Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs: A Resource Guide and Analysis of ’s Implementation

March 2021 The Child & Family Caring Society of Canada in partnership with the Wabanaki Council on Disability and Mawita’mk Society CONTENTS Introduction / 3 What services and supports are available under ’s Principle? / 13 History of Jordan’s Principle and commonly asked questions / 4 Timelines and urgent needs / 15 What is Jordan’s Principle? / 4 What if the request is denied? (Appeals) / 16 Jordan’s Principle is a legal rule. What are retroactive requests? / 16 What does this mean? / 7 Compensation / 16 What is the proper definition Infographic: How to access services and supports of Jordan’s Principle? / 8 through Jordan’s Principle / 17 Does Jordan’s Principle have an end date? / 9 Findings on Jordan’s Principle and children Does Jordan’s Principle apply to all with disabilities and special needs / 18 Indigenous children? / 9 The literature needs to “catch up” to the proper Why am I asked not to implementation of Jordan’s Principle / 18 use the acronym “JP”? / 10 Definitions of disability and special needs / 20 How to get help through Jordan’s Principle / 11 What’s missing? Lack of culturally appropriate Who to contact / 11 services and supports for children and their families / 22 Jordan’s Principle call centre / 11 Culture, recreation and a “good life” / 25 Service Coordinators / 11 Early intervention services and accessible Regional office and focal points / 11 education / 26 Eligibility and access / 12 Information and support for caregivers / 29 Community approaches / 31

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs i Gaps and challenges to accessing supports and services / 33 Group requests / 33 Lack of post-majority services / 34 Capital funding / 36 Canada’s “old mindset”: Renewing requests and problematic funding approaches / 37 Evolving legal and policy context / 39 The need for systemic change / 40 Closing words: “Jordan’s Principle has been transformative” / 42 References / 43

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs ii INTRODUCTION Jordan’s Principle is a legal rule to ensure First Nations Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, , and Innu persons children get the services they need when they need with disabilities in the Atlantic region. The information them. The purpose of this resource guide is to provide in this guide is based on the following: families, community members, service providers, and • the legal orders on Jordan’s Principle made by policy makers with information about how Jordan’s the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal; Principle can support First Nations families of children • a review of academic and community-based with disabilities and special needs. This includes literature on First Nations children with providing a history of Jordan’s Principle, from being disabilities and special needs in Canada, with a passed in the House of Commons to becoming a legal focus on articles and reports since the creation rule through the orders of the Canadian Human Rights of Jordan’s Principle in 2005; and Tribunal (CHRT or Tribunal), addressing common questions and also misconceptions about Jordan’s • conversations (four total) with Jordan’s Principle Principle, and exploring past studies and reports about Service Coordinators and others working at the needs of First Nations families of children with the community level about their experiences disabilities to see how these needs might be addressed with Jordan’s Principle and families of children through Jordan’s Principle. with disabilities and special needs, including a meeting with the Atlantic Technical Working This resource was created by the First Nations Child & Group for Jordan’s Principle. Family Caring Society of Canada (the Caring Society) at the request of the Wabanaki Council on Disability. More information about Jordan’s Principle is available The Wabanaki Council on Disability advances the at jordansprinciple.ca. economic, social and cultural, spiritual, civil, and political rights of 15,000 Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqey,

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 3 HISTORY OF JORDAN’S PRINCIPLE AND COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is Jordan’s Principle? Jordan’s Principle is a legal rule named in memory of Jordan River Anderson, a Cree child from Norway House Cree Nation in Manitoba. Jordan was born in 1999 with complex medical needs and spent the first two years of his life in the hospital in Winnipeg. At two years old, Jordan’s medical team determined that it was safe for him leave the hospital and move into a family home, providing that the necessary medical equipment and supports were in place. Tragically, Jordan never left the hospital. The refused to pay for Jordan’s in-home supports, arguing that health care was a provincial responsibility. Jordan River Anderson The province of Manitoba also refused to pay, saying that services for First Nations was the responsibility of the federal government. The expenses at issue

