DOCSLIB.ORG

Storying with First Nations People Living with HIV and AIDS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Storying with First Nations People Living with HIV and AIDS Published by Te Rau Ora, 2021 Colonisation, suicide, and resilience: Storying with First Nations people living with HIV and AIDS Volume 6 | Issue 2 traumas, and stigma experienced following their HIV diagnosis as well as their desire to re-engage Article 1, August 2021 and revitalize their connection to culture and Sean Hillier community, demonstrating their unwavering York University resilience. Following the interviews, participants produced recommendations requesting funding Eliot Winkler for HIV and AIDS treatment and programming Ontario HIV Treatment Network in First Nations communities, a government commitment to address issues surrounding Lynn Lavallée poverty, stable housing, clean drinking water and Ryerson University perpetual trauma for northern Indigenous Peoples, and a need for accessible, culturally Abstract based treatment programs and services at HIV service organizations. The impact and trauma of colonisation persists among Indigenous Peoples in Canada, where Keywords: Indigenous, suicide, colonisation, they face a disparate burden of HIV diagnoses trauma, prevention, resilience and suicide compared to the general population, yet still demonstrate tremendous resilience. In He Mihi – Acknowledgements: We are order to elucidate the issues facing First Nations grateful for the support of Canadian Institutes of people living with HIV and AIDS, 29 participants Health Research which provided funding for this partook in traditional storytelling to share their research through a priority doctoral award in the experiences, resulting in 27 major themes. area of Indigenous Peoples living HIV/AIDS of Participants shared the negative coping $105,000. mechanisms, suicidal ideations, historical 2 Volume 6 | Issue 2 | Article 1 – Hiller et al. We are thankful to the Indigenous Peoples living AIDS epidemic in Canada, facing a 13% with HIV who have generously shared their time, incidence increase in HIV infection between the experiences, and bodies for the purposes of this years 2014 and 2016 (CATIE, 2019). The research. Much of the fight against HIV/AIDS province of Saskatchewan has the highest rates of relies upon people living with HIV to continue HIV infection in the country, mainly focused in putting themselves forward. This research, and First Nations communities (Woroniuk, 2017). our fight against HIV/AIDS, is forever indebted Indigenous Peoples living with HIV on to our generous community partners, past and combination antiretroviral therapy have a lower present. We also acknowledge the many other life expectancy at age 20 compared to non- organisations who helped with recruitment and Indigenous Canadians (Patterson et al., 2015). offered space and resources whenever needed. Furthermore, the mortality rates of Indigenous We wish to acknowledge the traditional Peoples living with HIV is higher than for other territories on which this research took place. This ethnicities in Canada (Benoit et al., 2017). land helped to ground the knowledge we gained Though the rates of HIV among Indigenous through this process, and we will be forever Peoples in the United States, Australia, and New grateful. Zealand are not substantially higher than non- Indigenous Peoples in said countries, Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no colonization and inequitable social determinants conflict of interest. place these populations at risk of a future HIV Informed Consent: Consent was sought and epidemic currently being seen in Canada (Negin obtained from all participants within this et al., 2015). Perhaps one of the most pervasive research. This research was approved by the impacts of colonialism still felt today is the Ryerson University Research Ethics Boards disproportionate rate of suicide in Indigenous (REB 2015-343). communities in Canada, particularly among Indigenous youth. Young Indigenous people living with HIV who use drugs in British Introduction Columbia are 12.9 times more likely to die Colonisation has supressed Canada’s Indigenous compared to Canadians of the same age, with Peoples for hundreds of years and has played a suicide being one of the leading causes of death significant role in the power structure of (Jongbloed et al., 2017). This research shares the Canadian society, placing social, political, and stories of 29 First Nations people living with HIV economic inequalities upon Indigenous Peoples. and AIDS in Ontario; how their lives have been These inequalities have caused unfavourable, shaped by colonial trauma, HIV, self-harm and intermediate, and proximal determinants suicide, and their undeniable will to keep living. (Reading & Wien, 2009), which have led Indigenous Peoples to suffer the worst social, economic, and health conditions in all of Canada Background (MacDonald & Altaran, 2007). Striking health Indigenous Peoples in Canada disparities exist amongst Indigenous Peoples in Canada’s Indigenous population is comprised of Canada and have been well documented for First Nations (status and non-status), Métis decades (Kurtz et al.. Indigenous Peoples in (registered and non-registered) and Inuit people Canada experience ill health at rates far higher and represents 4.9% of Canada’s total than in the non-Indigenous population across population. Almost half (48%) of the 181,524 virtually every facet of health (National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health, 2013). These gaps are paving the way for some of the shortest life expectancy rates of any one identifiable group within Canada (Government of Canada, 2017). Along with these disparities, Indigenous communities are at the heart of an HIV and 3 Published by Te Rau Ora, 2021 registered Indian1,2 population in Ontario lives on Ontario in 2016 and 2017 (Ontario HIV 207 reserves3 and there are 126 bands4, with over Epidemiology Surveillance Initiative, 2019b). 