Comparative Study of Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
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Review of Market for Octane Enhancers
May 2000 • NREL/SR-580-28193 Review of Market for Octane Enhancers Final Report J.E. Sinor Consultants, Inc. Niwot, Colorado National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 May 2000 • NREL/SR-580-28193 Review of Market for Octane Enhancers Final Report J.E. Sinor Consultants, Inc. Niwot, Colorado NREL Technical Monitor: K. Ibsen Prepared under Subcontract No. TXE-0-29113-01 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.doe.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. -
Formation of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules from Aromatic Compounds
Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from aromatic compounds. Ugo Molteni1, Federico Bianchi1-2, Felix Klein1, Imad El Haddad1, Carla Frege1, Michel J. Rossi1, Josef Dommen1, Urs Baltensperger1,* 5 1Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland 2Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Correspondence to: Urs Baltensperger ([email protected]) Abstract 10 Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOC) often dominate the urban atmosphere and consist to a large degree of aromatic hydrocarbons (ArHC), such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes, e.g. from handling and combustion of fuels. These compounds are important precursors for the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Despite their recognized importance as atmospheric reactants, the formation of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in the gas phase leading to (extremely) low volatility compounds has not been studied in the past. Here we show that oxidation of 15 aromatics with OH leads to a subsequent autoxidation chain reaction forming HOMs with an O:C ratio of up to 1.09. This is exemplified for five single-ring ArHC (benzene, toluene, o-/m-/p-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) and ethylbenzene), as well as two conjugated polycyclic ArHC (naphthalene and biphenyl). We present the identified compounds, differences in the observed oxidation patterns and discuss mechanistic pathways. We report the elemental composition of the HOMs and show the differences in the oxidation patterns of these ArHCs. A potential pathway for the 20 formation of these HOMs from aromatics is presented and discussed. We hypothesize that AVOC may contribute substantially to new particle formation events that have been detected in urban areas. -
11.8 Aromatic Compounds Aromatic Compounds Naming Aromatic
11.8 Aromatic Compounds In 1825, Michael Faraday isolated a hydrocarbon called benzene, which consists of a six-carbon ring with alternating double bonds and has the molecular formula C6H6. Learning Goal Describe the bonding in benzene; name aromatic compounds, and draw their skeletal formulas. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Aromatic Compounds Benzene is • an aromatic compound • a ring of six C atoms, each bonded to one H atom • a flat ring structure drawn with three alternating double bonds • represented by two structures because the electrons are shared equally among all the C atoms • represented by a skeletal formula using a circle in the center instead of the alternating double bonds Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Aromatic Compounds Aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring and a single substituent are named as benzene derivatives. Since the ring contains only one substituent, the ring is not numbered. Some common names such as toluene, aniline, and phenol are allowed by IUPAC rules. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Naming Aromatic Compounds When there are two or more substituents, the benzene ring is numbered to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Aromatic Compounds When a common name such as toluene, phenol, or aniline can be used, • the carbon atom attached to the methyl, hydroxyl, or amine group is numbered as carbon 1 • the other substituents are named alphabetically Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. -
Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Divinylbenzene by Solid Polymeric Oxo Acids