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 4 ranged from improvements to make the home more Jordan’s family knew that there were many other accessible, to small items like a $30 shower head. Had children being denied services as he was, and gifted Jordan not been First Nations, he would have been his name to the creation of child-first principle to released from the hospital immediately, with expenses resolving jurisdictional disputes stopping First Nations paid, no questions asked (Obomsawin, 2019). children from accessing government services. On Jordan spent the next two years in the hospital for no December 12, 2007, the House of Commons voted reason other than government bureaucracy. He died unanimously to adopt Jordan’s Principle to address the in hospital in 2005 at the age of 5 years old, without needs of First Nations children. Jordan’s father Ernest ever having spent a day in a family home. Anderson and sister Jerlene Anderson were present for the vote, as well as children and families from Jordan’s death sparked a movement to ensure that the community of Norway House Cree Nation, the no other child was treated as Jordan had been. The Chief of Norway House, and the Grand Chief of the discrimination Jordan experienced was, tragically, Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs (Chambers & Burnett, not uncommon. In Jordan’s community of Norway 2007; Obomsawin, 2019). House Cree Nation alone, there were 37 children with “severe disabilities” needing speech therapy or Unfortunately, the federal government did not physiotherapy that governments were refusing to implement Jordan’s Principle as the family intended. In pay for (see Chambers & Burnett, 2007). A national the years following the adoption of Jordan’s Principle sample of 12 First Nations child and family service by the House of Commons, First Nations children were agencies found a total of 393 jurisdictional disputes, still not able to receive help through Jordan’s Principle disagreements between levels of government (see for example, Obomsawin, 2019). In fact, the (provincial or federal) or between government government’s implementation of Jordan’s Principle was departments, involving services for children in the past so narrow and restricted that is questionable whether year alone (Loxley et al., 2005). Jordan himself would have qualified. From 2007 to 2016, the federal government’s implementation of

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 5 Jordan’s Principle was restricted to children living on Among the most courageous leaders for Jordan’s reserve with multiple, professionally assessed disabilities Principle were Maurina Beadle, her son Jeremy, and and multiple service providers (Sangster et al., 2019). their community of Pictou Landing First Nation in Canada’s failure to implement Jordan’s Principle in Nova Scotia. Jeremy was born with multiple disabilities the spirit it was intended led the First Nations Child and required full-time care, which Maurina provided & Family Caring Society (the Caring Society) and the lovingly from birth, until a stroke in 2010 made it Assembly of First Nations (AFN) to include Jordan’s impossible for her to do so without help (Chambers Principle in a human rights complaint they filed against & Burnett, 2007). Pictou Landing provided the in- Canada in 2007. The complaint alleged that Canada home care that Jeremy needed and asked the federal was racially discriminating against First Nations government to reimburse the costs of his care to children by underfunding child welfare on reserve and the level he would have received from the provincial by failing to implement Jordan’s Principle in a manner government if he lived off reserve (Pictou Landing consistent with the House of Commons motion. Health Centre, 2013). Canada refused Pictou Landing’s request. Rather, the solution proposed by the federal Canada tried on several occasions to have the government was to place Jeremy in an institution far complaint dismissed on legal technicalities, which from his family and community, the cost of which delayed the hearings until 2013. During that time, would actually exceed the cost of in-home care (Pictou Jordan’s family, community, and First Nations leaders Landing Health Centre, 2013). and educators worked to raise awareness about the proper implementation of Jordan’s Principle. Thousands Maurina and Pictou Landing challenged Canada’s of people of all ages and diversities signed up to decision in Federal Court. In April 2013, the Federal support Jordan’s Principle (see jordansprinciple.ca). In Court of Canada ruled in favour of Pictou Landing, 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) finding that Jordan’s Principle was binding on the made full implementation of Jordan’s Principle its third federal government. Canada was ordered to reimburse Call to Action. Pictou Landing and pay for Jeremy’s care. Canada filed for judicial review of the decision, but in the “face

