DOCSLIB.ORG

Ep 0755371 B1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ep 0755371 B1 Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeenpeen des brevets EP 0 755 371 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) intci.6: C07C 37/60, C07C 39/04 of the grant of the patent: 04.08.1999 Bulletin 1999/31 (86) International application number: PCT/RU95/00066 (21) Application number: 95916877.4 (87) International publication number: (22) Date of filing: 12.04.1995 WO 95/27691 (19.10.1995 Gazette 1995/45) (54) METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF PHENOL AND ITS DERIVATIVES VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON PHENOL UND SEINEN DERIVATEN PROCEDE DE PRODUCTION DE PHENOL ET DE SES DERIVES (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: Colens, Alain et al AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL c/o Bureau Colens SPRL PT SE rue Frans Merjay 21 Designated Extension States: 1050 Bruxelles (BE) LTSI (56) References cited: (30) Priority: 12.04.1994 RU 94013070 US-A- 5 001 280 US-A- 5 055 623 US-A-5 110 995 (43) Date of publication of application: 29.01.1997 Bulletin 1997/05 • CHEMISTRY LETTERS, no. 6, June 1988 TOKYO, JP, pages 953-956, E. SUZUKI, ET AL.: (73) Proprietor: Solutia Inc. 'Hydroxylation of benzene with dinitrogen St. Louis, Missouri 63166-6760 (US) monoxide over H-ZSM-5 zeolite' cited in the application (72) Inventors: • APPLIED CATALYSIS A: GENERAL, vol. 86, no. • PANOV, Gennady Ivanovich 2, 1992 AMSTERDAM, NL, pages 139-146, R. Novosibirsk, 630090 (RU) BURCH, ET AL.: 'Direct partial oxidation of • KHARITONOV, Alexandr Sergeevich benzene to phenol on zeolite catalysts' cited in Novosibirsk, 630090 (RU) the application • SHEVELEVA, Galina Anatolievna Novosibirsk, 630060 (RU) DO CO io Is- Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice the Patent Office of the Notice of shall be filed in o to European opposition to European patent granted. opposition a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. a. 99(1) European Patent Convention). LU Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 0 755 371 B1 Description [0001] Disclosed herein is a method for the production of phenol and its derivatives by partial oxidation of benzene or a benzene derivative by nitrous oxide. 5 [0002] The production of phenol by partial oxidation of benzene using nitrous oxide over a variety of catalysts ranging from vanadium pentoxide on silica to zeolites, e.g. ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite catalysts, at elevated temperatures, e. g. 300 to 450°C, has been disclosed. In this reaction benzene is partially oxidized by an excess amount of nitrous oxide producing phenol and by-product nitrogen. See, for instance, Suzuki et al., 1 988 Chemistry Letters of the Chem- istry Society of Japan at pages 953-956. In United States Patent 5,001 ,280 Gubelmann et al. discloses the advantage 10 of oxidizing benzene with nitrous oxide at 400 °C using a zeolite catalyst having a silica to alumina ratio greater than 90. [0003] In United States Patent 5,110,995 Kharitonov et al. disclose that changes in the molar ratio of benzene to nitrous oxide does not substantially affect the yields of phenol but declare a preference for a reaction mixture of stoi- chiometric composition. Although benzene derivatives can also be oxidized by nitrous oxide to provide the correspond- ing phenol derivative, phenol is the most important commodity chemical in the class with uses in the manufacture of is phenolic resins and the synthesis of chemicals such as caprolactam and adipic acid. [0004] The partial oxidation of benzene or a benzene derivative by nitrous oxide to phenol or a phenol derivative is highly exothermic. The liberation of significant quantities of heat, i.e. about 62 kilocalories per mole of phenol produced, leads to overheating of the catalyst resulting in lowering of reaction selectivity due to intensification of side reactions. Overheating can also diminish catalyst life. 20 [0005] Various approaches for avoiding overheating only make the process more complex. For instance, the reaction can be conducted in a tubular reactor with heat extracted by a circulating heat transfer fluid in an intertubular space. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out in a fluid bed reactor equipped with internal heat exchangers. As the reaction becomes more exothermic, e.g. due to higher conversion, more complex equipment is required to remove the generated heat of reaction. For instance, in some cases the heat capacity of the reaction mixture is increased by 25 introducing a high heat capacity component to reduce the level of adiabatic temperature increase. [0006] Despite its simplicity, the use of high heat capacity components is rare because of requirements for such an additive component are very stringent. For example, in addition to having a high heat capacity, the component must also be inert under reaction conditions, must not poison the catalyst and must be easily separable from the reaction products. In the case of the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde, Boreskov in Russian Pateny 804628 has suggested 30 adding saturated hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane to the reaction mixture to absorb