23,000 speakers of Indigenous languages in the Modes of exposure for women are mainly from province (Government of Canada, 2018a). sexual contact with men (at 59% of infections) and exposure through injection drug use (35% of HIV and AIDS infections). For men, the greatest risks are from The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and injection drug use (32%), sexual contact with men Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (28%), and exposure through combined drug use disproportionately impact Indigenous Peoples in and sexual contact with men (20%); only 16% Canada. There is limited data on the true impact reported transmission via sexual contact with of HIV and AIDS on this population, given women (Ontario HIV Treatment Network, significant issues with HIV data collection and 2014). reporting. Of the estimated 63,100 people living with HIV in Canada at the end of 2016, 9.6% Suicide in Indigenous Populations (6,055) were Indigenous, representing a 5% Between 2011 and 2016, suicide rates in First increase from the 2014 estimate (5,760). The Nations individuals were three times higher than estimated HIV prevalence rate for Indigenous in non-Indigenous people (Kumar & Tjepkema, Peoples in Canada in 2016 was 362 per 100,000 2019). In a study by Cain et al. (2011), of 72 population: two times higher than in the general Indigenous participants living with HIV population (Public Health Agency of Canada, interviewed across Canada, 35 described 2019). In 2017, Indigenous Peoples continued to thoughts of killing themselves or attempts to die be disproportionately represented, making up by suicide. Similarly, in a British Columbian less than 5% of the population in Canada, but cohort of 605 Indigenous participants, 53% accounting for more than 20% of new HIV considered taking their own life and 37% had diagnoses (Haddad et al., 2018). attempted suicide (Moniruzzaman et al., 2009). Inuit Peoples, particularly Inuit youth, have some Indigenous women are more likely to be of the highest suicide rates in the country, dying diagnosed with HIV than the general population, from suicide at a rate of 40% compared to 8% with up to 40% of new infections occurring in across Canadians (Kral, 2016; Webster, 2016). It this group (Haddad et al., 2018). In 2017, is currently estimated that suicide rates are 5 to 7 Indigenous women in Canada accounted for times higher for Indigenous youth compared to 30.9% of new HIV cases in women compared non-Indigenous youth, and 11 times higher in with Indigenous men, who accounted for 16.3% Inuit youth (Government of Canada, 2018b). of new cases in men (Haddad et al., 2018). In About 1 in 20 to 1 in 10 off-reserve First Nations, Ontario specifically, the percentage of new HIV Métis, and Inuit young adults reported having diagnoses in Indigenous men increased from had suicidal thoughts in the previous 12 months 1.4% in 2014-15 to 2.8% in 2016-17 while the and about 1 in 5 to 1 in 4 reported ever having percentage of new HIV diagnoses for Indigenous had suicidal thoughts in their lifetime (Kumar & women increased from 5.2% in 2014-15 to 6.9% Nahwehgabow, 2016). in 2016-17 (Ontario HIV Epidemiology Surveillance Initiative, 2019a). This may be Heightened suicide rates among Indigenous attributed, in part, to the fact that the number of Peoples in Canada can be tied to historical HIV tests increased across all health regions in trauma, poverty, family and community abuse or 1 “Indian people are one of three cultural groups, along requirements for determining who is an Indian for the with Inuit and Métis, recognized as Aboriginal people purposes of the Indian Act” (Government of Canada, under section 35 of the Constitution Act. There are 2012, Para. 11). legal reasons for the continued use of the term Indian. 3 “A reserve is a tract of land, the legal title to which is Such terminology is recognized in the Indian Act and held by the Crown, set apart for the use and benefit of is used by the Government of Canada when making an Indian band” (Government of Canada, 2012, Para. reference to this particular group of Aboriginal 25). people” (Government of Canada, 2012, Para. 10). 4 A “Band”, or “Indian Band,” is a governing unit of 2 “Status Indian is a person who is registered as an Indians in Canada instituted by the Indian Act, 1876.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Background and Importance First Nations Children and Youth Deserve