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 6 of mounting negative publicity (and an unwinnable Tribunal (CHRT or Tribunal) ruled in favour of First case)” the government ultimately dropped the appeal Nations kids and found that Canada discriminates in July 2014 (Chambers & Burnett, 2017, p. 114). against First Nations children and their families by From the beginning, Maurina made clear that the underfunding child welfare and failing to implement case was not only about Jeremy, but about the proper Jordan’s Principle. implementation of Jordan’s Principle to ensure the care and well-being of Jordan’s Principle all First Nations children. On hearing is a legal rule. the decision of the Federal Court, What does this Maurina stated, “I’m overwhelmed mean? with winning the Jordan’s Principle As a result of the Tribunal’s case, knowing the children will decision, Jordan’s Principle is now a finally get the help that is much legal rule, meaning that the federal needed. I have a sense of inner government is legally required peace knowing that there will be to implement Jordan’s Principles a change for the children across Jordan’s family speak at the Jordan’s Principle according the Tribunal’s orders. Canada” (Pictou Landing Health Parade in Norway House. Centre, 2013). Sadly, Maurina The Tribunal’s decision in passed away in November 2019. She is remembered January 2016 (2016 CHRT 2) ordered Canada as a beautiful mother, courageous, selfless, and to immediately cease its discriminatory practices “a fighter that held the Canadian government to regarding First Nations child welfare, to reform the account” (“Remembering Maurina Beadle,” 2019). First Nations child welfare program, to cease applying a narrow definition of Jordan’s Principle, and to take On January 26, 2016, almost a decade after the measures to implement the full meaning and scope of complaint was filed, the Canadian Human Rights Jordan’s Principle.

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 7 In a press release about the Tribunal’s ruling, Canada account for distinct community circumstances. These said it “welcomed the decision” and agreed “we can principles work together to inform decision making and must do better” (Indigenous and Northern Affairs about Jordan’s Principle requests in a holistic way and Canada, 2016). Just three months later, in April 2016, must be given equal consideration; no one principle is the CHRT issued its first non-compliance order against more important than another. Canada for failing to take immediate action to end Substantive equality means that First Nations the discrimination or properly implement Jordan’s children may need services and supports above the Principle. As of February 2021, the CHRT has issued “normative standard” (what is ordinarily provided by 16 additional orders, many of them non-compliance the provinces and territories). The Tribunal ruled that orders against Canada. substantive equality is needed to address the impacts The orders issued by the Tribunal are legally binding. of Canada’s colonial history and discrimination against Canada is legally obligated to implement Jordan’s Indigenous peoples. Principle as outlined by the Tribunal. If Canada In the context of Jordan’s Principle, best interests of does not follow the Tribunal’s orders, legal action can the child reflects that decisions must be based on the be taken to force Canada’s compliance. needs and interests of the child, and not determined or delayed by government interests like budget cycles, What is the proper definition policy questions, or administrative case conferencing of Jordan’s Principle? (such as conversations between government Jordan’s Principle is a legal obligation on the part departments about who should pay). of Canada to make sure First Nations children get As of February 2021, the Tribunal has made the the services they need, when they need them. It following orders related to Jordan’s Principle: is not a government policy or program. The Tribunal • 2016 CHRT 2 (the decision) has ordered that Canada’s implementation must be • 2016 CHRT 10 based on the principles of substantive equality, the best interests of the child, must be needs-based, and • 2016 CHRT 16

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 8 • 2017 CHRT 14 and 2017 CHRT 35 if Jordan’s Principle was a government program that (Amendment) can be cut or “sunset”) was cited as common belief • 2019 CHRT 7 among service providers. • 2019 CHRT 39 The issue of misinformation about Jordan’s Principle • 2020 CHRT 20 is discussed further in the sections on “Findings” and “Gaps and Challenges.” • 2020 CHRT 36

An information sheet about these orders is available Does Jordan’s Principle on the Caring Society website for Jordan’s Principle at have an end date? jordansprinciple.ca. Jordan’s Principle is a legal rule and as a legal rule Canada’s failure to properly implement Jordan’s there is no end date. Jordan’s Principle is not a Principle after the Tribunal’s decision in 2016 and government program. It does not have a fixed budget. the need for the Tribunal to issue additional orders As more children qualify, the funding pot expands. in the case has, unfortunately, led to confusion on Approving services for one child does not mean there the part of communities and some service providers is less funding for other children. about the proper implementation of Jordan’s Principle, what Jordan’s Principle can do, and how it can be Does Jordan’s Principle apply to used. Jordan’s Principle Service Coordinators who all Indigenous children? provided information for this resource say that they Jordan’s Principle applies to First Nations children. “have to deal with an active rumour mill” and are “constantly pushing back” against misinformation. Jordan’s Principle was created by First Nations with The misconception that Jordan’s Principle is ending (as the consent of Jordan’s family and became a legal instrument through a human rights case specific to First Nations. There are differences between the