heat. [0007] To avoid overheating in laboratory practice, the catalyst is usually placed in a tubular reactor of small diameter or diluted with quartz chips. The reaction is also often reported as being conducted using a small concentration of the starting materials. For instance, Burch et al. in Applied Catalysis A: General, 86 (1 992)1 39-1 46, indicate that the optimal reaction mixture contains about 4 mole percent of benzene and a large excess of nitrous oxide. And, Gubelmann et 35 al. discloses in United States Patent 5,055,623 a reaction process using excess nitrous oxide where the reaction mixture has a molar ratio of nitrous oxide to benzene ranging from as 1 to 10. Among the drawbacks of these prior art reaction systems are overheating of the catalyst, low reactor capacity, low conversion of nitrous oxide and the gener- ation of undesirable amounts of oxidized byproducts such as hydroquinone resulting in a less than optimal selectivity towards the desired phenol product. 40 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The present invention provides a simplified process for the catalytic partial oxidation of benzene or substituted benzene to the corresponding phenol with a multitude of advantages by employing a benzene and nitrous oxide feed 45 stream that is rich in excess of the benzene reactant, i.e. has a molar deficiency of nitrous oxide. For instance, the process of this invention can allow for lower temperature rise of the reaction mixture due to adiabatic operation. The process of this invention can provide a higher selectivity in the desired oxidized product, e.g. phenol. The process of this invention can produce a reaction gas stream having a higher concentration of phenol. The process of this invention can provide a higher conversion of nitrous oxide. The process of this invention can provide for substantially higher so catalyst production efficiency. And, the process of this invention can allow for operation using a non-explosive gas mixture. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 55 [0009] In the catalytic oxidation process of this invention, aromatic compounds, e.g. benzene or substituted benzene, is partially oxidized to the corresponding phenol or substituted phenol by reaction with nitrous oxide over a catalyst. The process can be conducted at elevated temperature, e.g. 250 to 500°C or higher, e.g. up to at least 600°C using a molar excess of the aromatic compound to be oxidized. For example, contrary to prior art practice, a reactant feed 2 EP 0 755 371 B1 mixture according to this invention would have a molar deficiency of nitrous oxide, i.e. a molar ratio of nitrous oxide to aromatic compound less than 1, e.g. in the range of 0.95 to 0.01 or lower. In preferred aspects of this invention, the molar ratio of nitrous oxide to aromatic compound is less than 0.5. In the case of oxidation of benzene to phenol a preferred molar ratio of nitrous oxide to benzene is in the range of 0.9 to 0.01, often more preferably in the range of 5 0.1 to 0.01. [0010] The prior art identifies a variety of catalysts that are useful in the partial oxidation of benzene, e.g. vanadium pentoxide on silica and acidified zeolites. For many applications, ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite catalysts containing a catalytically effective amount of iron have significant advantages over other catalysts. Preferred catalysts are acidified ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite containing iron. The productivity of the process can be enhanced by using a zeolite that 10 has been hydrothermally treated, e.g. exposed to up to 1 00% water vapor in air at about 500 to 900 °C for about 2 hours. [0011] A major distinction of the process of this invention is that the reaction is carried out with a molar deficiency of the nitrous oxide. In addition to vaporized aromatic compound and nitrous oxide the reactant gas feed to the catalyst can contain a variety of other gases as diluents or contaminants. Diluents typically will not adversely effect the desired reaction to produce the oxidized aromatic product, e.g. phenol, and typically comprise helium, argon, nitrogen, carbon is dioxide or other such gases or mixtures thereof. Contaminants are characterized as species that adversely effect the desired reaction to produce the oxidized aromatic product whether by participating in a competing reaction or poisoning of the catalyst. The amount of contaminants is preferably very low, but in view of the practical difficulty of providing pure gases in industrial applications, certain low levels of contaminants can be tolerated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review of Market for Octane Enhancers
    May 2000 • NREL/SR-580-28193 Review of Market for Octane Enhancers Final Report J.E. Sinor Consultants, Inc. Niwot, Colorado National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 May 2000 • NREL/SR-580-28193 Review of Market for Octane Enhancers Final Report J.E. Sinor Consultants, Inc. Niwot, Colorado NREL Technical Monitor: K. Ibsen Prepared under Subcontract No. TXE-0-29113-01 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.doe.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules from Aromatic Compounds
    Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from aromatic compounds. Ugo Molteni1, Federico Bianchi1-2, Felix Klein1, Imad El Haddad1, Carla Frege1, Michel J. Rossi1, Josef Dommen1, Urs Baltensperger1,* 5 1Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland 2Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Correspondence to: Urs Baltensperger ([email protected]) Abstract 10 Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOC) often dominate the urban atmosphere and consist to a large degree of aromatic hydrocarbons (ArHC), such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, and trimethylbenzenes, e.g. from handling and combustion of fuels. These compounds are important precursors for the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Despite their recognized importance as atmospheric reactants, the formation of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) in the gas phase leading to (extremely) low volatility compounds has not been studied in the past. Here we show that oxidation of 15 aromatics with OH leads to a subsequent autoxidation chain reaction forming HOMs with an O:C ratio of up to 1.09. This is exemplified for five single-ring ArHC (benzene, toluene, o-/m-/p-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) and ethylbenzene), as well as two conjugated polycyclic ArHC (naphthalene and biphenyl). We present the identified compounds, differences in the observed oxidation patterns and discuss mechanistic pathways. We report the elemental composition of the HOMs and show the differences in the oxidation patterns of these ArHCs. A potential pathway for the 20 formation of these HOMs from aromatics is presented and discussed. We hypothesize that AVOC may contribute substantially to new particle formation events that have been detected in urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 11.8 Aromatic Compounds Aromatic Compounds Naming Aromatic
    11.8 Aromatic Compounds In 1825, Michael Faraday isolated a hydrocarbon called benzene, which consists of a six-carbon ring with alternating double bonds and has the molecular formula C6H6. Learning Goal Describe the bonding in benzene; name aromatic compounds, and draw their skeletal formulas. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Aromatic Compounds Benzene is • an aromatic compound • a ring of six C atoms, each bonded to one H atom • a flat ring structure drawn with three alternating double bonds • represented by two structures because the electrons are shared equally among all the C atoms • represented by a skeletal formula using a circle in the center instead of the alternating double bonds Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Aromatic Compounds Aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring and a single substituent are named as benzene derivatives. Since the ring contains only one substituent, the ring is not numbered. Some common names such as toluene, aniline, and phenol are allowed by IUPAC rules. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Naming Aromatic Compounds When there are two or more substituents, the benzene ring is numbered to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Naming Aromatic Compounds When a common name such as toluene, phenol, or aniline can be used, • the carbon atom attached to the methyl, hydroxyl, or amine group is numbered as carbon 1 • the other substituents are named alphabetically Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Twelfth Edition © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Divinylbenzene by Solid Polymeric Oxo Acids
    Polymer Journal, Vol. 13, No.9, pp 915-917 (1981) NOTE Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Divinylbenzene by Solid Polymeric Oxo Acids Hiroshi HASEGAWA and Toshinobu HIGASHIMURA Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan. (Received February 28, 1981) KEY WORDS Solid Polymeric Oxo Acid I Alkylation I Bis(l-arylethyl)- benzene I Nafion-H I Amberlyst 151 Divinylbenzene I Aromatic Hydrocar­ bons I In our recent papers on the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with styrene (eq 1),u we have shown that solid polymeric oxo acids as catalysts can bring about higher yields of 1-phenyl-1-arylethane (I) than the corresponding soluble oxo acids [e.g., poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (Amberlyst 15) vs. p­ CH3C6H4S03H; perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid (Nafion-H) vs. CF S0 H]. In view of the easy 3 3 yH3 yH3 separation of the product from the catalyst, the use (2) of these effective polymeric oxo acids should be H H industrially more advantageous than homogeneous (II) processes using soluble acidic catalysts. H H EXPERIMENTAL ) CH3-t-Ar + ift' CH2© ) Aromatic Hydrocarbons © Materials (I) (1) The DVB used in most experiments was an isomeric mixture (m-DVB/p-DVB = 70/30, purity;::: This article deals with the alkylation of aromatic 98%) separated from a commercial mixture of hydrocarbons (toluene and m-xylene) with divinyl­ DVB (60%) and ethylvinylbenzene (40%) by benzene (DVB) catalyzed by solid polymeric oxo preparative liquid chromatography.5 p-DVB and m­ acids (Nafion-H and Amberlyst 15). If the two vinyl DVB were isolated from the commercial mixture by groups in DVB, as in the case of styrene, react the method of Storey et a/.
