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Different Fates of Locusts in North America and East Asia

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Different Fates of Locusts in North America and East Asia Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 11179–11200, 2012 www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/9/11179/2012/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bgd-9-11179-2012 Discussions BGD © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 9, 11179–11200, 2012 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Biogeosciences (BG). Different fates of Please refer to the corresponding final paper in BG if available. locusts in North America and East Asia A probe into the different fates of locust G. Yu et al. swarms in the plains of North America and East Asia Title Page Abstract Introduction 1 2 3 1 G. Yu , D. Johnson , X. Ke , and Y. Li Conclusions References 1State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Tables Figures Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 2Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada 3Saskatchewan Ministry of the Economy, SK S7N 2X8, Canada J I Received: 31 March 2012 – Accepted: 3 August 2012 – Published: 20 August 2012 J I Correspondence to: G. Yu ([email protected]) Back Close Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 11179 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract BGD Locust swarms had periodically raged in both North American Plains (NAP) and East Asian Plains (EAP) before 1880 AD. After this period, the locust outbreaks almost never 9, 11179–11200, 2012 recurred in NAP but have continued to occur in EAP. Since large quantities of pesti- 5 cides were used in the major agriculture regions of NAP in the late 1870s; this has Different fates of been suggested as a possible major cause of the disappearing of locust outbreaks. locusts in North Extensive applications of more effective chemical pesticides were also used in the gra- America and East nary regions of EAP in the 1950s in an effort to kill the pests at a much higher intensity. Asia However, locust swarms came back again in many areas of China in the 1960s. There- 10 fore, NAP locust extinction still remains a puzzle. Frequent locust outbreaks in EAP G. Yu et al. over the past 130 yr may offer clues to probe key control elements in the disappearing of locust outbreaks in NAP. This paper analyzes the climate extremes and monthly temperature-precipitation Title Page combines of NAP and EAP, and found the differences in their frequencies of these Abstract Introduction 15 climate combines caused different locust fates in the two regions: restrained the locust outbreak in NAP but induced such events in EAP. Validation shows that severer EAP Conclusions References locust outbreak years were coincided with the climate extreme combines years. Thus Tables Figures we suggest that climate changes in frequency, extremes and trends can explain why the fate of the locust plague in EAP was different from that in NAP. The study also J I 20 points out that, under the present global warming, cautions should be taken to make sure the pest hazard being nipped in the-bud. J I Back Close 1 Introduction Full Screen / Esc To North Americans, locust plagues during the late 19th century are of historical in- terest only. Rocky Mountain locust, Melanopolus spretus, referred to as Caloptenus Printer-friendly Version 25 spretus in the reports of the time was a swarming species that periodically produced plague results in the NAP from at least 1800 AD (Riley et al., 1880; Riegert, 1977). Interactive Discussion 11180 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Typically between 1873 AD and 1877 AD the vast infestations from Canadian Prairies to Missouri devastated crops, starved herds of cattle, ruined state budgets, and drove BGD homesteaders from the land (Hudson Bay Company Archives, 1891; Criddle, 1920). In 9, 11179–11200, 2012 fact locust swarms were not only plagued in NAP but also in the EAP (Chen, 1935; Ma, 5 1958). The worst locust plague were concentrated in 1874–1878 AD, with records in history books describing the events as “locust swarms darkened the sky and cleared Different fates of off grain seedling in the drought summer” in 1876 AD in lower reaches of Yangtze River, locusts in North and “locust shadowed sunshine; people were starving to death and the bodies on the America and East roads” in 1875 and 1877 AD in lower reaches of Yellow River (Zhang, 2004). Asia 10 It is fascinating that locust plagues gradually disappeared and almost never recurred in NAP (Lockwood and DeBrey, 1990; Lockwood, 2004; Chapco and Litzenberger, G. Yu et al. 2004) while in EAP locust swarms have outbroken continuously to the 21st century (Chen, 2000; Wu et al., 2006). The locust outbreaks in western and eastern plains of Title Page the Pacific have shown very different outcomes (Fig. 1a). Since chemistry industry in 15 North