Emmanuel Tsesmelis CERN Directorate Office Geneva, Switzerland the Mission of CERN

Emmanuel Tsesmelis CERN Directorate Office Geneva, Switzerland The Mission of CERN

 Push back the frontiers of knowledge E.g. the secrets of the Big Bang …what was the matter like within the first moments of the Universe‟s existence?

 Develop new technologies for accelerators and detectors Information technology - the Web and the GRID Medicine - diagnosis and therapy

 Train scientists and engineers of tomorrow

 Unite people from different countries and cultures 2 3 Evolution of the Universe

Big Bang

13.7 Billion Years Today 1028 cm

4 Big Bang

Proton Atom Virus

Radius of Earth Earth to Sun

Radius of Galaxies Universe LHC

Super-Microscope

Study physics laws of first moments after Big Bang  increasing Symbiosis between Particle Physics, Hubble WMAP Astrophysics and Cosmology  SKA 5 CERN – a laboratory with extreme requirements in many domains

Extreme requirements can only be fulfilled with constant innovation

6  The world‟s most powerful accelerator: LHC  A 27 km long tunnel filled with high-tech instruments.  Equipped with thousands of superconducting magnets.  Accelerates particles to energies never obtained before.  Produces particle collisions creating microscopic “big bangs”.  Very large sophisticated detectors  Four large experiments each the size of a cathedral.  Hundred million measurement channels each.  Data acquisition systems treating Petabytes per second.  Top level computing to distribute and analyse the data  A Computing Grid linking ~200 computer centres around the globe.  Sufficient computing power and storage to handle 15 Petabytes per year, making them available to thousands of physicists for analysis.

7 8 Trillions of protons race around the 27km ring in opposite directions at over 11,000 times a second, travelling at 99.999999991% the speed of light.

9 To accelerate protons to almost the speed of light requires a vacuum as empty as interplanetary space. There is 10 times more atmosphere on the moon than there is in the LHC.

10 With an operating temperature of about -271 degrees Celsius, just 1.9 degrees above absolute zero, the LHC is colder than outer space.

11 When two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 1000 million times hotter than the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space.

12 Methodology

To select and record the signals from the 600 million proton collisions every second, huge detectors have been built to measure the particles traces to an extraordinary precision.

13 CERN & Large-scale Science Projects

 Address - Fundamental science questions at the forefront of research and technology.  Require - Large and sustained infrastructures. - Global collaboration on long time scales.  Provide - Unique equipment. - Challenging requests for high technology and innovation. - Stimulating ideas which in turn attract good people. - Occasion to bring people together through collaboration.

14 15  Results of Research:  Fundamental research  Applied research  Knowledge/Know-how  Application / Use  Culture  Technology

 Primary aim of fundamental research – KNOWLEDGE/KNOW-HOW  Primary aim of applied research – APPLICATION/USE

 Fundamental & applied research are inseparably connected.

16 An Example…

WHERE DO DETAILED …CERTAINLY NOT TO LIGHT STUDIES ON A CANDLE LEAD BULB. TO…?

Need fundamental research to discover electricity 17  Fundamental research results in gain of knowledge/know-how.

 But also results in applications  Time frame and areas of application are not predictable.

 Fundamental research  Is innovation.  Needs innovation.  Drives innovation.

18 Fundamental research has always been a driver for Innovation

Relativity GPS

A. Einstein

GSM Electromagnetism

J.C. Maxwell Applications from Fundamental Research Application of fundamental research on a short time frame

• 8 November 1895 - Röntgen • 22 November 1895 - produced discovered X-rays first image of his wife’s hand

Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics (1901)

20 Applications from Fundamental Research

• 1928 - Dirac suggested the possibility of an electron having • 1932 - Anderson discovered the both a positive charge and positron in cosmic-rays negative energy (positron)

Today, positrons have become an important aid in medicine - Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

21 On a typical day somewhere in the world…. Catalyzer Cosmetics Air Bag Nanoparticles GPS Navigation TiO Nanoparticle Accelaration Sensors 2 Functional Materials MEMS Pace Maker Li-Batteries New Materials for Energy

Artificial Hips Glasses and Coatings Mobile Phone Biocompatible Optical Materials SAW Structures Materials UV Filter Digital Camera CCD Chip Artificial Lens Biocompatible Polymers

Exact Time via satellite Semiconductíng devices Intelligent Credit Card Micro-Batteries Bike Frame Integrated Circuits Carbon Fibres Composite Materials GMR Read Head LED Display Magnetic Photonic Materials Multilayers Large scientific projects stimulate innovation:  Space: Apollo Missions, Space Station, Pioneer/Voyager Missions  Particle Physics : accelerators, detectors, computing  at CERN : LEP, LHC

Pushing back frontiers of technology. CERN examples:  Superconductivity, magnets, cryogenics, vacuum, survey/metrology.  Transport and installation of heavy equipment.  Solid-state detectors resistant to high-intensity radiation.  Large-scale industrial control systems.  Electronic and information systems.  Project management and co-ordination.