Polymer Journal, Vol. 13, No.9, pp 915-917 (1981) NOTE Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Divinylbenzene by Solid Polymeric Oxo Acids Hiroshi HASEGAWA and Toshinobu HIGASHIMURA Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan. (Received February 28, 1981) KEY WORDS Solid Polymeric Oxo Acid I Alkylation I Bis(l-arylethyl)- benzene I Nafion-H I Amberlyst 151 Divinylbenzene I Aromatic Hydrocar bons I In our recent papers on the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with styrene (eq 1),u we have shown that solid polymeric oxo acids as catalysts can bring about higher yields of 1-phenyl-1-arylethane (I) than the corresponding soluble oxo acids [e.g., poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (Amberlyst 15) vs. p CH3C6H4S03H; perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid (Nafion-H) vs. CF S0 H]. In view of the easy 3 3 yH3 yH3 separation of the product from the catalyst, the use (2) of these effective polymeric oxo acids should be H H industrially more advantageous than homogeneous (II) processes using soluble acidic catalysts. H H EXPERIMENTAL ) CH3-t-Ar + ift' CH2© ) Aromatic Hydrocarbons © Materials (I) (1) The DVB used in most experiments was an isomeric mixture (m-DVB/p-DVB = 70/30, purity;::: This article deals with the alkylation of aromatic 98%) separated from a commercial mixture of hydrocarbons (toluene and m-xylene) with divinyl DVB (60%) and ethylvinylbenzene (40%) by benzene (DVB) catalyzed by solid polymeric oxo preparative liquid chromatography.5 p-DVB and m acids (Nafion-H and Amberlyst 15). If the two vinyl DVB were isolated from the commercial mixture by groups in DVB, as in the case of styrene, react the method of Storey et a/. -
&EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Toluene
United States Cffice of Water EPA 440/5-80-075 Environmental Protection Regula.ions and Standards O,:tober 1980 Agency Criteria and Standards Division Washington DC 20480 c.). & EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Toluene tz r AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR TOLUENE Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, D.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. El~TAL l'R~e1'!tjf A~ ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(1) of the Clear Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to publish criteria for water quality accurately reflecting the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a) (1) of the Cl ean Water Act were deve loped and a notice of thei r availability was published for public comment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October 1, 1979 (44 FR 56628). -
Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes in an Alkane, All Covalent Bonds
Introduction to Alkenes and Alkynes In an alkane, all covalent bonds between carbon were σ (σ bonds are defined as bonds where the electron density is symmetric about the internuclear axis) In an alkene, however, only three σ bonds are formed from the alkene carbon -the carbon thus adopts an sp2 hybridization Ethene (common name ethylene) has a molecular formula of CH2CH2 Each carbon is sp2 hybridized with a σ bond to two hydrogens and the other carbon Hybridized orbital allows stronger bonds due to more overlap H H C C H H Structure of Ethylene In addition to the σ framework of ethylene, each carbon has an atomic p orbital not used in hybridization The two p orbitals (each with one electron) overlap to form a π bond (p bonds are not symmetric about the internuclear axis) π bonds are not as strong as σ bonds (in ethylene, the σ bond is ~90 Kcal/mol and the π bond is ~66 Kcal/mol) Thus while σ bonds are stable and very few reactions occur with C-C bonds, π bonds are much more reactive and many reactions occur with C=C π bonds Nomenclature of Alkenes August Wilhelm Hofmann’s attempt for systematic hydrocarbon nomenclature (1866) Attempted to use a systematic name by naming all possible structures with 4 carbons Quartane a alkane C4H10 Quartyl C4H9 Quartene e alkene C4H8 Quartenyl C4H7 Quartine i alkine → alkyne C4H6 Quartinyl C4H5 Quartone o C4H4 Quartonyl C4H3 Quartune u C4H2 Quartunyl C4H1 Wanted to use Quart from the Latin for 4 – this method was not embraced and BUT has remained Used English order of vowels, however, to name the groups -
Question of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium Oxalate Is a Widespread Toxin Found in Many Species of Plants
Question Of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium oxalate is a widespread toxin found in many species of plants. What is the needle shaped crystal containing calcium oxalate called and what is the compilation of these structures known as? Answer: The needle shaped plant-based crystals containing calcium oxalate are known as raphides. A compilation of raphides forms the structure known as an idioblast. (Lim CS et al. Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms. 2016 Disease-a-Month 62(3):37-66) Friday, December 2, 2016 Question: Which oral chelating agent has been reported to cause transient increases in plasma ALT activity in some patients as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions? Answer: Orally administered dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been reported to cause transient increases in ALT activity as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions. (Bradberry S et al. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. 2009 Q J Med 102:721-732) Thursday, December 1, 2016 Question: What is Clioquinol and why was it withdrawn from the market during the 1970s? Answer: According to the cited reference, “Between the 1950s and 1970s Clioquinol was used to treat and prevent intestinal parasitic disease [intestinal amebiasis].” “In the early 1970s Clioquinol was withdrawn from the market as an oral agent due to an association with sub-acute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japanese patients. SMON is a syndrome that involves sensory and motor disturbances in the lower limbs as well as visual changes that are due to symmetrical demyelination of the lateral and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord, optic nerve, and peripheral nerves. -