America developed early, large quantities of pesticides were used in the major Abstract Introduction agriculture regions of NAP in the late 1870s, which has been suggested as a possible major cause of the disappearing of locust outbreaks (Lockwood, 2004). Comparatively, Conclusions References as chemistry industry developed much later in EAP than NAP, extensive applications Tables Figures of more effective chemical pesticide to kill the pest were conducted at higher inten- 20 sity in the granary region of China in EAP in the 1950s (Chen, 2000). However, locust J I swarms in many areas of China came back again in the 1960s (Ma, 1965; Wu et al., 1990). Thus we feel that the uneven treatment of the grassland regions with the ar- J I senic baits available at the time would be unlikely to drive the Rocky Mountain locust to Back Close extinction, although population densities and reproduction could be reduced. Frequent 25 outbreaks in the EAP over the past 130 yr offer an important evidence to probe key Full Screen / Esc control elements of the disappearing in the NAP. The major species caused the locust outbreaks in NAP was Melanopolus spre- Printer-friendly Version tus (Melanoplinae subfamily of Acrididae family) (Criddle, 1920; Lockwood, 2004), al- though non-swarming species of grasshoppers also exhibited extreme fluctuations in Interactive Discussion 11181 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | abundance and widespread damage to vegetation. The historically important locust species in EAP has been Locusta migratoria manilensis (Oedipodidae subfamily of BGD Acrididae family) (Ma, 1958; Zhang, 1999; Zhang and Kang, 2005). Although locusts in 9, 11179–11200, 2012 the two regions are from different subfamilies and may differ in endocrinological char- 5 acteristics related to locust development, both species are herbivorous insects with high rates of reproduction, swarming behavior, tendency to migrate long distances, Different fates of and severe cereal-devastation. There were at least 12.5 trillion insects with a total locusts in North weight of 27.5 million tons in 1874 AD (Garcia, 2000), covered an area of 250 million America and East acres (∼ 1.01 million km2) in the Central US, by entomologists record (Bomar, 2008); Asia 10 which is similar to a fact in EAP that the locust outbreak had a density of more then 2000 locustm−2 and covered an area of 1.07 million km2 in summer of 2001 AD (Huang G. Yu et al. and Zhu, 2001; Ren and Tang, 2007). These facts enable us to compare both in swarm density and endangering extent. In terms of the locust ecology and outbreak preconditions, climate strongly influ- Title Page 15 enced the onset and persistence of locust outbreaks, which severe cold winter would Abstract Introduction kill overwintering eggs, low temperature at growing seasons suppress the insect breed- ing and reproducing, and higher rainfall and wet condition in spring-summer halt the Conclusions References pest dispersing and migrating (Chen, 1935; Ma, 1958, 1965; Wu et al., 1990, 2006). Tables Figures Combined effects of climate conditions and the extremes may induce or restrain locust 20 outbreaks. Although it is generally believed that changes in pesticide use and land use J I triggered the demise of the Rocky Mountain locust in NAP (Lockwood, 2004), we feel that it is important to view such hypotheses within the background of climate variability J I and trends because of their suspected interactions and influence on locust outbreaks in Back Close EAP and NAP. Indeed, climates have changed significantly on both sides of the Pacific 25 over the past 130 yr, with extended cooling and warming trends (varying by regions) Full Screen / Esc and increasing in the frequency of extreme weather and climate (IPCC, 2007). Thus our study took two regions of NAP and EAP together to probe what differ- Printer-friendly Version ences of climate changes have lead to different endings of locust outbreaks during the past 130 yr, by the following approaches: (1) general climate conditions that are Interactive Discussion 11182 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | hypothesized, based on biology and previous studies, to be locust inducing (warm- dry) or restraining (cold-wet and warm-wet), which are summarized and examined for BGD matches with historical locust outbreak years; (2) restraining combinations of unfa- 9, 11179–11200, 2012 vorable climate conditions that likely impacted locust outbreaks biologically and eco- 5 logically during the past 130 yr are hypothesized as contributing to locust population decline; and (3) the histories and trends of locust hazards in North America and East Different fates of Asia are compared with regard to the timing of locust decline and extinction in North locusts in North America and continued periodic locust population eruptions in China. America and East Asia 2 Data and methods G. Yu et al.
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