DOCSLIB.ORG

Thorium As an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thorium As an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway TTHORIUMHORIUM AASS AANN EENERGYNERGY SSOURCEOURCE - Opportunities for Norway N Permian, Oslo igneous province Devonian sedimentary basins Caledonian Nappe Complexes 2008 Neoproterozoic arenites Precambrian supracrustals/ Caledonised Precambrian gneiss complexes/ Caledonised Location of Th enrichments Prepared by the Thorium ReportReport Committee January, 2008 Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway Published by the Thorium Report Committee, February 2008. The Committee was appointed by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), on behalf of the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (OED). Secretariat: Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) The Research Council of Norway: www.rcn.no The Ministry of Petroleum and Energy: www.regjeringen.no\oed ISBN 978-82-7017-692-2 (printed) ISBN 978-82-7017-693-9 (electronic) Front Page Picture: Source: Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................1 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................6 2.1 THE WORLD ENERGY SITUATION .............................................................................................................6 2.2 THE WORLD ELECTRICITY SITUATION......................................................................................................7 2.3 THE EU SITUATION ..................................................................................................................................9 2.4 THE SITUATION IN NORWAY...................................................................................................................10 2.5 STATUS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY ...............................................................................................................14 2.6 URANIUM RESOURCES............................................................................................................................16 2.7 THORIUM RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................19 2.8 WORLDWIDE ACTIVITIES ON THORIUM ..................................................................................................21 3. THORIUM RESOURCES IN NORWAY .........................................................................................22 3.1 RESOURCES - GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS WITH ELEVATED THORIUM LEVELS ..................................22 3.1.1 Thorium in Alkaline Complexes and their Pegmatites...................................................................23 3.1.2 Thorium in Granitic Pegmatites.....................................................................................................23 3.1.3 Thorium in Carbonatites................................................................................................................23 3.1.4 Thorium in Heavy Mineral Sand....................................................................................................24 3.2 THE FEN COMPLEX IN TELEMARK COUNTY............................................................................................24 3.3 SUMMARY OF THE THORIUM RESOURCES IN NORWAY ...........................................................................27 4. THE FRONT END OF THE THORIUM FUEL CYCLE ...............................................................30 4.1 THORIUM ORE PROCESSING....................................................................................................................30 4.1.1 Mining and Extraction ...................................................................................................................31 4.1.2 Refining..........................................................................................................................................31 4.1.3 Reduction to Thorium Metal or Thorium Oxide.............................................................................32 4.2 STATUS OF THORIUM FUEL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................32 4.2.1 Thorium Metal Fuel .......................................................................................................................32 4.2.2 Thorium Oxide Fuel.......................................................................................................................33 4.2.3 Mixed Oxide Fuel...........................................................................................................................33 4.2.4 Industrial Prototype Fabrication Plants for Fuels Containing Thorium.......................................34 4.3 FUEL PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE...................................................................................................36 4.3.1 LWR Fuel Performance .................................................................................................................36 4.3.2 HTGR Fuel Performance...............................................................................................................37 5. NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR THORIUM ......................................................................................38 5.1 PROPERTIES OF THE FERTILE MATERIAL THORIUM-232 .........................................................................39 5.2 PROPERTIES OF THE FISSILE MATERIAL URANIUM-233 ..........................................................................40 5.3 PAST EXPERIENCES.................................................................................................................................41 5.3.1 Light Water Reactor (LWR) ...........................................................................................................43 5.3.2 High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) ..........................................................................43 5.3.2.1 AVR (Atom Versuchs Reaktor) .................................................................................................................44 5.3.2.2 THTR (Thorium High Temperature Reactor) ............................................................................................44 5.3.2.3 HTR as Converter and Breeder Systems....................................................................................................46 5.3.2.4 Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) ...................................................................................47 5.3.3 Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) ......................................................................................47 5.3.4 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................47 5.4 FUTURE NUCLEAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................48 5.4.1 The Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor Design (AHWR) .......................................................48 5.4.2 Generation IV Reactors .................................................................................................................51 5.4.3 Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)............................................................................................................53 5.4.4 Accelerator Driven System (ADS)..................................................................................................55 5.4.4.1 History .......................................................................................................................................................56 5.4.4.2 Description of the ADS..............................................................................................................................56 5.4.4.3 Sub-criticality and the Accelerator.............................................................................................................60 5.4.4.4 Technology Issues of Medium-to-High Power Spallation Targets for ADS ..............................................60 5.4.4.5 Safety Aspects of Accelerator Driven Systems..........................................................................................62 iii Thorium as an Energy Source - Opportunities for Norway 5.4.4.6 Advantages of the ADS..............................................................................................................................65 5.4.4.7 Disadvantages of ADS...............................................................................................................................66 5.4.4.8 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................66 5.4.4.9 Status of ADS R&D Activities...................................................................................................................67 5.4.4.10 Roadmap for an Experimental ADS in Europe ..........................................................................................69 6. THE BACK END OF THE THORIUM FUEL CYCLE ................................................................. 71 6.1 THORIUM CYCLE IN REACTORS.............................................................................................................. 71 6.1.1 Once-Through (Open) Thorium Cycle........................................................................................... 71 6.1.2 Closed Thorium Cycle ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nordic Energy Technologies
    Nordic Energy Technologies nBge A lIn A sustAInABle noRdIC eneRgy futuRe Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 energy Research and Innovation systems in The nordic Region 4 2.1 Describing Nordic Energy Innovation Systems 4 2.1.1 The Nordic Energy Mix 4 2.1.2 Energy Research and Innovation Systems in The Nordic Region 6 2.2 Assessing Nordic Energy Research and Innovation Systems 13 2.2.1 Framework Conditions 13 2.2.2 Energy Research and Innovation Performance 16 Publications, citations and patents 17 Technology deployment and diffusion 19 3 transnational Cooperation 23 3.1 Nordic Cooperation 23 3.2 Cooperation with Adjacent Areas 24 3.2.1 Cooperation with the Baltic Countries 24 3.2.2 European Research Area (ERA) 24 3.3 Emerging Economies 26 3.3.1 Russia 26 3.3.2 China 28 4 Concluding Remarks 30 5 Bibliography 32 Appendix 1: The noria-energy Project Portfolio 34 2 Nordic Energy Technologies ENABLING A SUSTAINABLE NORDIC ENERGY FUTURE Amund Vik and Benjamin Donald Smith, Nordic Energy Research LISTf o abbreViations CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CHP Combined Heat and Power COP15 UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen 2009 DTU Technical University of Denmark EPO European Patent Office ERA European Research Area ERA-NET European Research Area Network EU European Union EUDP Danish Energy Development and Demonstration Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gasses IEA International Energy Agency IPCC UN International Panel on Climate Change IPR Intellectual Property Rights KTH Royal Institute of Technology NCM Nordic Council of Ministers NER Nordic
