herb ‘Piazi’, Dungaro are diuretic applied externally to ulcers and tenuifolius Cav. inflament parts. It is also used as antihypertensive and reduces blood pressure (Adeel et. al., 2011) [2]. Bergia 12. ammanioides Elatinaceae Herb English: Jerry Water-fire In skin disease.(Kumar et., al., 2010) [45] Roxb. Bidens biternata 13. (Lour.) Merr. & Asteraceae Herb ‘Sui ka ped’ used in inflammation. ( Rothe, 2011) Sherff Anti-tooth ache, Antioxidant, Blainvillea Neuroprotective, Analgesics, Hindi: Akarkara,Kakranda, 14. acmella (L.) Asteraceae Herb antiinflammatory and antioxidant, English: Para Cress Flower Philipson Immunomodulatory, Diuretics (Arif et., al., 2017) [10] Blumea lacera Kakronda, Jangli Muli, English: Fresh leaf juice is used to expel threadworms 15. Asteraceae Herb (Burm.f.) Malay blumea (Tomar, 2017) [98] Caesulia axillaris Hindi: Gathila, English: Pink Whole plant extract is given to cure malaria 16. Asteraceae Herb Roxb. Node Flower (Pani et al. 2014-15) [64] Anti-inflammatory and antioedematous activities, Anti-HIV activity, Antibacterial and antifungal activities, Anticancer and Hindi:‘Zergul’, English: African Calendula lymphocyte activation dual activities, 17. Asteraceae Herb marigold, Calendula, Garden officinalis L. Antioxidant activity, Immunostimulant marigold activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Wound healing activity (Mullaicharam et al. 2014) [56] Hindi: Patthar-suva, English: Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Superbacterial, Capsella bursa- Quick Weed, gallant soldier, 18. Brassicaceae Herb Tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic (Nouri et al. pastoris (L.) Medik potato weed, small-flower 2013) [61] galinsoga Anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, English: Balloon Vine, Love-in- antiparasitic, antipyretic, antifilarial, a-puff, heart pea, heartseed anxiolytic, adulticidal activities, urinary tract Cardiospermum 19. Sapindaceae Herb Hindi: Kanphata, Kanphuti, infections suppression and antihyperglycemic halicacabum L. Kapalphodi ‘Gubbara bel’ properties. It also plays important role in Lataaphataki epilepsy and certain nervous disorders (Raza et al. 2013) [75] jaundice., Bad Ulcer & Itching, cerebral Carthamus English: Wild Safflower, Jeweled thrombosis, male infertility, rheumatism and 20. oxyacantha Asteraceae Herb Distaff Thistle, Hindi: ‘Kateri’, bronchitis, tonic tea to invigorate heart and M.Bieb. ‘PeeliKateri’ blood circulation, laxative (Ahmad et al. 2010) [4] Stomach disorders, dysentery and diarrhea, Hindi: ‘Brahmi’, ‘Mandu- asthma, skin disorders, ulcers, body aches Centella asiatica Kaparni’, English: improving memory, as a nervine tonic dropsy, 21. Apiaceae Herb (L.) Urb. Asiatic pennywort elephantiasis, gastric catarrh, kidney troubles, or Indian pennywor leprosy, leucorrhoea and urethritis, and also as a vegetable (Singh et al. 2010) [86] Banar, Chakanu, Bankultthi, Prolonged embryo in uterus, Malaria Chamaecrista Chaksu (Patience et al. 2016) [67] Cough, Cathartic, 22. absus (L.) H.S. Fabaceae Herb English: tropical sensitive pea, Ringworms, Skin affections, Conjunctivitis & Irwin & Barneby Jasmeejaz, Ophthalmic (Vardhana, 2008) [99] Chamaecrista Hindi: Sarmal, English: 23. pumila (Lam.) K. Fabaceae Herb Itching of body (Vardhana, 2008) [99] Dwarf Cassia Larsen Hindi: Kasni’, Hinduba, English: Used for the purification of blood and liver, Cichorium intybus 24. Asteraceae Herb Chicory, Blue sailors, Succory, Anti-inflammatory, rheumatism (Purvaiz, L. Coffeeweed 2014) [65] 25. Cirsium arvense Asteraceae Herb Hindi: ‘Rissa’, ‘Katela’, Kandai, Used as leafy vegetables, expel worms ~ 49 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

(L.) Scop. English: Creeping thistle. roundworms & hookworms. Stomach pains (Khan et al. 2013) [38] Hindi: ‘Gadumba ki bel’, Antimicrobial, Antibacterial (Paul, 2008) [67], ‘Indrayan’, ‘Pharpendua’ Citrullus Abdominal pain, Chronic open wounds, Indrayan, Indrayan ki jad (root) 26. colocynthis (L.) Cucurbitaceae Herb Dental Caries, Infertility,Leucoderma, English name: Colocynth, bitter Schard. Dysurea, Painful micturition (Chand et al. apple, bitter cucumber, desert 2014) [13] gourd, vine of Sodom Wild Spider Flower, African anthelmintic properties; decoction of the plant Cleome gynandra spider-flower, cat whiskers, 27. Cleomaceae Herb is good remedy of gastrointestinal infections L. Bastard-mustard • Hindi: jakhiya, and gastric problems. (Shah et al. 2013) [77] safed hulhul, parhar, safed bagro anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, analgesic, Asian spider flower, Yellow antidiarrheal, antihyperglycemia, anti- 28. Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae Herb spider flower, Cleome, Tickweed hyperlipidemia and antiviral active (Tripti et • Hindi: Bagra al. 2015) [97] Vegetable, constipation, weakness, Alopecia, (Singh & Bharti, 2015), Nervine tonic, Colocasia ‘Arvi’,‘Kachalu’, English: Green Bioactivity, Antibacterial, Hypoglycemic 29. esculenta (L.) Araceae Herb Taro, cocoyam, taro, aivi, property, Antifungal activity, Anti-cancer Schott. dasheen action, Hypolipidemic effect, Anti- inflammatory activity (Prajapati et al. 2011) [70] Ease child birth, ring worms, typhoid, blood clotting, headache (Jiofack et al. 2010) [33] Antiepileptic, Eye diseases (including ‘Kanteri’,‘Kanvo’, ‘Kana’, conjunctivitis, cataract, shortsightedness, ‘Kankawwa’ Buchna English: Commelina night blindness, Skin diseases, Respiratory 30. Commelinaceae Herb Bengal Dayflower, benghalensis L. tract disorders (including asthma, bronchitis, Whiskered Commelina, tropical