INDEX

Aarschot, Duke of 340 Alexander of Hales 234 Aberdeen 545 Alexander Neckam 322, 323 Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Alexandria 88, 224 (Paris) 397 Alfonso X of Castile 429 academies 369, 370, 385, 397–8, 511 Allard, Guy 143, 144 Accademia del Disegno (Florence) 397 Allarde Act, d’ (1791) 499 Accademia di San Luca (Rome) 397 Allgemeine Landrecht (1794) 546 acedia 136, 142 allocation of tasks 163–6, 176, 196 Achilles 18 Alpert of Metz 232 Acropolis 49 Alsace 127 active society 468–78 Amalfi 286 see also unemployment Amati family 364 actors, actresses 82, 85, 95, 107, 137 Ambrose, Saint 99, 104, 106, 132, 225, 232, Adalbero of Laon 120, 134, 174–5 456, 522 Adam 101, 105, 132, 160, 178, 179 America 271, 301, 448, 494 and Eve 177, 179, 182, 188, 206 Amiens 161 Aelfric of Eynsham 166, 174, 227 Amman, Jost 351–2, 354, 355, 382 Aelius Timminus, Lucius 71 Amsterdam 220, 289, 356, 468, 497 44 attitudes to merchants 264, 272–3, Aesop 21 276, 307–8, 563 Africa 59, 71n, 81, 103, 301, 494 businesswomen in 292–4 Agatharchus from 43 a community of commerce 264, 301 Age of Louis XIV (Voltaire) 480 elite 301–2 Agricola, Georgius 407–9 generosity of businessmen in 288 agriculture, views on middle strata in 348 in ancient Greece 19, 23–4 workhouses in 468, 476, 477 in the Middle Ages 161, 168, 190–1, 201 a world entrepôt 263–4 of agronomists 195–6, 201–9, 211–12 Anacreon 78 idealisation of 187, 211 43, 44 see also agronomists; improvement Ancient Economy, The (Finley) 36, 54 Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Anguissola, Sofonisba 401 Cornelius 261­ Annaberg 440 agronomists 195–6, 201–9, 211–12 Antioch 112 Aix-la-Chapelle 544 Antipater of Tarsus 224 Alain de Lille 138 Antoninus of Florence, Saint 237–8 Alba Fucens 81 Antwerp 220, 265, 268, 281, 298, 392, 406, Albert II of Bavaria, Duke 173, 437 550 Albert and Isabella, Archdukes 189–90, artisan-artists in 367–8, 370, 374, 377, 395, 400, 410 394–5, 410, 528, 538 Alberti, Leon Battista artists in 187, 384, 391, 394–5, 398, on the active life 257 400, 403 on the art of building 373–4, 409 attitudes to merchants in 269–71, 272, on manual craftsmen 373 276 on painting 379, 381–2, 383 businesswomen in 291–2 on physical exertion 53, 383 Chambers of Rhetoric in 187, 269–70 Albertus Magnus 144 a community of commerce 299–300 Alcuin 226 craft guilds in 341–2, 343, 347, 364, 370 Alexander III, Pope 231 generosity of businessmen in 287–8 636 index

great emporium of the West 263, 282 artisans journeymen in 534, 537, 539, 543, 545 autobiographical writings of 363, 364, merchants in 219, 261, 271, 281–2, 283, 391, 399 299, 377 and economic independence 345–6, printing works in 366, 534 348, 360–1 representations of businessmen in funeral monuments of 70–1, 80–2, 85–6 285–6 and honest work 346, 351–2 381, 391, 392, 396, 423 honour of 42–7, 89–90, 324–5, 333, Apollo 42 344, 346, 354, 385, 407 Apostles 110–11 idealized 310, 349–59 Apostolic Constitutions 108 and intellectual life 360–1, 390, 394, apparitores 68–9 397–8, 413 Appenzell wars 181 and liberal arts 317–9, 362–3, 367, 370 apprentices, apprenticeship 436, 453, part played in Industrial Revolution 486, 499, 500–1, 505, 527–9, 543–5 420–1 Aquinas, Saint Thomas see Thomas personal identity of 359–64 ­Aquinas, Saint portraits of 340–1, 361, 365 Aragon 181, 437 and pride in craft 70–1, 78–87, 346, Archangel 293 391, 414–6, 418 Archermos 49 printed representations of 351–7 Archilochus 78 regarded as artists 392–3, 396–7 Archimedes 88 and secrecy 373, 414–5, 416–7, 541–2 architects self-images of 47–9, 70–1, 359, 393, learned 372, 375–6 423, 424 and master builders 371–2, 375 and skill as source of satisfaction architecture 89, 322, 370, 375–6, 405, 78–87, 346, 391, 414–16, 418–19 408