    OHCHR STUDY ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS TO HEALTH – HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 19/37 SUBMISSION FROM THE FIRST NATIONS CHILD AND FAMILY CARING SOCIETY OF CANADA Background and Importance First Nations1 children and youth deserve the same chance to succeed as all other children. As set upon by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous children have the right to adequate health and to culturally based health services and without discrimination (UNCRC, Article 2, 24; UNDRIP, Article 21, 24). However, the reality of First Nations children and youth who live on reserves is often one of poverty, poor drinking water and lack of access to proper healthcare among other health discrepancies, leaving First Nations children and youth behind other Canadian children. These daily challenges are often rooted in Canada’s colonial history and further amplified by government policies and procedures, a failure to address large scale challenges such as poverty which exacerbate poor health conditions, and programs and services that do not reflect the distinct needs of First Nations children and families. Further, the Canadian Government provides inequitable health, child welfare and education services and funding undermining the rights, safety and wellbeing of First Nations children (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples [RCAP], 1996; Auditor General of Canada, 2008; Office of the Provincial Advocate, 2010). Despite these challenges to health, First Nations communities are taking steps of redress to promote healthy outcomes for the children and youth and the generations to come. 1 First Nations refers to one of the three Aboriginal groups in Canada as per the Federal Government definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Redress Movements in Canada
    Editor: Marlene Epp, Conrad Grebel University College University of Waterloo Series Advisory Committee: Laura Madokoro, McGill University Jordan Stanger-Ross, University of Victoria Sylvie Taschereau, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Copyright © the Canadian Historical Association Ottawa, 2018 Published by the Canadian Historical Association with the support of the Department of Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada ISSN: 2292-7441 (print) ISSN: 2292-745X (online) ISBN: 978-0-88798-296-5 Travis Tomchuk is the Curator of Canadian Human Rights History at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, and holds a PhD from Queen’s University. Jodi Giesbrecht is the Manager of Research & Curation at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights, and holds a PhD from the University of Toronto. Cover image: Japanese Canadian redress rally at Parliament Hill, 1988. Photographer: Gordon King. Credit: Nikkei National Museum 2010.32.124. REDRESS MOVEMENTS IN CANADA Travis Tomchuk & Jodi Giesbrecht Canadian Museum for Human Rights All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, in any form or by any electronic ormechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the Canadian Historical Association. Ottawa, 2018 The Canadian Historical Association Immigration And Ethnicity In Canada Series Booklet No. 37 Introduction he past few decades have witnessed a substantial outpouring of Tapologies, statements of regret and recognition, commemorative gestures, compensation, and related measures
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCES of RACIALIZED COMMUNITIES DURING COVID-19 Reflections and a Way Forward
    may 2021 EXPERIENCES OF RACIALIZED COMMUNITIES DURING COVID-19 Reflections and a way forward 1 CONTENTS Land Acknowledgment 3 Research Team 4 Executive Summary 5 Recommendations: The Path to Recovery 9 Introduction 12 Methodology 12 1. Demographic Profile 14 Distribution by Race 14 Gender Distribution 15 Age Distribution 15 Distribution by Employment Status 15 Distribution by Income 16 Distribution by Highest Level of Education 17 2. Community Perceptions 18 Trust in Government and Community 18 Community Response 19 3. Wellbeing Dimensions 22 Physical Wellbeing 22 Financial Wellbeing 23 Spiritual Wellbeing 24 Emotional Wellbeing 25 Social Wellbeing 28 4. The Power of Social Capital 31 Conclusion 33 Researcher Biographies 37 Community Organizations 42 Special Mention 46 2 Land Acknowledgment The Canadian Arab Institute acknowledges that we live and work on the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples. Brock University acknowledges the land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe peoples, many of whom continue to live and work here today. This territory is covered by the Upper Canada Treaties and is within the land protected by the Dish with One Spoon Wampum Agreement. Today this gathering place is home to many First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples and acknowledging reminds us that our great standard of living is directly related to the resources and friendship of Indigenous people. 3 Research Team Principal Co-investigator Dr. Gervan Fearon Dr. Walid Hejazi President, Brock University Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto Lead Operational Researcher Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Objectives of the Study
    Socioeconomic Profiles of Immigrants in the Four Atlantic provinces - Phase II: Focus on Vibrant Communities Ather H. Akbari Saint Mary’s University, Halifax Wimal Rankaduwa University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown December 2008 Research and Evaluation The funding for this research paper has been provided by Citizenship and Immigration Canada as part of its contribution to the Atlantic Population Table, a collaborative initiative between Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada and the provincial governments of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. This document expresses the views of the authors and does not represent the official position of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the position of the Atlantic Population Table. Ci4-40/1-2010E-PDF 978-1-100-15926-3 Table of contents Some Definitions Used in this Study ............................................................... v Executive Summary ................................................................................... vi Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Methodology and sources of data ............................................................................... 2 Some general trends of immigrant inflows and of international students in Atlantic Canada .................................................................................................. 3 Immigrant inflows in