pneumonia, cold, cough, mucus, influenza, spiderwort tonsillitis, sore throat) (Haque et al. 2010) [24], Antidote to snake bite. Whole plant extraction used to treat leprosy. Commelina 31. Commelinaceae Herb ‘Kankawwa’, ‘Kanvo’ Indigestion (Vardhana, 2008) [99] forskalii Vahl. Commelina Fever & Bilious affections (Vardhana, 2008) 32. Commelinaceae Herb ‘Kankawwa’, ‘Kanvo’ undulata R. Br. [99] As fodder and Saag. Removal of warm, Convolvulus Hindi: Hiranpug, English: 33. Convolvulaceae Herb appropriate in skin disorders. Purgative, arvensis L. ‘Field Bindweed, constipation (Khan et al. 2013) [38] Convolvulus ‘Safed Sankh Pusphi’,English: Anxiety Depression Decrease cholesterol 34. Convolvulaceae Herb pluricaulis choisy speedwhee (Singh et al. 2015) [92] Plant has diuretic properties and is effective against diarrhea and dysentery. (Parvaiz, ‘Phulni’ English: Flaxleaf 2014) [64], diuretic, and cheeks bleeding, Conyza Fleabane, Hairy Fleabane, internally for diarrhea, haemorrhage, 35. bonariensis (L.) Asteraceae Herb Ragweed, Rough conyza, Tall excessive menstruation. Haemorrhoids, Cronquist fleabane Kidney disorders and bronchial complaints. Externally used for eczema and ringworm (Bakhsh et al. 2012) [11] Conyza laciniata Skema, Insect repellent, Snake bite 36. Asteraceae Herb English: cut-leaf false oxtongue Wall. Ex Roxb. (Quattrocchi, 2000) [71] ‘Chonch’, Kanghi, Hade-ka-khet Corchorus 37. Malvaceae Herb East Indian Mallow, Jute, West Diarrhea (Shukla et al. 2010) [83] aestuans L. African mallow Antinociceptive/ Antiinflammatory, Dysentery, coughs and phthisis, and poulticing sores, Atonic dyspepsia, liver disorders, chronic cystitis, gonorrhea, dysuria, Corchorus Hindi: patta shaak, ‘Kharenti’ 38. Malvaceae Herb worms in children, hepatic and intestinal capsularis L. English White Jute colic, and gastric catarrh., Swine flu, Carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic, Galactolipid / Anti-Tumor (Islam, 2013) [29] Deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic, tussah jute is a folk remedy for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, Pat-sag, Mithapat, ‘Chonch’, Corchorus dysentery, pectoral pains, and tumors (Duke 39. Malvaceae Herb Nalta Jute, Jew's Mallow, Tossa olitorius L. & Wain, 1981; List & Horhammer, 1969- jute 1979) [20, 49]. Ayurvedics use the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and ~ 50 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength. (Islam, 2013) [29] ‘Kowwa-torai’, Kadvapat, Corchorus tridens 40. Malvaceae Herb Hardikaket, Backache medicine (Maroy Alfred,2013 ) L. English: Wild Jute, African jute, Cotula Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, 41. hemisphaerica Asteraceae Herb Uchunti Antinociceptive, Antiprotozoal (Alfred, 2013) Wall. [7] anthelmintic, stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, Hindi: Rudravanti ‘Nunki’ for constipation, leprosy, asthma, bronchitis. 42. Cressa cretica L. Convolvulaceae Herb English: Alkali weed, Rosin and urinary discharges, skin eruptions as in weed, Cressa smallpox. as a tonic, as an emetic (Al, 2016) [6] Crotalaria medicaginea var. 43. Fabaceae Herb ‘Jhojhru’ Fodder (Vardhana, 2008) [99] luxurians (Benth.) Baker Cucumis antitumor, antifungal (Afifi et al. 1999) [3], an 44. Cucurbitaceae Herb Kadukosta prophetarum L. emetic (Uphaor, 1959) [98] Anti-cancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, nourishing the skin, power to relax and 45. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Herb ‘Khira’ English: Cucumber alleviate the sunburn's (Muruganantham et al. 2016) [57] pain, constipation (Mukherjeea et al. 2013) [54] Roots of are used as toothpicks, skin diseases, blood purifier, psoriasis, diarrhea, Cullen plicatum Hindi: Jhil English: Scurfy Pea 46. Fabaceae Herb hyperacidity, spasm, diseases of the uterus (Delile) C. H. Stirt and vaginal gonorrhea. (Cheikha et al. 2015) [14] Cyanthillium ‘Sahadevi’ English: ironweed; Bone fractures & Sprains, Fever (Shukla et al. 47. cinereum (L.) H. Asteraceae Herb small ironweed 2010) [83] Rob. antitumor, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, Hindi: ‘Kala Dhatura’, Datura antibacterial, hepatoprotective, sedative, 48. Datura metel L. Solanaceae Herb English: Thorn apple, Devil's cytostatic and immunosuppressive (MoEFCC, trumpe 2017) [28] Hindi. Kudaliya,. Motha, Kidney problem & urinal problem, bone English: Creeping Tick Trefoil, fracture, malaria, diarrhea and dysentery and Desmodium 49. Fabaceae Herb three-flower beggarweed, as tonic to epileptic, bronchitis and fever, triflorum (L.) DC. tropical trefoil, three-flower wound and abscesses, inflammation. (Singh et beggar weed al., 2015) [90] Tooth brush (Pradeep, 2014) [68] Dicoma tomentosa 50. Asteraceae Herb Vajardanti Antiplasmodial, antidiabetic (Jansena et al. Cass. 2010) [32] Chopped bulbs are fed to animals against Dipcadi stomach pain (Jadeja et. al. 2006) [30], 51. erythraeum Webb. Asparagaceae Herb Hindi: Jungali dungari Scorpion stinging & Sweating (Patel et al. & Benth 2010) [65] Drimia indica Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic (Chittoor et al. 52. Asparagaceae Herb English: Indian Squill (Roxb.) Jessop 2012) [15] antifungal, analgesic, diuretic, reproductive, Hindi:Utakatira, Oontkateli, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti- 53. Asteraceae Herb echinatus Roxb. Gokhru English: Globe Thistle inflammatory, wound-healing, antipyretic, and antibacterial (Kumar et al. 2015) [41] Bad Ulcer & Itching, cerebral thrombosis, Eclipta prostrata Hindi: ‘Bhringraj’, English: 54. Asteraceae Herb male infertility, rheumatism (Khan et al. (L.) L. Trailing eclipta, False Daisy 2013) [38] gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract disorders (including asthma), fever, hair loss, graying of hair, liver disorders (including Eichhornia jaundice), skin disorders, spleen enlargement, 55. crassipes (Mart.) Pontederiaceae Herb ‘Jal-kumbhi’,‘Samunder-sokh’ cuts and wounds, anticancer, Solms hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial (Rownak et al. 2014) [75] Epilobium stomachic, appetizer, hepatopathy, 56. cylindricum D. Onagraceae Herb ‘Ghoyan’ rubifacient, aphrodisiac (Vasudevan et al. Don 2016) [100] 57. Fagonia cretica L. Zygophyllaceae Herb ‘Dhuansa’ Chest pain, Malaria, fever (Lense, 2012) [48] Root extracts are used against intestinal Farsetia stylosa R. 58. Brassicaceae Herb Gamari tumors, cancer, boils, syphilis, tuberculosis, Br. leprosy (Motaleb, 2011) [53] ~ 51 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Fumaria indica Flowers are stomathic, digestive and tonic 59. (Hausskn.) Papaveraceae Herb ‘Papra’, ‘Pitpapada’ (Motaleb, 2011) [53] Pugsley Gisekia Toothaches, Cold, influenza, malaria (Lense, 60. Gisekiaceae Herb Dhuntra pharnaceoides L. 2012) [48] The plant is mostly utilized in chicken pox, Glechoma 61. Lamiaceae Herb Amolbatti hookworm infestation, gynecological hederacea L. intricacies (Prajapati et al. 2011) [70] Leaves are narcotic, anodyne and 62. Glinus lotoides L. Molluginaceae Herb Lotan paat antispasmodic (Alfred, 2013) [7] Glinus Stem is used in neuralgia, tumors, glandular 63. oppositifolius (L.) Molluginaceae Herb Thankuni inflammations, mumps and also in ear ache Aug. DC. (Parvaiz, 2014) [64] The plant used in jaundice, diabetic arthritis, Gnaphalium 64. Asteraceae Herb ‘Buchbucha’ blood dysentery, cough, cold (Ahmad, 2006) indicum L. [5] Gnaphalium Muscular pain, fever in babies, chest pain, 65. pensyvanicum Asteraceae Herb Brahmokuti diarrhea (Lense, 2012) [48] Willd. Grangea Ethanolic extract of stem is antiviral, used in 66. maderaspatana Asteraceae Herb Thulkuri the treatment of cancer, various heart diseases (L.) Poir. are also cured (Chand et al. 2014) [13] Heliotropium Infusion bathed, Hypertension, Decoction 67. Boraginaceae Herb Akand curassavium DC. drunk (Ssegawa et al. 2007) [95] Leaves are expectorant and used as domestic Heliotropium 68. Boraginaceae Herb ‘Hatisura’,’Hatisunda’ remedy for catarrh, coughs and diarrhea indicum L. (Prajapati et al. 2011) [70] Heliotropium Dysentery, Diarrhea, Liver problems (Lense, 69. Boraginaceae Herb Akkan strigosum Willd. 2012) [48] Plant alkaloids possess effective anti-cancer Heliotropium 70. Boraginaceae Herb Madar properties which is useful to treat leukemia in supinum L. children (Motaleb, 2011) [53] Root is stomachic, laxative, anthelmintic, Hibiscus lobatus 71. Malvaceae Herb ‘Faridbooti’ fever, piles and abdominal pains (Prajapati et (Murray) Kuntze al. 2011) [70] Relaxation of pelvic region for child birth, Hyptis suaveolens 72. Lamiaceae Herb Kophpata Infusion drunk; infusion bathed (Ssegawa et (L.) Poit al. 2007) [95] Treatment of cardiovascular diseases and Indigofera 73. Fabaceae Herb Patharkuchi neurological disorders (Segawa et al. 2007) astragalina DC. [95] Indigofera Leaf juice is used in wasp-stings and infusion 74. cordifolia B.Heyne Fabaceae Herb Gondhpurna given in menorrhagia (Motaleb, 2011) [53] ex Roth The plant is used in the treatment of anemia, Indigofera 75. Fabaceae Herb ‘Khandidal’ anorexia, beriberi, biliary cirorhosis, burning hochstetteri Baker urination, dehydration (Chand et al. 2014) [13] Leaves are used to treat excessive Indigofera linifolia menstruation, hair fall, hemorrhoids, hyper 76. Fabaceae Herb ‘Sankhaluli’ (L.f.) Retz. acidity, hypertension, paralysis, resistance to cold and cough (Ssegawa et al. 2007) [95] The plant is highly effective in the treatment Indigofera linnaei of various heart diseases, neurological 77. Fabaceae Herb ‘Leel’ Ali disorders and abdominal allergies (Motaleb, 2011) [53] Back pains, joint pains, rheumatic, headaches 78. Juncus bufonius L. Juncaceae Herb ‘Pola’ (Lense, 2012) [48] Lactuca dissecta Apply on ulcers in mouth, infusion drunk 79. Asteraceae Herb Punarnava D. Don. (Ssegawa et al. 2007) [95] Laggera aurita hepatoprotective, snake venom neutralizing, 80. Sch.Bip. ex Asteraceae Herb Swetapurna anti-inflammatory, and Schweinf. antimicrobial (Rownak et al. 2014) [75] Lathyrus aphaca Seeds used as Narcotic and flowers as 81. Fabaceae Herb ‘Patteli’ L. resolvent (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Severe diarrhea especially accompanied with 82. Lathyrus sativus L. Fabaceae Herb ‘Chapramatra’ blood (Otieno, 2012) [61] Launaea Painful urination and gonorrhea (Ahmad, 83. nudicaulis (L.) Asteraceae Herb ‘Gobi’ 2006) [5] Hook.f. Lemna Nasal catarrh, uvula hypertrophy, sore throat, 84. Araceae Herb ‘Chowpatti’ aequinoctialis gibbous, paralysis and chronic fever; in large

~ 52 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