MO STUDIES of SOME NONBENZENOID AROMATIC SYSTEMS Electrons
MO STUDIESOFSOME NONBENZENOID AROMATIC SYSTEMS MIcL J. S. DEWAR Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA ABSTRACT A new version of(MINDO/3) of the MINDO semiempirical SCF MO method has been developed which seems to avoid the serious defects of earlier treat- ments. Very extensive tests show that it gives results at least comparable with those of the best ab initio SCF procedures at one-hundred-thousandth of the cost. Calculations are reported for the benzynes, for various cyclic polymethines, including (CH), (CH)3, (CH), (CH)4, (CH), (CH)5, (CH), (CI{), and (CH)18, for azulene and pentalene, for the cycloheptatriene—norcaradiene equilibrium, for spironoatetraene, for silabenzene, for a variety of poly- azines and polyazoles, and for various aromatic and potentially aromatic sulphur-containing compounds. INTRODUCTION While theoretical organic chemistry has long been based on the results of quantum mechanical treatments, in particular simplified versions of the molecular orbital (MO) method, these until recently have been too inaccurate to give results of more than qualitative significance. Many problems have therefore remained outside the scope of current theory since their solution depended on quantitative estimates of the relative energies of atoms and molecules. Recently it has become possible to carry out such quantitative calculations and the results are already proving of major chemical interest in a number of areas. The purpose of this lecture is to report some preliminary studies of this kind of various aromatic systems and problems connected with them. There is of course no question of obtaining accurate solutions of the Schrodinger equation for molecules large enough to be of chemical interest. -
Hydrocarbon Compounds 22
05_Chem_GRSW_Ch22.SE/TE 6/11/04 3:52 PM Page 237 Name ___________________________ Date ___________________ Class __________________ HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS 22 SECTION 22.1 HYDROCARBONS (pages 693–701) This section describes the bonding in hydrocarbons and distinguishes straight-chain from branched-chain alkanes. It also provides rules for naming branch-chained alkanes. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons (pages 693–694) 1. What is organic chemistry? It__________________________________________________ is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. 2. Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called ______________________hydrocarbons . 3. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen atoms are the only atoms that can bond to the carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon. ______________________false 4. Circle the letter of each statement that is true about carbon’s ability to form bonds. a. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. b. Carbon atoms always form three covalent bonds. c. Carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other carbon atoms. Alkanes (pages 694–699) 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Alkanes contain only single covalent bonds. ______________________true 6. What is the simplest alkane? ______________________methane 7. What are straight-chain alkanes?They ______________________________________________ contain any number of carbon atoms, one after another, in a chain. 8. The names of all alkanes end with the suffix ______________________-ane . Match the name of the straight-chain alkane with the number of carbon atoms it contains. _______d 9. nonane a. 3 _______a 10. propane b. 4 c _______ 11. heptane c. 7 © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. _______b 12. butane d. 9 13. The straight-chain alkanes form a(n) ______________________________homologous series because there is an incremental change of a CH2 group from one compound in the series to the next. -
Ep 0825173 A1
Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeeneen des brevets £P 0 825 1 73 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) intci.6: C07C 67/317, C07C 69/76, 25.02.1998 Bulletin 1998/09 C07C 45/65, C07C 49/76, C07C 51/377, C07C 63/68, (21) Application number: 97306226.8 C07C 231/12, C07C 253/30 (22) Date of filing: 15.08.1997 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AT BE CH DE DK ES Fl FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC • Rayle, Heather Lynnette NL PT SE North Wales, Pennsylvania 19454 (US) Designated Extension States: • Stephens, Randell Wayne AL LT LV RO SI Perkasie, Pennsylvania 18944 (US) (30) Priority: 22.08.1996 US 24398 (74) Representative: Tanner, James Percival et al 16.06.1997 US ROHM AND HAAS (UK) LTD. European Operations Patent Department (71) Applicant: ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY Lennig House Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-2399 (US) 2 Mason's Avenue Croydon CR9 3NB (GB) (54) Method for preparing aromatic compounds (57) A method for synthesizing aromatic com- substantially pure halogenated compounds from mix- pounds by selectively dehalogenating aromatic starting tures of starting materials. The method uses a copper materials is provided. Compounds may be prepared containing dehalogenation agent and an acid with the which are substituted with fluoro, chloro or bromo. The dehalogenation being controlled by a substituent such method may be used to remove halogen atoms from as a carboxylic acid, amide, ester, aldehyde, ketone or sites at which halogenation is not desired, and to form cyano on the aromatic ring. -
Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977–2014
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977–2014 Tapani Tuomi *, Henna Veijalainen and Tiina Santonen Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Topeliuksenkatu 41 B, P.O. Box 40, Työterveyslaitos, FI-00032 Helsinki, Finland; henna.veijalainen@ttl.fi (H.V.); tiina.santonen@ttl.fi (T.S.) * Correspondence: tapani.tuomi@ttl.fi; Tel.: +358-9-4747-2926 Received: 15 December 2017; Accepted: 18 January 2018; Published: 24 January 2018 Abstract: Air concentrations of and inhalation exposure to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene was monitored separately at two oil refineries from 1977 to 2014. Prevention policies and control measures that may explain changes were surveyed. The aim was to evaluate how the application of of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series OHSAS 18001.04 principles as well as Environmental protection Agency EPA and European Oil Company Organisation for Environment, Health and Safety CONCAWE practices have influenced air concentrations. Benzene air concentrations declined in 11 of 17 units, six of which were associated with declining exposures. Benzene air concentrations declined across all units on average by 46%. This amounts to an average yearly decline of 1.7%. TPH air concentrations declined in 10 of 17 units, seven of which were associated with declining exposures. The average decline in TPH air concentrations was 49%, corresponding to 1.3% per year. As a result, average working day exposure in 10 of 17 units have declined significantly and today, benzene and TPH exposure in most units are well below 10% of the current Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL8h:s). -
25WORDS ETHYLENE Ethylene, C2H4 ,Is an Unsaturated
25WORDS ETHYLENE Ethylene, C2H4 ,is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is used in industrial plants and sometimes as a hormone in an average medicine cabinet. It also is the most globally produced organic compound in the world. Ethylene, C2H4, is a hydrocarbon gas that is widely used in the world's industry for purposes like ripening fruit, making detergents, and for making soda. It is also highly flammable and colorless. Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, composed of four hydrogen atoms bound to a pair of carbon atoms by means of a double bond. Ethylene has a molar mass of 28.05 g/mol Ethylene is the simplest member of the class called alkenes. It is a colorless, quite sweet- smelling gas. This gas is very reactive and burns with a very bright flame. ethylene (C2H4); Ethylene is known as the simplest alkene and an important hormone in organic chemistry. Over 80% of ethylene is used as a main component of polyethylene and to ripen fruit faster. Ethylene, C2H4, is a colorless gas that can be used as an inhalation anesthetic. This gas is also commonly used to keep fruit ripe as well as to cut and wield metals. Ethylene, C2H4, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It is used in anesthetic agents and in detergents. It is the most widely produced organic compound in the world. Ethylene (C2H4): Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that is used in the production of polyethylene, a widely used plastic. It can be modified to become ethylene glycol (an antifreeze) and ethylene dichloride (used in creating polyvinyl chloride Ethlyene; Ethylene, C2H4, is a colorless, odorless gas that can be produced in nature as well as man-made processes.