    [Show full text]
  • The Arab Community in Canada
    Catalogue no. 89-621-XIE — No. 9 ISSN: 1719-7376 ISBN: 978-0-662-46473-0 Analytical Paper Profiles of Ethnic Communities in Canada The Arab Community in Canada 2001 by Colin Lindsay Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division 7th Floor, Jean Talon Building, Ottawa, K1A 0T6 Telephone: 613-951-5979 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website at www.statcan.ca or contact us by e-mail at [email protected] or by phone from 8:30am to 4:30pm Monday to Friday at: Toll-free telephone (Canada and the United States): Enquiries line 1-800-263-1136 National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 Fax line 1-877-287-4369 Depository Services Program enquiries line 1-800-635-7943 Depository Services Program fax line 1-800-565-7757 Statistics Canada national contact centre: 1-613-951-8116 Fax line 1-613-951-0581 Information to access the product This product, catalogue no. 89-621-XIE, is available for free in electronic format. To obtain a single issue, visit our website at www.statcan.ca and select Publications. Standards of service to the public Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, reliable and courteous manner. To this end, the Agency has developed standards of service which its employees observe in serving its clients. To obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics Canada toll free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are also published on www.statcan.ca under About us > Providing services to Canadians.
    [Show full text]
  • Cricket As a Diasporic Resource for Caribbean-Canadians by Janelle Beatrice Joseph a Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Re
    Cricket as a Diasporic Resource for Caribbean-Canadians by Janelle Beatrice Joseph A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences University of Toronto © Janelle Beatrice Joseph 2010 Cricket as a Diasporic Resource for Caribbean-Canadians Janelle Beatrice Joseph Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences University of Toronto 2010 Abstract The diasporic resources and transnational flows of the Black diaspora have increasingly been of concern to scholars. However, the making of the Black diaspora in Canada has often been overlooked, and the use of sport to connect migrants to the homeland has been virtually ignored. This study uses African, Black and Caribbean diaspora lenses to examine the ways that first generation Caribbean-Canadians use cricket to maintain their association with people, places, spaces, and memories of home. In this multi-sited ethnography I examine a group I call the Mavericks Cricket and Social Club (MCSC), an assembly of first generation migrants from the Anglo-Caribbean. My objective to “follow the people” took me to parties, fundraising dances, banquets, and cricket games throughout the Greater Toronto Area on weekends from early May to late September in 2008 and 2009. I also traveled with approximately 30 MCSC members to observe and participate in tours and tournaments in Barbados, England, and St. Lucia and conducted 29 in- depth, semi-structured interviews with male players and male and female supporters. I found that the Caribbean diaspora is maintained through liming (hanging out) at cricket matches and social events. Speaking in their native Patois language, eating traditional Caribbean foods, and consuming alcohol are significant means of creating spaces in which Caribbean- Canadians can network with other members of the diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 3: Population Groups and Ethnic Origins
    Ethnicity SEriES A Demographic Portrait of Manitoba Volume 3 Population Groups and Ethnic Origins Sources: Statistics Canada. 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data Publication developed by: Statistics Canada information is used with the permission of Statistics Canada. Manitoba Immigration and Users are forbidden to copy the data and redisseminate them, in an original or Multiculturalism modified form, for commercial purposes, without permission from Statistics And supported by: Canada. Information on the availability of the wide range of data from Statistics Canada can be obtained from Statistics Canada’s Regional Offices, its World Wide Citizenship and Immigration Canada Web site at www.statcan.gc.ca, and its toll-free access number 1-800-263-1136. Contents Introduction 2 Canada’s Population Groups 3 manitoba’s Population Groups 4 ethnic origins 5 manitoba Regions 8 Central Region 10 Eastern Region 13 Interlake Region 16 Norman Region 19 Parklands Region 22 Western Region 25 Winnipeg Region 28 Winnipeg Community Areas 32 Assiniboine South 34 Downtown 36 Fort Garry 38 Inkster 40 Point Douglas 42 River East 44 River Heights 46 Seven Oaks 48 St. Boniface 50 St. James 52 St. Vital 54 Transcona 56 Vol. 3 Population Groups and Ethnic Origins 1 Introduction Throughout history, generations of The ethnicity series is made up of three volumes: immigrants have arrived in Manitoba to start a new life. Their presence is 1. Foreign-born Population celebrated in our communities. Many This volume presents the population by country of birth. It focuses on the new immigrants, and a large number foreign-born population and its recent regional distribution across Manitoba.