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 9 experiences of First Nations, Metis, and Inuit due to the Indian Act, which created the reserve system and applies only to First Nations. For these reasons, Jordan’s Principle does not apply to Metis or Inuit children and youth. Inuit have worked with Canada to establish a government program called the Inuit Child First Initiative, to ensure Inuit children have access to essential government funded services and supports (see Indigenous Services Canada, 2020). However, the orders of the CHRT do not apply to the implementation of the Inuit Child First Initiative. Why am I asked not to use the acronym “JP”? Jordan’s Principle is a gift from the Anderson family in Jordan’s memory. Shortening Jordan’s Principle to an acronym reduces it to the level of a government policy, program, or technical term, and dehumanizes Jordan’s legacy. The Caring Society has observed that the dehumanization of First Nations children and families through use of acronyms and file numbers is a government pattern that perpetuates discrimination. In honour of Jordan and his family, please do not shorten Jordan’s Principle to the acronym “JP.”

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 10 HOW TO GET HELP THROUGH JORDAN’S PRINCIPLE Who to contact Service Coordinators Jordan’s Principle requests can be made through Service Coordinators are community-based, non- a community Service Coordinator, a government government staff who work with families at the focal point, or by calling the Jordan’s Principle community level to make Jordan’s Principle requests. call centre. Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) is the These positions are funded by ISC but staffed by federal government department responsible for the First Nations community agencies, tribal councils, implementation of Jordan’s Principle. local health authorities, etc. The role of Service Coordinators is to support families in making a Jordan’s Principle call centre Jordan’s Principle request. Decisions about the requests themselves are made by ISC. Families should be aware ISC has set up a Jordan’s Principle call centre, which is that Service Coordinators do not have the authority to staffed 24 hours, seven days a week: override ISC decisions. • 1-855-JP-CHILD (1-855-572-4453) The Assembly of First Nations has a list of Service • teletypewriter: 1-866-553-0554 Coordinators on the Jordan’s Principle page of their Staff at the call centre will take general details about website, available at afn.ca/policy-sectors/social- the request and send the information to a focal point secretariat/-principle. working in the region where you live. The focal point will contact you to gather more information about the Regional office and focal points request. Focal points are ISC (federal government) staff whose job is to receive and work with families on Jordan’s Principle requests.

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 11 Contact information for focal points in the Atlantic Eligibility and access region1 is: Jordan’s Principle applies to First Nations • 1-833-652-0210 children from birth to the age of majority in their • sac.principedejordanatl-jordansprincipleatl. province or territory. The age of majority is the [email protected] age at which a person becomes an adult under the law. The age of majority under provincial law is 19 in The above telephone number and email address are Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and specific to the Atlantic region. Contact information for Labrador. The age of majority under provincial law focal points in other parts of the country is available is 18 in Prince Edward Island. Unfortunately, there at canada.ca/jordans-principle under “Find a contact are currently no provisions for post-majority services/ person in your region.” supports under Jordan’s Principle, which is a significant If you are not working with a Service Coordinator, gap for youth with disabilities and special needs and the Caring Society recommends making your request their families. Further discussion about the need for through the 24-hour call centre. The call centre is post-majority services can be found in the section on staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Regional “Gaps and Challenges to Accessing Supports and offices may only be staffed during office hours and Services.” callers may be asked to leave a message with no First Nations children meeting any one of the option to speak to an actual staff person. The ISC following criteria are eligible for consideration email address goes to a general email account. under Jordan’s Principle: 1 a child resident on or off reserve who is registered or eligible to be registered under the Indian Act, as amended from time to time;

1 This guide was developed at the request of the Wabanaki Council on Disability, which advances Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqey, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Inuit, and Innu persons with disabilities in the Atlantic region. As such, information about Jordan’s Principle contacts in the Atlantic are provided.