    [Show full text]
  • 小型飛翔体／海外 ［Format 2］ Technical Catalog Category
    小型飛翔体／海外 ［Format 2］ Technical Catalog Category Airborne contamination sensor Title Depth Evaluation of Entrained Products (DEEP) Proposed by Create Technologies Ltd & Costain Group PLC １．DEEP is a sensor analysis software for analysing contamination. DEEP can distinguish between surface contamination and internal / absorbed contamination. The software measures contamination depth by analysing distortions in the gamma spectrum. The method can be applied to data gathered using any spectrometer. Because DEEP provides a means of discriminating surface contamination from other radiation sources, DEEP can be used to provide an estimate of surface contamination without physical sampling. DEEP is a real-time method which enables the user to generate a large number of rapid contamination assessments- this data is complementary to physical samples, providing a sound basis for extrapolation from point samples. It also helps identify anomalies enabling targeted sampling startegies. DEEP is compatible with small airborne spectrometer/ processor combinations, such as that proposed by the ARM-U project – please refer to the ARM-U proposal for more details of the air vehicle. Figure 1: DEEP system core components are small, light, low power and can be integrated via USB, serial or Ethernet interfaces. 小型飛翔体／海外 Figure 2: DEEP prototype software ２．Past experience (plants in Japan, overseas plant, applications in other industries, etc) Create technologies is a specialist R&D firm with a focus on imaging and sensing in the nuclear industry. Createc has developed and delivered several novel nuclear technologies, including the N-Visage gamma camera system. Costainis a leading UK construction and civil engineering firm with almost 150 years of history.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2013
    Annual report 2013 1 RESULTS AND ACTIVITIES 2013 Content Key figures 2013 3 Part 5 | Reporting – the Energy Fund 35 The CEO speaks 4 2012 and 2013 Enova’s main objective 36 Part 1 | Enova’s outlook 5 Objectives and results of the Energy Fund 38 Green competitiveness 6 Management of the Energy Fund’s resources 40 New energy and climate technology 41 Part 2 | Enova’s activities 9 Climate reporting 52 Social responsibility 10 In-depth reporting 54 Organization 10 Energy results 54 Management 12 Funding level 55 Energy results by project category 56 Portfolio composition 58 Part 3 | Market descriptions 13 Activities 62 Enova – market team player 14 International 65 Indicators 14 Geographical distribution and the largest Renewable heating: 67 16 projects From new establishment to growth Tasks outside the Energy Fund 70 Industry and non-industrial plants and facilities: 18 More companies are cooperating with Enova Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) 70 Non-residential buildings: Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) 70 20 Energy smart buildings for the future Natural gas 70 Residential buildings: 22 From advice to action Part 6 | Reporting – the Energy Fund New energy and climate technology: 71 24 An innovation perspective 2001-2011 Bioenergy: Energy results and allocations 2001-2011 72 26 Small steps towards a stronger market Climate reporting 78 Part 4 | New energy and climate Appendices 80 27 technology Consultation submissions 81 New technology for the future’s non-residential 28 Publications 81 buildings Definitions and explanation of terminology 82 Symbol key Investigated Renewable Industry Interaction Advicing New energy and Financing Non-residential climate technology buildings Graphs/tables Renewable heating Projects Resedential buildings 2 Key figures 2013 30% RENEWABLE HEATING 5% 1% RESIDENTIAL RENEWABLE BUILDINGS P O W E R PRODUCTION 1,4 TWh In 2013, Enova supported projects with a total energy result of 1.4 TWh through the Energy Fund, distributed over energy efficiency measures, conversion and increased utilization of renewable energy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of the Environmental Impact of Vertical Farming, Greenhouses and Food Import a Case Study for the Norwegian Vegetable Market
    University College Ghent 2017 - 2018 Campus Mercator Henleykaai 84 9000 Ghent Hogeschool Gent Campus Mercator Oslo, 04.06.2018 Henleykaai 84 9000 Gent A comparison of the environmental impact of vertical farming, greenhouses and food import A case study for the Norwegian vegetable market Student: Klaus De Geyter Education: Business management Specialisation: Environmental Management Company: BySpire Thesis supervisor: Katrijn Cierkens © 2018, Klaus De Geyter. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an automated database, or made public, in any form or by any means, be it electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or in any other way, without the prior written permission of the author. The use or reproduction of certain information from this work is only allowed for personal use and provided the source is acknowledged. Any use for commercial or advertising purposes is prohibited. This bachelor's thesis was made by Klaus De Geyter, a student at University College Ghent, to complete a Bachelor's degree in business management. The positions expressed in this bachelor's thesis are purely the personal point of view of the individual author and do not necessarily reflect the opinion, the official position or the policy of the University College Ghent. © 2018, Klaus De Geyter. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. Het gebruik of de reproductie van bepaalde informatie uit dit werk is enkel toegestaan voor persoonlijk gebruik en mits bronvermelding.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Nuclear Power – Science, Technology and UK
