A Study of the Government-General of Korea, with an Emphasis on the Period Between 1919 and 1931
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62-4526 REW, Joung Yole, 1933- A STUDY OF THE GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF KOREA, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1919 AND 1931. The American University, Ph.D., 1962 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A STUDY OF THE GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF KOREA. WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1919 AND 1931 by Joung Yole Rew Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree * of Doctor of Philosophy in Area Studies Signatures of Committee: Chairman: (U—R*. lejUA ■ - rf Date A!ViED,r.AN UNIVERSITY > ■ fl p f October 3, 1%1 "THtLOlS JUN 5’ 1962 The American University Washington, D. C. '5S? WA3ttlNSI Uft, 0. c. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE............................................. i ▼ LIST OF T A B L E S ...................................... viii ABBREVIATION USED IN FOOTNOTES ...................... X Chapter I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE JAPANESE ANNEXATION OF KOREA ...................... 1 A. Political History to 1905 .............. 1 Japan's Overseas Expansion Korean Factionalism Cause and Effect of the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars B. From the Protectorate to the Annexation . IS The Establishment of the Residency-General and the Residencies The New Agreement of 1907 II. THE GOVERNMENT-GENERAL OF KOREA AND ITS ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIRST DECADE...................... 39 A. General Aim and the Policy of Assimilation........................ 39 B. Machinery: Central Government........... U9 Administrative System Police and Judicial System The Central Council C. Machinery: Local Government ............. .68 Province Urban Prefecture, Rural District, and Japanese Municipal Settlement Village i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 Chapter Page D. The Bureau of Colonial Affairs, The Oriental Development Company and other Colonial Institutions .............. 87 E. The Administration under the Governors- General, Terauchi and Hasegawa .......... 95 III. REFORMS IN 1919 UNDER THE LIBERAL GOVERNOR- GENERAL SAITO.............................. 109 A. The Mansei Uprising of March 1, 1919 and its Effect.......................... 109 B. Reform Measures.......................... 122 Scope of the Reforms Office of the Governor-General Gendarmerie and Police System The Advisory Councils and Local Governments Non-discrimination between Koreans and Japanese C. The Problem of Self-Government............. 156 IV. THE IMPACT OF THE SAITO ADMINISTRATION UPON THE LIFE OF THE KOREANS....... .. .......... 163 A. General Condition ........................ 163 B. Educational Reforms and Social Development............................ 170 C. Production and T r a d e .................... 198 The Impact of Trade Boom during the World War I. The Effect of the Capital Accumulation in Japan proper The Extensive Rice Production Program V. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION SINCE 1931 . 222 A. Further Reforms in Local System under the Governor-General Ugaki ............. 222 B. The Acceleration of the Assimilation Policy ...................... 23 A ii •V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter page C. The Rapid Development of Korean Industry after the Manchurian Incident........... 240 D. The Effect of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Five-Year Industrial Plan.................................. 253 E. The Effect of Pacific War and the Shift of Korean Status in Administration ......... 259 VI. CONCLUSION..................................... 263 APPENDIX............................................. 273 BIBLIOGRAPHY............ ......................... 294 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE Numerous books and articles have been published to present general development of Western colonial government in Asia, however there are very few works on the Japanese colonial government in the area. The Japanese colonial government of Korea during the period between 1910 and 1945, which has been known as the Government-General of Korea, as well as that of Taiwan, had played a significant part in furthering the expansion program of the Japanese empire, and moreover in the rise of Japanese militarism. Despite its importance, there has never been a compre hensive study of the Government-General of Korea up to date. It is an opportune time for the re-evaluation of the Government-General of Korea and its administration, for it ceased to exist on August 15, 1945. A number of articles on the subject has appeared from time to time. However, since even these works were done prior to 1945, no one has analyzed and examined the Government-General of Korea in its entirety from 1910 to 1945, or determined most significant development. After briefly surveying the political developments between Japan and Korea up to 1910, the author attempts to analyze the administration and the political structure of the Government-General of Korea, with emphasis on the period between 1919 and 1931. This iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. appears to be the most interesting period in the author's view, during which administrative reforms were introduced and industry began to develop. The author has endeavored to emphasize the effectiveness of the political structure and the administration of the Government- General of Korea as a colonial government per se rather than to discuss the merits and demerits of the government and its ethical aspects. In this study the author has given careful consideration to the problems regarding, firstly, the impact of the Government- General of Korea upon the Japanese expansion in Asia in order to determine whether and to what extent the Government-General of Korea participated in expanding the Japanese Empire, secondly, the reaction of the Koreans towards the Government-General of Korea in order to find out to what extent the Japanization of Korea was possible, and thirdly, the impact of internal politics of Japan, as well as that of international affairs, upon the development of the Government- General, thereby coming not only to a conclusion as to what extent the internal politics of Japan affected the Japanization of Korea, but to a conclusion as to what was the international significance of the occupation of Korea. Besides, materials indicating to*what extent Japan had politically, as well as materially, benefited by the annexation and vice versa, were carefully examined. The author also focussed his attention on whether or not there had been strife v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. between the civil bureaucrats and militarists during the course of its development. The author has placed great emphasis on the utilization of primary sources for this study. There are many documents of great value, which were made available to the public only recently, such as Japanese War and Navy documents microfilmed at the Library of Congress and the documents kept by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan until 194-5. He also relied on the Annual Report and the Statistical Annuals of the Government-General of Korea. There are the official annual reports published by the Government-General of Korea in the Japanese language and also in English. The English version is not a literal translation of the Shisei Nempo, or annual report in Japanese, and contents and organization of both are differ ent in some degree. The Japanese version is more in detail and reliable than the English version. Therefore the author utilized both materials for this study. He endeavored to pursue this work by consulting with sources never utilized for this subject befoi*e and consequently, many formerly undisclosed facts came to light by utilization of secret official documents, made available recently. The author desires that this study fills a gap in an important and much neglected field, particularly the Japanese colonial government and its policy in the Far East up to 194-5. It is hoped that this work may be a contribution to further understanding of Japanese and Korean relations during the period of Japanese rule. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Further, it is hoped that it might be of some assistance to student of Far Eastern Government and Politics, as well as to those of International Affairs. The author is greatly indebted to Lord Lindsay of Birker, who is his advisor, Dr. Millidge P. Walker, Dr. Takehiko Yoshihashi, Dr. Ralph Powell, and Mr. Irving Kramer for their guidance in the preparation of this dissertation. Special thanks are due to Mr. Sanford Berman and Mr. Richard Taliaferro, Jr. for their valuable assistance in proof reading. Finally I am grateful to my wife who typed this dissertation and whose faithful support enabled me to complete the dissertation. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Page The Administrative Division of Korea as it existed after Annexation........................... 69 Schools, Teachers, and Students