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 12 2 a child resident on or off reserve who has one to the Caring Society’s (2021) information sheet about parent/guardian who is registered or eligible to the Tribunal’s orders at jordansprinciple.ca2 or to be registered under the Indian Act; the Tribunal’s decisions in 2020 CHRT 20 and 2020 3 a child resident on or off reserve who is CHRT 36. recognized by their Nation for the purposes of A timeline of the all the Tribunal’s orders is available Jordan’s Principle; or on the Caring Society website at fncaringsociety. 4 a child who is ordinarily resident on reserve. com/chrt-orders.

The third eligibility criteria refers to First Nations children In December 2020, Canada filed for judicial review, without Indian Act status who are recognized by a First like an appeal, of the Tribunal’s rulings on eligibility for Nation community for the purposes of Jordan’s Principle. Jordan’s Principle (2020 CHRT 20 and 2020 CHRT 36). Recognition by the community is for Jordan’s Principle Importantly, the Tribunal’s rulings remain in place only (does not imply eligibility for band membership, while the judicial review is underway. Canada must etc). Importantly, recognizing a child for the purposes of adhere to the Tribunal’s orders and provide services to Jordan’s Principle does not mean less funding for other children eligible under one of the four criteria listed First Nations children. Canada has a legal obligation to above, including children recognized by their Nation uphold Jordan’s Principle, which means the funding pot for the purposes of Jordan’s Principle, pending a expands as more children are eligible. decision from the Federal Court. The Tribunal has approved a default process for What services and supports are recognizing children for Jordan’s Principle and has also ordered Canada to provide funding for First Nations available under Jordan’s Principle? to implement the default process or to develop their Jordan’s Principle is not a government program own recognition process for the purposes of Jordan’s with a set list of eligible services and supports. First Principle. For more detailed information, please refer Nations communities, through the bureaucracy and

2 https://fncaringsociety.com/sites/default/files/jordans_principle_information_sheet_january_2021.pdf

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 13 ever-changing nature of government programs like nursing, medical or pharmacy (definition as per the Non-Insured Health Benefits program, have Vives & Sinha, 2019). Examples include speech become accustomed and very good at “making-do” therapy and occupational therapy; with limited resources. Jordan’s Principle is different. • assessments and screenings; Requests under Jordan’s Principle made are based • assistive technology and electronics; on the unique needs of the child or children. Services and supports received through Jordan’s • assistive devices such as hearing aids; Principle should not be regarded as benefits but rather • clothing, shoes and accessories; rights under the orders of the Canadian Human Rights • educational support, including educational Tribunal. The principle of substantive equality assistants; means that it does not matter whether the • home modifications and renovations, including service or support is ordinarily available through outdoor ramps; the provincial or territorial system. • infant formula; Examples of services and supports available • mental health support3; through Jordan’s Principle that may be especially relevant to families of children with disabilities special • mobility aids, including standing and positioning needs include but are not limited to: aids and wheelchairs; • • adaptive furniture, such as adjustable beds, oral health services; safety beds and cots, chairs and seating, • personal care items; protective mats and padding; • prescription and over the counter medication; • allied health services: these are services provided • recreational and cultural activities; by healthcare professionals in areas other than • respite services, including daycare, individual child care, day programs and camps;

3 Research indicates that families may use the term disability to encompass a broad range of behavioural concerns, including suicidal behaviour