Welw. doses it acts as narcotic poison and powerful sedative (Joy et al. 1998) [34] The roots are acrid, bitter, themogenic, expectorant, alexeteric, stomachic, digestive, antiperiodic and tonic. They are useful in dysentery, diarrhoea, stomach disorders, Lepidium 85. Brassicaceae Herb ‘Jangli hala’ fever, malarial fever, vomiting, helminthiasis, didymium L. haemorrhoids, haemorrhages, internal inflammatory conditions and general debility. They are highly recommended for diseases in children (Mulliken et al. 2008) [56] Lepidium sativum Cut and wound, intermittent fever, 86. Brassicaceae Herb ‘Hala’, L. pharyngodymia and asthma (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Leucas aspera 87. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Gopha’ Nose block (Kala, 2005) [35] (Willd.) Link Useful in the bleeding of the gums etc. Leucas cephalotes Tender leaves are bruised with a little water 88. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Gobbha’ (Roth) Sperng. and swallowed in gonorrhea (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Diuretic and cardiac stimulant. Stems and leaves contain a cardioactive glycoside cymarin, which on hydrolysis yields Leucas urticifolia strophanthidin and cymarose. The herb also 89. (Vahl) R. Br. ex Lamiaceae Herb Guma’,‘Goma’ contains glucosides adonin, adonidin, and Sm. adonilene. Flowers are considered laxative, diuretic, and lithontriptic (Oteino et al, 2014) [61] Aerial part of the flowering and fruiting herb contain 18 compounds, of which k- Ludwigia strophanthin, cymarin, adonin, adonidin, 90. adscendens (L.) Onagraceae Herb ‘Pani ki ghas’ adonitoxin, acetyladonitoxin, vernadigin, H.Hara strophadogenin, and strophanthidin have been identified. Herb bitter and astringent (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Used in hemicrania and diabetes. It yields Ludwigia adiantone, isoadiantone, fernene, 91. octovalvis (Jacq.) Onagraceae Herb ‘Alsa’ hentriacontane, hentriacontanone- 16, and P.H.Raven sitosterol (Oteino et al, 2014) [61] Astringent, vulnerary and aphrodisiac, and are Ludwigia perennis useful in colonorrhea, haematuria, ulcers, 92. Onagraceae Herb ‘Mandu- Kaparni’ L. pharyngopathy, vitiated conditions of vata and gout (Kala, 2005) [35] The roots are utilized in the therapy of Malva parviflora rheumatism, lumbago, paid in the limbs, post- 93. Malvaceae Herb ‘Kandiari’ L. partum blood stasis, furunculosis, impetigo and snake-bite (Ahmad, 2006) [5] The roots are sweet, thermogenic, narcotic, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, Malvastrum diuretic, expectorant, nervine tonic, and 94. coromandelianum Malvaceae Herb ‘Kharenti’ stomachic, emmenagogue, anaphrodisiac, (L.) Garcke depurative, sedative and febrifuge (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Mazus pumilus In removing glass piece, spine & needle from 95. Phrymaceae Herb ‘Khesari’ (Burm.f.) Steenis flesh (Kala, 2005) [35] Medicago 96. monantha Fabaceae Herb ‘Chanihari’ Irregular menstruation (Kala, 2005) [35] (C.A.Mey.) Trautv. Medicago 97. Fabaceae Herb ‘Miana’ To reduce fat (Kala, 2005) [35] polymorpha L. Melilotus indicus 98. Fabaceae Herb ‘Metha’, ‘Senji’ Epilepsy/hysteria (Kala, 2005) [35] (L.) All. Melilotus officinalis subsp. Cough and catarrh syrups, throat lozenges and 99. alba (Medik.) Fabaceae Herb ‘Khandai’ pastilles (Joy et al. 1998) [34] H.Ohashi & Tateishi Antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory. Root Melochia 100. Malvaceae Herb ‘Taraeji’ shows antigonorrhoeic and antibiotic activity corchorifolia L. (Joy et al. 1998) [34] The whole plant, except the roots, constitutes Mentha arevensis 101. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Pudina’ an antibacterial, cholagogic, diuretic and L. stomachic remedy (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] ~ 53 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

It is useful for the treatment of jaundice in Mollugo cerviana viral hepatitis, oliguria, biliuria, fever 102. Molluginaceae Herb ‘Halo’ (L.) Ser. ophthalmalgia, vertigo and dyspepsia in parturients (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Local Mollugo 103. Molluginaceae Herb ‘Gobi’ bleeding and thrombocytopenia (Prajapati et nudicaulis Lamk. al. 2003) [69] Treatment of bronchitis and asthma for many Monochoria 104. Pontederiaceae Herb ‘Leel’ centuries. It relieves cough and breathlessness hastata (L). Solms (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Diuretic and cardiac stimulant. Stems and Nepeta hindostana leaves contain a cardioactive glycoside 105. (B. Heyne ex Roth) Lamiaceae Herb ‘Buar’ cymarin, which on hydrolysis yields Haines strophanthidin and cymarose (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] 106. Nymphaea alba L. Nymphaeaceae Herb ‘Kamal’ Edible (Kala, 2005) [35] Nasal congestion, colds, flu, Insect bites, Ocimum 107. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Bantulsa’,‘Tulsiband’ General aches and pains (Otieno et al. 2012) americanum L. [61] Ocimum basilicum 108. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Marua’,‘Niyazbo’ Headache and nausea (Kumar, 2001) [43] L. Ocimum 109. Lamiaceae Herb ‘Tulsi’ Stomach and Vomiting (Ahmad, 2006) [5] tenuiflorum L. The herb contains glucosides adonin, Oenanthe javanica adonidin, and adonilene. Flowers are 110. Apiaceae Herb ‘Jal Dhania’ (Blume) DC. considered laxative, diuretic, and lithontriptic (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Oldenlandia 111. aspera (B.Heyne Rubiaceae Herb ‘Gobi’ Herb bitter and astringent (Kala, 2005) [35] ex Roth) DC. Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl ex Headache, brain tonic and intestinal diseases 112. Resedaceae Herb ‘Chir’ Hornem.) J. F. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Macbr Orthosiphon Tooth diseases, Diabetes, Constipation and 113. pallidus Royle ex Lamiaceae Herb ‘Khubkalan’ Intestinal diseases (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Benth Oxalis corniculata Oxalic acid, stomach infection (Kumar et al. 114. Oxalidaceae Herb ‘Teepatiya’ L. 2014) [45] Oxalis debilis var. Boils, Swelling, Laxative and to start Labor 115. corymbosa (DC.) Oxalidaceae Herb ‘Khat-mitthi’ pain (Kumar et al. 2014) [45] Lourteig Oxalis latifolia Fever, Stomach-ache, Sexually transmitted 116. Oxalidaceae Herb ‘Khat-mitthi’ Kunth infections Malaria (Otieno et al. 2012) [61] Pavonia zeylanica Stomach problems, Boils (Otieno et al. 2012) 117. Malvaceae Herb ‘Ulat kanghi’ Cav. [61] Peganum harmala Brain tonic, insecticidal and viral diseases 118. Nitrariaceae Herb ‘Harmal’ L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Stimulant, expectorant, demulcent, and Pentanema emmenagogue; contain a bitter principle, 119. Asteraceae Herb ‘Chandausi’ indicum (L.) Ling volatile oil, and tannin (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Kidney problems, constipation, impotence, 120. Pistia stratiotes L. Araceae Herb ‘Santhi’ and infertility (Muliken, 2008) [56] Antiseptic and stimulant, and has been used in Pluchea North America and Europe for catarrh, chest 121. lanceolata (DC.) Asteraceae Herb ‘Chatawara’ infections such as bronchitis, and urinary tract C.B.Clarke conditions such as cystitis and frequent urination (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Polycarpaea Blood tonic, lubricants, energy supplements 122. corymbosa (L.) Caryophyllaceae Herb ‘Sada’ and kidney nourishments (Muliken, 2008) [56] Lam. Polycarpon prostratum Severe diarrhea especially accompanied with 123. Caryophyllaceae Herb ‘Kumra’ (Forssk.) Asch. & blood (Otieno et al. 2012) [61] Schweinf. Antitoxic, purgative and laxative. Indigo is Portulaca 124. Portulacaceae Herb ‘Lunia’ said to produce nausea and Vomiting (Joy et grandiflora Hook. al. 1998) [34] In Japan, the species is used to treat hair loss. Portulaca 125. Portulacaceae Herb ‘Kulfa’ Researchers in that country have started to oleracea Linn. extract the chemical compounds (cistanoside) ~ 54 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

from the herb to produce drugs that treat impotence, for use in cosmetics and for treating hair loss (Muliken, 2008) [56] Portulaca Brain tonic, insecticidal and viral diseases 126. Portulacaceae Herb ‘Chhotaluniya’ quadrifidia L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Potamogeton Jaundice, Asthma, Cough and for Fever 127. Potamogetonaceae Herb ‘Buhrna’ crispus L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Nasal congestion, colds, flu, Insect bites, Potamogeton 128. Potamogetonaceae Herb ‘Nunka’ General aches and pains (Otieno et al. 2012) nodosus Poir. [61] Astringent, bitter, thermogenic, styptic, alexeteric, anthelmintic, vulnerary, Potentilla supina demulcent, constipating, expectorant and 129. Rosaceae Herb ‘Dodi’ L. antipyretic, vulnerary, demulcent, constipating, bronchitis, cough, vomiting (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Decoction beneficial in urino-genital diseases; Pseudognaphalium leaves: infusion of tender leaves used as an 130. affine (D.Don) Asteraceae Herb ‘Churchuta’ astringent and remedy for diarrhoea and Anderb. dysentery (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Bitter, astringent, thermogenic, depurative, antitoxic, febrifuge and anodyne. The alkaloid Pulicaria crispa alstovenine in lower doses exhibited 131. Asteraceae Herb ‘Haldwa’ Sch. Bip. monoamine oxidase inhibitor activity, while in higher doses it showed marked central stimulant effect (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Ranunculus 132. Ranunculaceae Herb ‘Jaldhania’ Uro-genital disorders (Kala, 2005) [35] sceleratus L. Rorippa Indica 133. Brassicaceae Herb ‘Mandari’ Backache, Bodyache (Kala, 2005) [35] (L.) Hiern. The herb is accredited with anti-typhoid Sagittaria properties. A paste of the pounded leaves is 134. Alismataceae Herb ‘Kunma’ guayanensis Kunth applied to fractures. Plant bitter, tonic, used in rheumatism (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Saussurea Bitter, acrid and possesses diuretic, cathartic, heteromalla expectorant, emetic, anthelmintic, anodyne 135. Asteraceae Herb ‘Malaiya’ (D.Don) Hand.- and hypnotic properties (Kumar et al. 2014) Mazz [41] Astringent, cooling, diuretic, emetic, 136. Senna tora L. Fabaceae Herb ‘Chakwar’ deobstruant, detergent, depurative and anthelmimitic (Otieno et al. 2012) [61] Essential oil of the herb (2%) shows antibacterial and antifungal activity and the Sesamum indicum 137. Pedaliaceae Herb ‘Til’ herb has long been in use in dermatological L. medicaments. Aerial parts contain acanthospermal-B (Singh, 1994) [88] The leaves are prescribed in digestive troubles Sida alnifolia var. and their infusion used as a vulnerary. Leaf 138. obovata (Wall. ex Malvaceae Herb ‘Bijband’ juice used in ophthalmia (Prajapati et al. Mast.) S.Y. Hu 2003) [69] Leaves employed for fomentation in Sida cordata neuralgea and rheumatism; also used as an 139. (Burm.f.) Malvaceae Herb ‘Seeta’ expectorant. Roots used in asthma, paralysis, Borss.Waalk. leucorrhoea, and debility (Kumar, 2001) [43] It is diuretic, stimulant and haemostatic, a decoction of the leaves and flower heads is 140. Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb ‘Kharenti’ employed as a carminative, tonic and aromatic stimulant (Nag et al. 2013) [58] Astringent, useful in passive diarrhea either alone or in combination with cinnamon or 141. Sisymbrium irio L. Brassicaceae Herb ‘Silloo’ opium, decoction given internally in leprosy (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Soliva Cut and wound intermittent fever, 142. anthemifolia Asteraceae Herb ‘Amethi’ pharyngodymia and asthma (Otieno et al. (Juss.) 2012) [61] Toothache, sore throat, rheumatic arthritis, Sonchus arvensis 143. Asteraceae Herb ‘Gubbi’ hepatitis, abdominal, blood disorders (Singh, L. 1994) [88] Diuretic, dropsy, edema, antidote to alcohol Sonchus asper (L.) 144. Asteraceae Herb ‘Pili’ poisoning rheumatism and vermifuge Hill (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] 145. Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae Herb ‘Dudhi’ Brain tonic, joints and back pain (Joy et al. ~ 55 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