24  A concrete project with ambitious goals and a deadline.  Highly competent and motivated teams in all domains and at all levels.  Open collaboration with competent partners  Prestigious universities and research institutes.  Industrial partners for key technologies.  Learning from others, sharing the results freely.  Investment in training and education.

25 Accelerator Technology Transfer

Primary applications of accelerators are to medicine and industry

26 CERN Technologies - Innovation Medical imaging Example: medical application

Accelerating particle beams Detecting particles

Tumour Target

Large-scale computing (Grid)

Grid computing for medical data management and analysis 27 Idea of PET

Photon detection used for calorimetry PET today

CMS calorimeter 28  CERN a pioneer of positron emission tomography (PET).  Idea being developed by UJ physicists & engineers (Min-PET):  Use accelerator to activate 11C in Kimberlite rock.  Use PET detectors to visualize diamond inside Kimberlite.  Use GEANT and ROOT software from CERN. (GEANT also used by iThemba LABS, useful for reactor studies).

29 Breaking the Wall of Communication 20 years ago: the Web was born

. . . and today ? 30 Brazil and CERN / September 2009 30 30 What is the Grid?

• The World Wide Web provides seamless access to information that is stored in many millions of different geographical locations

• In contrast, the Grid is an infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe.

Use the Grid to unite computing resources of particle physics institutions around the world.

31 • LHC experiments will produce 10-15 million Gigabytes of data each year (about 20 million CDs!) • LHC data analysis requires a computing power equivalent to ~100,000 of today's fastest PC processors.

32 33 Multitude of applications from a growing number of domains  Archeology  Astronomy & Astrophysics  Civil Protection  Computational Chemistry  Earth Sciences  Financial Simulation  Fusion  Geophysics  High Energy Physics  Life Sciences  Multimedia  Material Sciences  …

34  A science – industry partnership to drive R&D and innovation Motto: “you make it – we break it”

 Evaluates state-of-the-art technologies in a very complex environment and improves them.  Test in a research environment today what will be used in industry tomorrow.  Leads to better products and methods – win-win situation.  Partners: HP, Intel, Oracle, Siemens.

35 Goal

Demonstrate that, following the creation of the Web, CERN continues to make a significant impact on global and societal issues (e.g. Health, Energy & Environment).

CERN Assets

 Diverse and versatile technology portfolio.

 Strong track record in delivering training and fostering mobility.

 Capability to foster networks and act as a driving force in high- profile global projects.

36  Licensing of intellectual property and consulting.  Joint R&D with external partners.  CERN training programs and personnel mobility.  Procurement activities.  Various initiatives aimed at facilitating knowledge transfer and exchange.

37 Hector Berlioz, “Les Troyens”, opera in five acts Valencia, Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia, 31 October -12 November 2009 Ubuntu

39 Science is a universal language

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com mons/4/49/Relativity3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berl in.JPG

"Relativity", the sixth and last sculpture of the Walk of Ideas in Berlin, on the occasion of 2006 FIFA World Cup

40 CERN is a Knowledge Hub

Knowledge is: o Brought into CERN from institutes worldwide o Generated at CERN in the framework of its activities o Exported outside CERN through people‟s mobility training, technology transfer, procurement, etc.

Key players

. Current and former members of CERN personnel. . Research Institutes/Universities from CERN Member States and elsewhere. . Companies.

http://globalnetwork.cern.ch

41 CERN

 The largest particle physics lab in the world  Over 50 years of scientific excellence • 2256 staff  13,000 people united in a common effort  Including > 3000 students • ~700 other paid personnel  Hundreds of high-school teachers every year • ~ 10000 users • Budget (2010) 1100 MCHF • 20 Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. • 1 Candidate for Accession to Membership of CERN: Romania • 5 Applicants for Membership of CERN: Cyprus, Israel, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey • 8 Observers to Council: India, Israel, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, Turkey, the European Commission and UNESCO

• New status42 of Associate Membership 42  Council opened the door to greater integration in particle physics when it recently unanimously adopted the recommendations to examine the role of CERN in the light of increasing globalization in particle physics.  Particle physics is becoming increasingly integrated at the global level.  Council’s decision contributes to creating the conditions that will enable CERN to play a full role in any future facility wherever in the world it might be.

 The key points agreed by Council include:  All states shall be eligible for Membership, irrespective of their geographical location;  A new Associate Membership status is to be introduced to allow non-Member States to establish or intensify their institutional links with CERN;  Participation of CERN in global projects wherever sited.

 Applications for Membership from Cyprus, Israel, Serbia, Slovenia and Turkey have already been received by the CERN Council, and are undergoing technical verification.