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 14 • safety equipment and enhanced home security As per the Tribunal’s orders in 2017 CHRT 35, Canada systems; will work proactively in urgent cases to ensure the • sensory and therapeutic items; child is receiving crisis supports until a long-term response can be developed. This means that once a • travel costs if families need to travel to access service or support is approved, ISC must also ensure services, including transportation (air, ground, the child has access to it (for example, taking steps to and water), meals and accommodation, and ensure children in remote communities have access support for escorts. Travel support is available to crisis supports by flying in crisis support workers for both medical AND non-medical reasons, or arranging transportation for the family to another such as travel to attend cultural activities; and centre if required). • training for families. When making a request involving urgent needs, Timelines and urgent needs families and Service Coordinators should tell the focal point or staff at the Jordan’s Principle call As ordered by the Tribunal (see First Nations Child centre that they want the request marked urgent & Family Caring Society of Canada, January 2021a) and expect a decision within the 12-hour timeframe Canada must determine individual requests ordered by the Tribunal. within 48 hours and within 12 hours for urgent ISC views urgent cases and time sensitive cases as needs. Canada must determine group requests different. Time sensitive cases will be triaged, but not within one week, and within 48 hours for group necessarily determined in the 12 hour timeframe. requests for urgent needs. Urgent needs are those where the risk of irremediable harm is reasonably foreseeable, the child is in palliative care, or the child requires urgent assistance.

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 15 What if the request is denied? • were never submitted, either because parents/ (Appeals) caregivers did not know about Jordan’s Principle or because families were told or thought the If the request is denied, families have one year to costs were not eligible. appeal the decision in writing by email or letter. Families have the option to include additional or Canada will consider previously denied requests new information to support the appeal, but this not dated from April 1, 2007 to November 1, 2017. necessary. Full information about how to appeal Canada will consider new requests (requests never should be provided in the letter from Canada denying submitted) dating back to July 5, 2016. the request. Retroactive requests can be made by calling the Appeals are decided on by senior managers within Jordan’s Principle call centre, through a focal point, or Jordan’s Principle who were not involved with the through a Jordan’s Principle Service Coordinator. original decision. In this case, families will be asked to provide proof Unfortunately, there are no firm timelines on how of payment; however, families are still eligible for long it will take ISC to decide on an appeal. reimbursement even if they no longer have the receipts. In this case, families will be asked to sign a What are retroactive requests? form stating that they no longer have the receipts but The Tribunal has ordered Canada to reimburse parents that the amounts given are true and accurate. or caregivers for out-of-pocket costs that would have been provided if the government had implemented Compensation Jordan’s Principle properly from the beginning. In September 2019, the Tribunal ruled that Canada’s This includes costs that: discriminatory treatment of First Nations children is “willful and reckless,” and ordered the federal • were submitted to Canada and formally denied; government to pay the maximum amount allowable and/or

Jordan’s Principle and Children With Disabilities and Special Needs 16 ($40,000) under the Canadian Human Rights Act to What is Jordan’s Principle? Who is eligible? compensate certain First Nations children, youth, and Jordan’s Principle is a child first All First Nations children (0-19 principle named in memory of years old) who live on or off families who have been harmed by the child welfare Jordan River Anderson. It ensures reserve. A referral to Jordan’s First Nations children receive the Principle can be made for a single public services they need when child or a group of children. system or were denied or delayed receipt of services they need them. Canada is legally Requests for reimbursement can due to Canada’s discriminatory implementation of responsible for Jordan’s Principle. be made dating back to April 2009. What is covered? Jordan’s Principle (see 2019 CHRT 39). How to access public services and All public services and supports. If supports through Jordan’s Principle a First Nations child you know has As of June 29, 2018 any unmet service or support Canada has filed for judicial review (like an appeal) needs, they can refer to Jordan’s Principle. Multiple requests can be START made for each child or group of of the Tribunal’s decision. No payments can be made children. A First Nations until the judicial review is heard and decided on by the child or group of First Nations Federal Court. children you know Call the 24-hour Jordan’s Principle call need public centre at 1-855-572-4453. You will services or be connected with a Jordan’s Principle For information about who is eligible for supports: Focal Point who will help you through the entire process. compensation and updates on Canada’s judicial review of the please visit fnwitness.ca. Canada must approve or deny You will be asked to provide some basic your referral information, including: Infographic: How to access within 12 hours for urgent cases a. child’s name d. service(s) required services and supports through and 48 hours for b. child’s age e. length service(s) required non-urgent cases. c. child‘s location f. any supporting information You will receive an (e.g., prescriptions, notes) Jordan’s Principle official decision letter. The opposite infographic is available for