L. (L.) 1998) [34] Anti-inflammatory and uterine stimulant activity, are prescribed in the rheumatism, Spergula arvensis 146. Caryophyllaceae Herb ‘Muchmuchia’ lumbago, osteodynia, dysuria, post-partum L. haematometra and dysmenorrheal (Otieno et al. 2012) [61] Spermacoce Purgative, Cough and Regulate the 147. neohispida Rubiaceae Herb ‘Satgathiya’,‘Ghathiyghas’ menstruation periods (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Govaerts Nutritious, demulcent, emollient, diuretic; a mucilaginous preparation used as a plasma Sphenoclea replacement; decoction of immature capsules 148. Sphenocleaceae Herb ‘Mirchi’, ‘Phulanghas’ zeylanica Gaertn. as aodyne, demulcent, diuretic, anticatarrhal and useful in dysentery, ardor urinae, dysuria and gonorrhea (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Spirodela Antidiarrhoeal, Constipation and 149. polyrhiza (L.) Araceae Herb ‘Chowpati’ Inflammation of mucous membrane (Ahmad, Schleid. 2006) [5] Stellaria media Diabetes, sedative, bleeding piles and urinary 150. Caryophyllaceae Herb ‘Safed-phul-kee’ (L.) Vill.’ complaints (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Stuckenia Leucoderma, Diuretic and Analgestic 151. pectinata (L.) Potamogetonaceae Herb ‘Choriya’, ‘Papai’ (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Borner Synedrella vialis Painful urination and Spermatorrhoea (Kumar 152. Asteraceae Herb ‘Gatbhanjan’ (Less.) A.Gray et al. 2005) [40] 153. Tagetes patula L. Asteraceae Herb ‘Machechi’ To cure piles (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Tephrosia Purgative, Cough and Regulate the 154. purpurea (L.) Fabaceae Herb ‘Jangali-mothar, menstruation periods (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Pers. Tephrosia strigosa 155. (Dalzell) Santapau Fabaceae Herb ‘Matra’ Harmful for stomach (Ahmad, 2006) [5] & Mahesh. Useful in ascites, anasarca, cold, cough, asthma, constipation, calculus, dropsy, fever Tephrosia villosa and enlargement of the abdominal viscera. 156. Fabaceae Herb ‘Salunak’ (L.) Pers. The seed paste is a good application for skin diseases, painful swellings and alopecia (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Trianthema Phthisis, Dropsy, and for enlargement of 157. Aizoaceae Herb ‘Nonka’, crystallina Vahl spleen (Kumar et al. 2005) [40] Trianthema Jaundice, Astma, Cough and for Fever 158. Aizoaceae Herb ‘Santh’, ‘Santhi’ portulacastrum L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Tribulus terrestris Painful urination and Spermatorrhoea 159. Zygophyllaceae Herb ‘Gokhru’ L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] It is useful in hyperdipsia, burning sensation, wounds, ulcers, chronic fever, malarial and intermittent fevers, inflammations, cough, Trichodesma bronchitis, skin diseases, leprosy, pruritis, 160. Boraginaceae Herb ‘Nitakrai’ indicum (L.) Lem. intestinal worms, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhoids and vitiated conditions of pitta (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Tridax Ulcers, asthma and rheumatic pain (Kala, 161. Asteraceae Herb ‘Pawad’ procumbens (L.) L. 2005) [35] Trifolium Wounds, especially septic (Otieno et al. 2012) 162. Fabaceae Herb ‘Buchbucha’ fragiferum L. [61] Vaccaria Prostate cancer, Stomach-ache (Otieno et al. 163. hispanica (Mill.) Caryophyllaceae Herb ‘Sarphonka’ 2012) [61] Rauschert Verbascum Roots used for gargles, diuretic and 164. chinense (L.) Scrophulariaceae Herb ‘Dangra ka tamaku’ antiscorbutic (Nag et al. 2013) [58] Santapau In piles; laxative, expectorant; in chronic cyatitis, gleet and gonorrhoea; demulcent, locally applied applied to boils and ulcers and Verbascum 165. Scrophulariaceae Herb ‘Khandidal’ as a fomentation to painful parts of the body; thapsus L. decoction used in toothache and tender gums; given internally for inflammation of bladder; infusion (Joy et al. 1998) [34] Uterine tonic and emmenagogue. Treatment Vicia sativa L. 166. Fabaceae Herb ‘Chatri-matri’ of congestive and nervous dysmenorrhoea,

ammenorrhoea, sterlilty and other menstrual ~ 56 ~ Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

disorders. Powdered root act as an abortifacient and anti-fertility agent (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Treatment of a wide variety of conditions Vicoa vestita such as kidney problems, constipation, 167. Asteraceae Herb ‘Pani’ Benth. ex Hook impotence, and infertility (Mulliken, 2008) [56] Waltheria indica Leucoderma, Diuretic and Analgestic 168. Malvaceae Herb ‘Jhojhru’ L. (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Externally, it is used with mustard oil as Wedelia chinensis 169. Asteraceae Herb ‘Champa methi’ massage in neuralgia, paralysis and muscular Merr. rheumatism (Otieno et al. 2012) [61] The alkaloids isolated from the roots include Xanthium indaconitine, chasmaconitine, 170. Asteraceae Herb ‘Bhangra’,‘Bichhu’ strumarium L. chasmanthinine, chasmanine, and homochasmanine (Ahmad, 2006) [5] Beneficial in nasal catarrh, uvula hypertrophy, sore throat, gibbous, paralysis Zannichellia 171. Potamogetonaceae Herb ‘Kana’ and chronic fever; in large doses it acts as palustris L. narcotic poison and powerful sedative (Prajapati et al. 2003) [69] Zornia diphylla 172. Fabaceae Herb ‘Panacholi’ Jaundice (Ahmad, 2006) [5] (L.) Pers.