    sustainable development commission The role of nuclear power in a low carbon economy Paper 1: An introduction to nuclear power – science, technology and UK policy context An evidence-based report by the Sustainable Development Commission March 2006 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 2 ELECTRICITY GENERATION ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Nuclear electricity generation ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Fission – how does it work?..................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Moderator ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Coolant...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Radioactivity ............................................................................................................................. 6 3 THE FUEL CYCLE: FRONT END ............................................................................................................ 7 3.1 Mining and milling ................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Conversion and
    [Show full text]
  • Petrology of Nepheline Syenite Pegmatites in the Oslo Rift, Norway: Zr and Ti Mineral Assemblages in Miaskitic and Agpaitic Pegmatites in the Larvik Plutonic Complex
    MINERALOGIA, 44, No 3-4: 61-98, (2013) DOI: 10.2478/mipo-2013-0007 www.Mineralogia.pl MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF POLAND POLSKIE TOWARZYSTWO MINERALOGICZNE __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Original paper Petrology of nepheline syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Rift, Norway: Zr and Ti mineral assemblages in miaskitic and agpaitic pegmatites in the Larvik Plutonic Complex Tom ANDERSEN1*, Muriel ERAMBERT1, Alf Olav LARSEN2, Rune S. SELBEKK3 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo Norway; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Statoil ASA, Hydroveien 67, N-3908 Porsgrunn, Norway 3 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Sars gate 1, N-0562 Oslo, Norway * Corresponding author Received: December, 2010 Received in revised form: May 15, 2012 Accepted: June 1, 2012 Available online: November 5, 2012 Abstract. Agpaitic nepheline syenites have complex, Na-Ca-Zr-Ti minerals as the main hosts for zirconium and titanium, rather than zircon and titanite, which are characteristic for miaskitic rocks. The transition from a miaskitic to an agpaitic crystallization regime in silica-undersaturated magma has traditionally been related to increasing peralkalinity of the magma, but halogen and water contents are also important parameters. The Larvik Plutonic Complex (LPC) in the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway consists of intrusions of hypersolvus monzonite (larvikite), nepheline monzonite (lardalite) and nepheline syenite. Pegmatites ranging in composition from miaskitic syenite with or without nepheline to mildly agpaitic nepheline syenite are the latest products of magmatic differentiation in the complex. The pegmatites can be grouped in (at least) four distinct suites from their magmatic Ti and Zr silicate mineral assemblages.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Fukushima: Nuclear Power in East Asia
    LEARNING FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER IN EAST ASIA LEARNING FROM FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER IN EAST ASIA EDITED BY PETER VAN NESS AND MEL GURTOV WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ANDREW BLAKERS, MELY CABALLERO-ANTHONY, GLORIA KUANG-JUNG HSU, AMY KING, DOUG KOPLOW, ANDERS P. MØLLER, TIMOTHY A. MOUSSEAU, M. V. RAMANA, LAUREN RICHARDSON, KALMAN A. ROBERTSON, TILMAN A. RUFF, CHRISTINA STUART, TATSUJIRO SUZUKI, AND JULIUS CESAR I. TRAJANO Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Learning from Fukushima : nuclear power in East Asia / Peter Van Ness, Mel Gurtov, editors. ISBN: 9781760461393 (paperback) 9781760461409 (ebook) Subjects: Nuclear power plants--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--Risk assessment--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--Health aspects--East Asia. Nuclear power plants--East Asia--Evaluation. Other Creators/Contributors: Van Ness, Peter, editor. Gurtov, Melvin, editor. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image: ‘Fukushima apple tree’ by Kristian Laemmle-Ruff. Near Fukushima City, 60 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, February 2014. The number in the artwork is the radioactivity level measured in the orchard—2.166 microsieverts per hour, around 20 times normal background radiation. This edition © 2017 ANU Press Contents Figures . vii Tables . ix Acronyms and abbreviations .