    [Show full text]
  • BY AJIT JAIN IFC-IBC Final Layout 1 12/23/2015 11:28 PM Page 1 1-3 Title Page Layout 1 1/5/2016 6:14 AM Page 1
    cover and back cover final_Layout 1 1/4/2016 10:41 PM Page 2 THE 2016 N N BY AJIT JAIN IFC-IBC final_Layout 1 12/23/2015 11:28 PM Page 1 1-3 Title page_Layout 1 1/5/2016 6:14 AM Page 1 THE A-LIST 2016 N N By Ajit Jain 1-3 Title page_Layout 1 1/5/2016 6:14 AM Page 2 1-3 Title page_Layout 1 1/5/2016 6:14 AM Page 3 Contents p. 06;09 INTRODUCTION p. 10;13 INDO;CANADIANS IN THE FEDERAL CABINET Amarjeet Sohi, Bardish Chagger, Harjit Singh Sajjan, Navdeep Bains p. 14;58 INDO;CANADIAN HIGH ACHIEVERS Abhya Kulkarni, Anil Arora, Anil Kapoor, Arun Chokalingam, Baldev Nayar, Chitra Anand, Deepak Gupta, Desh Sikka, Dilip Soman, Dolly Dastoor, Gagan Bhalla, Gopal Bhatnagar, Hari Krishnan, Harjeet Bhabra, Indira Naidoo-Harris, Jagannath Prasad Das, Kasi Rao, Krish Suthanthiran, Lalita Krishna, Manasvi Noel, Manjul Bhargava, Navin Nanda, Omar Sachedina, Panchal Mansaram, Paul Shrivastava, Paviter Binning, Pooja Handa, Prabhat Jha, Prem Watsa, Ram Jakhu, Raminder Dosanjh, Renu Mandhane, Rohinton Mistry, Sajeev John, Sanjeev Sethi, Soham Ajmera, Steve Rai, Sunder Singh, Veena Rawat, Vijay Bhargava,Vikam Vij p. 60;62 THE A-LIST FRIENDS OF INDIA Gary Comerford, Mathieu Boisvert, Patrick Brown 2016 p. 64;69 INDO;CANADIAN INSTITUTIONS AIM for SEVA Canada-India Center of Excellence in Science, Technology, Trade and Policy Canada India Foundation Center for South Asian Studies Child Haven International Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute EDITOR AND PUBLISHER Ajit Jain DESIGN Angshuman De PRINTED AT Sherwood Design and Print, 131, Whitmore Road, #18 Woodbridge, Ontario,L4L 6E4, Canada EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION Crossmedia Advisory Services Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hnd Others TITLE Learning ESL Literacy Among Indo-Canadian Women
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 337 059 FL BOO 390 AUTHOR Cumming, Alister; hnd Others TITLE Learning ESL Literacy among Indo-Canadian Women. Final Report. SPONS AGENCY Department of the Secretary of State, nttawa (Ontario). Multiculturalism Directorate. PUB DATE Jun 91 NOTE 49p. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCC2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adult Literacy; Bilingual Students; Cultural Differences; *English (Second Language); *Females; Immigrants; Minority Groups; Panjabi; *second Language Instruction IDENTIFIERS Canada; *Punjabis ABSTRACT Educational issues were studied as related to women in one visible minority population in the Vancouver area--recent immigrants from the Punjab state in India. The 10-month demonstration project Involving 13 participants is analyzed in terms of fiv research topics: participation in the prugram, Pnnjabi-English biliteracy, classroom instruction and learning, long-term impacts of ESL literacy acquisition, and public information materials triat affect their use among program participants. An effort was made to provide culturally relevant instruction and then assess it for its wider Ilsta Curriculum decisions were made by the instructor in consultation with students, researchers, and an adv:.sory committee. Among the findings were that: (1) participation in the program was influenced by length of residence in Canada, family roles and support, knowledge of English, expectations for further education or work, and awareness of Canadian institutions; (2) uses of English and Punjabi literacy were differentiated according to social action domains; and (3) learning was affected by language code, self-control strategies, personal and social knowledge, and 5ociP1 experience. Appended are a list of the advisory committee and three Punjabi-English usage charts.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan's Principle Or Would Like to Submit a Request for Products, Services Or Supports Under Jordan's Principle