4. Conclusion This valuable survey may be useful to improve the The documentation of wild edible plants of Delhi Ridge from pharmaceutical applications in future. ethnobotanical approach is improvement for enhancing the understanding of indigenous knowledge systems. These 5. Acknowledgements species shape the establishment of social insurance rehearses The authors of the present research articles would like to all through a lot of . This is especially valid on account of place on records their indebt gratitude to the reviewers of this customary solution works on, including arranged frameworks, research journal for their efforts in scrutinizing our work up to for example, conventional Chinese pharmaceutical, Ayurveda, best of their potential. Also, for giving our work proper space Siddha, Unani and Tibetan medicines, and more localized in their esteemed research journal and helping us in healthcare traditions. Asia's wild plants additionally shape a encouraging various like minded researchers from around the basic part of "current" human services hones. Wild plant globe. species likewise shape an imperative part of business procedures in India as well as in Asia, with wild accumulation 6. References of restorative and sweet-smelling plants giving a basic 1. Adebayo H, Tan NH, Akindahunsi AA, Zeng GZ, Zhang wellspring of wage in numerous areas. The consolidated and YM. Anticancer and antiradical scavenging activity by and large expanding interest for Asia’s therapeutic plants of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) Pharmacognosy and the subsequent increment in the rate of gathering is Magazine. 2010; 6(21):62-66. negatively affecting the wild populaces of numerous species, 2. Adeel M, Aqeel M, Hamayun S, Rizwana AQ, Sangi Y, to the point that a few animal groups are presently thought to Syed AG. Ethno medicinal survey of plants from district be debilitated with annihilation. Governments, non- Bhimber Azad Jammu and Kashmir, . Journal of government organizations and at times the private division Medicinal Plants Research. 2011; 5(11):2348-2360. have additionally started putting resources into development 3. Afifi MS, Ross SA, Elsohly MA, Naeem ZE, Halaweish of specific species to take care of demand. The wide FT. Cucurbitacins of Cucumis prophetarum and Cucumis consumption and availability of wild plants attest their value, prophetarum. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1999; and are especially visible among indigenous cultures. But in 25(4):847-859. recent times, the old traditions in many tribal communities are 4. Ahmad M, Imran W, Muhammad KR, Uzma N, Syed at a risk and gradually decline; hence, there is urgent need to SH. A Review on Carthamus oxycantha, Pakistan. study such knowledge systems and find innovative ways of Journal of Pharmacy. 2010, 20-23. tapping their potential for the welfare of mankind. Keeping in 5. Ahmad M. Checklist of medicinal flora of tehsil Isakhel, mind the end goal to help guarantee that global exchange was district Mianwali-Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. both economical and as per national enactment, part, nations 2006; (1):3-6. of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered 6. Al SAE. The chemical constituents and therapeutic Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have likewise importance of Cressa cretica- A review. IOSR Journal Of settled universal exchange controls for Asian wild medicinal Pharmacy. 2016; 6(6):39-46. species. The result of the present study provides evidence that 7. Alfred M. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south- these wild herbs play important role in the healthcare and central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives) Journal of social life of mankind. The medicinal plant species Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2013; 9(31):1-18. unfortunately due to their overexploitation there is a great 8. Ali EAS. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological danger of their extinction. Hence, effort must be taken to Activities of Ammi majus and Ammi visnaga. protect these species in this area by involving the local International Journal of Phramacy and Industrial communities in preservation and conservation aspects. Research: A review. 2013; 3(3):257-265. Documentation of these wild plants play great role in the 9. APG III. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group biodiversity conservation and asset for the future generation. classification for the orders and families of flowering

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P, Jain S. A Review on Argemone Mexicana Linn. -An Phytochemistry and Pleiotropic Pharmacological Indian Medicinal Plant. International Journal Properties of Calendula officinalis - A Review. Research of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2012; and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy and 3(8):2494-2501. Phytochemistry. 2014; 2(4):1-10. 73. Raza SA, Hussain S, Humayun R, Sidra M. Review of 56. Mulliken T, Crofton P. Review of the status, harvest, beneficial and remedial aspects of Cardiospermum trade and management of seven Asian CITES-listed halicacabum L. African Journal of Pharmacy and medicinal and aromatic plant species. BfN-Skripten, Pharmacology. 2013; 7(48):3026-3033. Federal Agency for Natural Conservation, Bonn, 74. Rothe SP. Exotic medicinal plants from West Vidarbha Germany, 2008, 11-138. region of Maharashtra –III. Journal of Ecobiotechnology 57. Muruganantham N, Solomon S, Senthamilselvi MM. 2011; 3(9):11-13. Rownak J, Abdullah AN, Snehali Anti-cancer Activity of Cucumis sativus (Cucumber) M, Mohammed R. Ethnopharmacological Significance Flowers against Human Liver Cancer. International of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae) International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; Scholarly 2014; 22-28. 8(1):39-41. 75. Sakshi S, Gautam A, Sharma A, Batra A. Centella 58. Nag K, Hasan ZU. Uses of Wild Medicinal Herbs and Asiatica (L.): A Plant with Immense Medicinal Potential Ecology of Gardens of District Bhopal, But Threatened. International Journal of Pharmaceutical (India). 2011; 3(1):29-31. Sciences Review and Research 2010; 4(2). 59. Naihani HB, Chandra S, Mohinder P. Additions to the 76. Shah A, Marwat SK, Faryal G, Khan A, Khizar HB, Flora of Delhi. Indian Forester. 2006; (132):589-599. Amin M et al. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants 60. Nouri H, Hasnaoui O, Bouazza M, Benmehdi K, Medjati of Semi-Tribal Area of Makerwal & Gulla Khel (Lying N. The Therophytes Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces), the Southern Slopes of the Mountains of Tlemcen Pakistan. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 2013;