    [Show full text]
  • NVE Energibruksrapport 2011
    Energy consumption Energy consumption in mainland Norway 4 2012 RAPPORT Ressursfordeling 1:300 Utbygd Gitt tillatelse/under bygging Står att, utbyggbart Verna Verneplan 1 : 2 000 000 0 80 160 km Energy consumption Energy consumption in mainland Norway Report no. 9/2011 Energy consumption, energy consumption in mainland Norway Published by: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Edited by: Energy consumption division Author: Ingrid H. Magnussen, Dag Spilde and Magnus Killingland Printed: in-house Circulation: Cover photo: Graphic by Rune Stubrud, NVE ISBN: 978-82-410-0782-8 Keywords: Energy consumption, energy consumption in mainland Norway Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Middelthunsgate 29 P.O. Box 5091 Majorstua 0301 OSLO Phone: 22 95 95 95 Fax: 22 95 90 00 Website: www.nve.no May 2011 2 Glossary Term Explanation Norwegian Water Resources and Energy NVE Directorate Consumption of all types of energy products Energy consumption (electricity, district heating, oil, gas etc.) Electricity Electrical power, electrical energy Energy consumed in buildings, industry and Final energy consumption transport in mainland Norway. Excludes energy consumed in the energy sector. Gross energy consumption in mainland Total of final energy consumption and energy Norway consumption in the energy sector. Producers, distributors, retailers etc. of energy, Energy sector oil, gas, district heating, electrical power etc. Producers, distributors, retailers etc. of oil, gas Petroleum sector and refined petroleum products. Energy used in buildings, industrial processes Stationary energy consumption and in the energy sector. Energy for motorised vehicles and means of Energy consumption in transport transport. All types of passenger and goods transport, Transport both private and commercial.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwantitatieve Bepaling Van De Invloed Van Experimenteel Gevonden
    Kwantitatieve bepaling van de invloed van experimenteel gevonden microstructurele veranderingen, geïnduceerd door neutronenstraling, op de hardheid van modellegeringen en staalsoorten Experimental Quantification of the Effect of Neutron Irradiation Induced Microstructural Changes on the Hardening of Model Alloys and Steels Marlies Lambrecht Promotoren: Prof. Dr. Ir. Y. Houbaert en Dr. A. Almazouzi Proefschrift ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Ingenieurswetenschappen: Materiaalkunde Voorzitter: Prof. Dr. Ir. J. Degrieck Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen Academiejaar 2008-2009 ISBN 978-90-8578-294-0 NUR 971 Wettelijk depot: D/2009/10.500/52 Dit onderzoek werd uitgevoerd aan het onderzoekscentrum This research was performed at the research centre Structural Materials (NMA) group Laboratory for medium and high activity (LHMA) Nuclear Materials Science (NMS) Institute SCK•CEN Boeretang 200 2400 Mol Onder begeleiding van Under guidance of Dr. Abderrahim Almazouzi Dr. Lorenzo Malerba In samenwerking met In collaboration with Vakgroep Toegepaste Materiaalwetenschappen Faculteit Toegepaste Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent (UGent) Technologiepark 903 9053 Zwijnaarde Met promotor With promoter Prof. Dr. Ir. Yvan Houbaert Deels gefinancierd door Partially financed by FI60-CT-2003-5088-40 FP6_PERFECT project The European commision Foreword Foreword I really enjoyed realizing this PhD thesis! The results presented in this thesis are the outcome of a fruitful collaboration between the University of Ghent and the research centre SCK•CEN and I was the chosen one to accomplish the work. I hereby had the possibility to combine pleasure with work. The proposal laid within the scope of my interest, as I could approach engineering problems (the hardening and embrittlement of the RPV steels) using fundamental physics (the defects visualized by the positron technique in model alloys).