    Jordan’s Principle Ensuring First Nations children have access to the services they need Honouring Jordan River Anderson Every child deserves access to services like health care and educational supports. However, First Nations children have not always had access to the same services as other Canadian children. This is because different levels of government fund different services for First Nations children, which has led to disputes between governments about who should pay for which services. Jordan River Anderson was a First Nations child from Norway House Cree Nation in Manitoba. He was born in 1999 with multiple disabilities that required hospitalization from birth. When he was two years old, doctors determined that Jordan could receive home-based care. However, the federal and provincial governments could not agree on who was financially responsible for the necessary at-home care. The dispute continued for over two years. Jordan stayed in the hospital until he passed away in 2005. What is Jordan’s Principle? In 2007, the House of Commons passed a motion that created Jordan’s Principle, named in memory of Jordan. Jordan’s Principle holds that First Nations children must not be denied access to public services due to jurisdictional disputes about which government should pay for the service. It is a child-first principle wherein the government of first contact pays for the service and jurisdictional disputes are resolved later. Jordan’s Principle applies to all First Nations children who are under the age of majority and have an identified need for a service or support, regardless of their health, social status, or place of residence (on or off reserve).
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Fertility Decisions of Canadian Immigrant Households
    Differences in Fertility decisions of Canadian Immigrant Households Alicia Adsera Woodrow Wilson School and Office of Population Research, Princeton University and IZA (Bonn) [email protected] Ana Ferrer Department of Economics, University of Calgary [email protected] (Preliminary) Abstract We explore the fertility decisions of Canadian immigrants using the 20% sample of the Canadian Census of Population for the years 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006. Using women 16 to 45 years of age, we study the relevance of age at migration and family composition on fertility. We find a nonlinear relationship between age of migration and immigrant fertility - with those migrating in their late teens having the highest fertility rates when compared to the native born - and that family composition has a distinct influence among immigrants. We will further explore the interplay between age at migration, and the distance between native and destination language. We also investigate the intergenerational assimilation of immigrants. Using information on parental place of birth, we find that although second generation Canadians have, on average, similar fertility rates to those of the native born, there are large differences in fertility by place of origin of parents, with those of Asian descent having substantially lower fertility rates than those from Mexican, European and Middle East parentage. The paper will further test the disruption hypothesis which postulates an initial drop in the couples’ fertility around the time of migration and a fertility rebound later on. Differences in fertility decisions of Canadian Immigrant Households 1..Introduction Canada has received continuous flows of immigrants throughout its history, although the intensity of migration and the source countries have fluctuated over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating the Flow of Methamphetamine and Other Synthetic Drugs from Quebec, Canada
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: It Came from the North: Estimating the Flow of Methamphetamine and Other Synthetic Drugs From Quebec, Canada Author(s): David Farabee, Carlo Morselli, Sheldon Zhang Document No.: 248134 Date Received: September 2014 Award Number: 2010-IJ-CX-0020 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant report available electronically. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. It Came from the North: Estimating the Flow of Methamphetamine and Other Synthetic Drugs From Quebec, Canada FINAL REPORT NIJ Grant No. 2010 IJ CX 0020 March 31, 2014 David Farabee, University of California, Los Angeles Carlo Morselli, University of Montreal Sheldon Zhang, San Diego State University This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents I. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. 3 II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 4 II.1. THE RISING ROLE OF CANADA AS A GLOBAL SUPPLIER OF ILLICIT DRUGS .......................... 5 II.2. QUEBEC—A MAJOR METH PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION REGION IN NORTH AMERICA 6 III. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]