43 Breaking the Walls between Cultures and Nations since 1954

44  A place where people learn to work together.  Collaboration and competition.  Diversity: good opportunity to recognize differences, accept them and learn to use them.  Influence the way of thinking & planning.  Information sharing: role of computing in internationalization and communication.  Experience can be used by individuals and in other fields.

 management through „common goals‟  management by „convincing partners‟

45 > 20 years of efforts of the worldwide ATLAS scientific community, supported by Funding Agencies and Governments

Albany, Alberta, NIKHEF Amsterdam, Ankara, LAPP Annecy, Argonne NL, Arizona, UT Arlington, Athens, NTU Athens, Baku, IFAE Barcelona, Belgrade, Bergen, Berkeley LBL and UC, HU Berlin, Bern, Birmingham, UAN Bogota, Bologna, Bonn, Boston, Brandeis, Brasil Cluster, Bratislava/SAS Kosice, Brookhaven NL, Buenos Aires, Bucharest, Cambridge, Carleton, CERN, Chinese Cluster, Chicago, Chile, Clermont-Ferrand, Columbia, NBI Copenhagen, Cosenza, AGH UST Cracow, IFJ PAN Cracow, SMU Dallas, UT Dallas, DESY, Dortmund, TU Dresden, JINR Dubna, Duke, Edinburgh, Frascati, Freiburg, Geneva, Genoa, Giessen, Glasgow, Göttingen, LPSC Grenoble, Technion Haifa, Hampton, Harvard, Heidelberg, Hiroshima IT, Indiana, Innsbruck, Iowa SU, Iowa, UC Irvine, Istanbul Bogazici, KEK, Kobe, Kyoto, Kyoto UE, Lancaster, UN La Plata, Lecce, Lisbon LIP, Liverpool, Ljubljana, QMW London, RHBNC London, UC London, Lund, UA Madrid, Mainz, Manchester, CPPM Marseille, Massachusetts, MIT, Melbourne, Michigan, Michigan SU, Milano, Minsk NAS, Minsk NCPHEP, Montreal, McGill Montreal, RUPHE Morocco, FIAN Moscow, ITEP Moscow, MEPhI Moscow, MSU Moscow, Munich LMU, MPI Munich, Nagasaki IAS, Nagoya, Naples, New Mexico, New York, Nijmegen, BINP Novosibirsk, Ohio SU, Okayama, Oklahoma, Oklahoma SU, Olomouc, Oregon, LAL Orsay, Osaka, Oslo, Oxford, Paris VI and VII, Pavia, Pennsylvania, Pisa, Pittsburgh, CAS Prague, CU Prague, TU Prague, IHEP Protvino, Regina, Rome I, Rome II, Rome III, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, DAPNIA Saclay, Santa Cruz UC, Sheffield, Shinshu, Siegen, Simon Fraser Burnaby, SLAC, NPI Petersburg, Stockholm, KTH Stockholm, Stony Brook, Sydney, Sussex, AS Taipei, Tbilisi, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Tokyo ICEPP, Tokyo MU, Tokyo Tech, Toronto, TRIUMF, Tsukuba, Tufts, Udine/ICTP, Uppsala, UI Urbana, Valencia, UBC Vancouver, Victoria, Waseda, Washington, Weizmann Rehovot, FH Wiener Neustadt, Wisconsin, Wuppertal, Würzburg, Yale, Yerevan

~ 2900 scientists (~1000 students), 174172 Institutions, 3837 countries

Uni. of Johannesburg & Uni. of the Witwatersrand are members since July 2010 (ATLAS is open to further collaboration with South Africa institutes)

46 Uni. Cape Town & iThemba Labs. are ALICE members since 2001 & 2008, respectively

1000 physicists 105 institutions 30 countries

47 Sociology

48  Ion Source.  Designed at Grenoble, assembled at iThemba, used at CERN.  Letter of intention for commissioning, beam studies, optimal source settings.  Exchanges of personnel:  iThemba staff, student at CERN  CERN staff at iThemba  Prospects for longer-term collaboration agreement Base Technologies: LHC

Examples:

 Working together  Sharing knowledge at all levels and in all areas  Training of students in many areas  Training physicists  Training engineers  Training of teachers  Education for schools education by fascination  Education for kids

53 Age Distribution of Scientists - and where they go afterwards

Survey in March 2009

2500 PhD students in LHC experiments

They do not all stay: where do they go?

Universe of Particles – the new permanent CERN exhibition

From 1 July 2010 - Immersive and interactive

New exhibition will attract (even) more visitors

57 58 - Address fundamental science questions. - Stimulate general interest. - Fascinate and inspire. - Kindle fantasy. - Increase knowledge. - Educate. - Train scientists and engineers for tomorrow. - Drive innovation and technology. - Are global by nature. - Need international collaboration and understanding. - Need giving and sharing.

59 Fascinating Science

Why?

 Fascinating science  Addresses long-standing questions of mankind  Forefront science  Forefront technologies  Sociological experiment

60  An opportunity to develop international contacts.  A chance to kick-start the next phase of your career.  Various training opportunities are available:  Summer studentships at CERN funded by US Foundation & CERN itself.  2 months of lectures & research experience.  Suitable for advanced undergraduates, Masters students.  Possibilities for co-supervised Masters / PhD theses  E.g., in France, UK, at Jefferson Laboratory in US.  Postdoctoral fellowships at FNAL. John Ellis/CERN 61 62