    [Show full text]
  • Reactor Types[Edit]
    methods of control of rate of fusion reaction The only known way to control a fusion reaction is with an extremely strong and shaped/focused magnetic field. With today's technology we cannot yet make it strong enough. It breaks up in milliseconds after the reaction, stopping the reaction. types of nuclear materials Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable material", consisting of enriched uranium (U- 235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. fissile and fertile materials Fertile material Fertile material is a material that, although not itself fissionable by thermal neutrons, can be converted into a fissile material by neutron absorption and subsequent nuclei conversions In nuclear engineering, fertile material (nuclide) is material that can be converted to fissile material by neutron. Nuclear reactors elements A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self- sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in nuclear marine propulsion. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which in turn runs through steam turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators' shafts. Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of weapons-grade plutonium. As of early 2019, the IAEA reports there are 454 nuclear power reactors and 226 nuclear research reactors in operation around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of the Nordic Energy Markets
    TABLE OF CONTENTS STRONGER TOGETHER: THE FUTURE OF THE NORDIC ENERGY MARKETS CopyrightA report © Nordic West by Office Nordic 2019. All rights West reserved. Office with input from industry representatives 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................ 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................... 6 INTRODUCTION ................................... 12 THEME 1: POWER SUPPLY AND FLEXIBILITY ...... 16 THEME 2: ADVANCED FUELS AND TRANSPORT .. 24 THEME 3: EFFICIENT INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS .............................................. 31 THEME 4: EU ENERGY UNION AND NORDIC SOLUTIONS .......................................... 39 CLOSING REMARKS ............................. 43 ANNEX: CASE CATALOGUE ................. 45 FOREWORD FOREWORD Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time and for better or for worse, energy plays a key role in it. In 2013, 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions were caused by the energy sector, including energy used for electricity and heating, manufacturing, construction and transportation1. However, a large-scale energy transition is taking place. The world is reducing its dependence on fossil-fuel based energy resources, such as oil and coal, and moving towards low-carbon solutions, harnessing renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, bio energy and hydropower. Enabled by the advancement of technology and energy in Norway’s gross final energy consumption the associated decline in costs, this transition is was 69.4%5. The relative share of renewable energy progressing rapidly. According to the International in Sweden’s transport fuel consumption in 2017 was Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), one-third 38.6%, and in Finland 18.8% – both well above the of the world’s power capacity in 2018 was from common EU target of 10%6. renewable sources, and nearly two-thirds of the capacity added in 2018 was of renewable origin2.
    [Show full text]
  • Travis-Carless-Phd-Thesis-2018.Pdf
    Framing a New Nuclear Renaissance Through Environmental Competitiveness, Community Characteristics, and Cost Mitigation Through Passive Safety Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering and Public Policy Travis Seargeoh Emile Carless B.S., Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute M.S., Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA May 2018 © Travis Seargeoh Emile Carless, 2018 All Rights Reserved For Angella Clarke, the strongest person I will ever know iv Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to give all glory to God. I am truely blessed to be given the opportunity to pursue my dream. I would like to dedicate this work to my older cousin Angella Clarke and my friend Javon Jackson whose lives ended far too soon. Within my extended family, Angella was the first person to attend college and nurtured my intellectual curiosity for as long as I can remember. In 1996, I fondly remember attending her graduation from Cornell University. When she was on stage to receive her diploma, I turned to my mother and said to her, “Don’t worry mom, one day you will see me down there.” She was the person in my life that encouraged me to study engineering after recognizing my aptitude in the math and sciences. Quite simply, I would not be the person I am today without her in my life. When I was younger I would race behind you. I would stumble, I would fall. But as I got older, over time, your example has helped me accomplished wonders.
    [Show full text]