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4:98-116. Medicinal Plants Used by Tribals of Bankura Districts, 77. Sharma MP, Ahmad J. Capparis zeylanica (L.) West Bengal, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. (Capparidaceae): An addition to flora of Delhi. Journal of 2013; 1(3):98-104. Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 1990; 14(3):740. 94. Ssegawa P, Kasenene JM. Medicinal plant diversity and 78. Sharma MP, Ahmad J. Cocculus pendulus (J.R. & Forst.) uses in the Sango bay area, Southern Uganda. Journal of Diels (Menispermaceae): New record for Delhi. Indian Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 113(3):521-540. Journal of Forestry. 1991; 14(1):76. 95. Tomar A. Folk medicinal use of Blumea lacera (BURM. 79. Sharma MP. Alternanthera paronychioides F.) DC. To cure threadworms. Journal of Medicinal (Amaranthaceae) New Plant Record for Delhi. Journal of Plants Studies. 2017; 5(2):336-337. Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 1984; 18(2):395. 96. Tripti J, Kumar N, Kothiyal PA. Review on Cleome 80. Sharma MP. Balanophora dioica Royle. Journal of viscosa: An endogenous Herb of Uttarakhand. Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 2002; 26(1):103-104. International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 81. Shivani Singh. Land rush spoils Delhi’s enviable green 2015; 4(7):25-31. records. Hindustan Times, 2013. 97. Uphaor JC. Dictionary of Economic Plants Weinheim https://web.archive.org/web/20130910090229/http://ww Publication, 1959. w.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Land-rush- 98. Vadhana R. Direct Uses of Medicinal Plant and Their spoils-Delhi-s-enviable-green-records/Article1- Identification (Sarup & Sons Publication Ansari road, 1119612.aspx. 20 October, 2016. Darya Ganj New Delhi-110002) 2008, 1-423. 82. Shukla AN, Srivastra AS, Rawat AKS. An ethno- 99. Vasudevan P, Muthusamy J. Assessing The Nutraceutical botanical study of medicinal plants of Rewa district, Significance of The Medicinal Herb Ammannia Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Baccifera L. By Proximate, Mineral Analysis and Knowledge. 2010; 9(1):191-202. Phytochemical Screening. World Journal of 83. Singh A, Singh P, Singh G, Pandey AK. Plant used in Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2016; 2(5):65-71. primary health practices in Vindhya Region of Eastern 100. Vasudevan P, Sharanya M, Muthusamy J. An Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Herbal Ethnomedical, Pharmacological and Phytochemical Medicine. 2010; (2):31-37. Review of Ammannia Baccifera L. World Journal of 84. Singh B, Devi R, Marina A, Devi I, Swapana N, Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 3(6):1771-1789. Chingakham BS. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and 101. Viswanathan MV, Singh HB, Bhawat PR. Additions to pharmacology of Ageratum conyzoides Linn the Flora of Delhi. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic (Asteraceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. Botany. 1982; 14(3):579-580. 2013; 7(8):371-385. 102. Viswanathan MV, Singh HB. A new exotic Solanaceous 85. Singh D. Forest dept prepares plan to save the Delhi weed in old world. Journal of the Bombay Natural ridge. Hindustan Times. 2013. History Society. 1986; 83:226-330 https://archive.is/20130910042911/http://www.hindustant imes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Forest-dept-prepares- plan-to-save-the-Delhi-ridge/Article1-1116675.aspx. 10 October, 2016. 86. Singh D. Govt. assures to demarcate Delhi ridge boundaries by mid-October. Hindustan Times, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130905171747/http://ww w.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Govt- assures-to-demarcate-Delhi-ridge-boundaries-by-mid- October/Article1-1117370.aspx. 8 November, 2016 87. Singh JB, Kachroo P. Forest flora of Pir Panjal range: (northwestern Himalaya). En Plant records. Geog, Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 1994; 6(2):172. 88. Singh RC. Complete multidisciplinary impacts of Fabaceae. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2013; 4(10):4-6. 89. Singh S, Parmar N, Patel B. A review on Shalparni (Desmodium gangeticum DC.) and Desmodium species (Desmodium triflorum DC. & Desmodium laxiflorum DC.) – Ethnomedicinal perspectives. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2015; 3(4):38-43. 90. Singh SK, Patel JR, Dangi A, Bachle D, Katariya RK. A Review Paper on Alocasia Macrorrhiza Tradional Indian Medicinal Plant, European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2017; 4(2):366-375. 91. Singh U, Bharti AK. Ethnobotanical Study of Plants of Raigarh Area, Chattisgarh, India. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2015; 4(6):36-43. 92. Sinha GN. An Introduction to the Delhi Ridge. Department of Forests & Wildlife, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi. 2014; 20(4):154. 93. Sinhabab A, Banerjee A. Ethno-botanical Study of

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