    [Show full text]
  • Question of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium Oxalate Is a Widespread Toxin Found in Many Species of Plants
    Question Of the Day Archives: Monday, December 5, 2016 Question: Calcium oxalate is a widespread toxin found in many species of plants. What is the needle shaped crystal containing calcium oxalate called and what is the compilation of these structures known as? Answer: The needle shaped plant-based crystals containing calcium oxalate are known as raphides. A compilation of raphides forms the structure known as an idioblast. (Lim CS et al. Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms. 2016 Disease-a-Month 62(3):37-66) Friday, December 2, 2016 Question: Which oral chelating agent has been reported to cause transient increases in plasma ALT activity in some patients as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions? Answer: Orally administered dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been reported to cause transient increases in ALT activity as well as rare instances of mucocutaneous skin reactions. (Bradberry S et al. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. 2009 Q J Med 102:721-732) Thursday, December 1, 2016 Question: What is Clioquinol and why was it withdrawn from the market during the 1970s? Answer: According to the cited reference, “Between the 1950s and 1970s Clioquinol was used to treat and prevent intestinal parasitic disease [intestinal amebiasis].” “In the early 1970s Clioquinol was withdrawn from the market as an oral agent due to an association with sub-acute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japanese patients. SMON is a syndrome that involves sensory and motor disturbances in the lower limbs as well as visual changes that are due to symmetrical demyelination of the lateral and posterior funiculi of the spinal cord, optic nerve, and peripheral nerves.
    [Show full text]
  • MO STUDIES of SOME NONBENZENOID AROMATIC SYSTEMS Electrons
    MO STUDIESOFSOME NONBENZENOID AROMATIC SYSTEMS MIcL J. S. DEWAR Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA ABSTRACT A new version of(MINDO/3) of the MINDO semiempirical SCF MO method has been developed which seems to avoid the serious defects of earlier treat- ments. Very extensive tests show that it gives results at least comparable with those of the best ab initio SCF procedures at one-hundred-thousandth of the cost. Calculations are reported for the benzynes, for various cyclic polymethines, including (CH), (CH)3, (CH), (CH)4, (CH), (CH)5, (CH), (CI{), and (CH)18, for azulene and pentalene, for the cycloheptatriene—norcaradiene equilibrium, for spironoatetraene, for silabenzene, for a variety of poly- azines and polyazoles, and for various aromatic and potentially aromatic sulphur-containing compounds. INTRODUCTION While theoretical organic chemistry has long been based on the results of quantum mechanical treatments, in particular simplified versions of the molecular orbital (MO) method, these until recently have been too inaccurate to give results of more than qualitative significance. Many problems have therefore remained outside the scope of current theory since their solution depended on quantitative estimates of the relative energies of atoms and molecules. Recently it has become possible to carry out such quantitative calculations and the results are already proving of major chemical interest in a number of areas. The purpose of this lecture is to report some preliminary studies of this kind of various aromatic systems and problems connected with them. There is of course no question of obtaining accurate solutions of the Schrodinger equation for molecules large enough to be of chemical interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Ep 0825173 A1
    Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeeneen des brevets £P 0 825 1 73 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) intci.6: C07C 67/317, C07C 69/76, 25.02.1998 Bulletin 1998/09 C07C 45/65, C07C 49/76, C07C 51/377, C07C 63/68, (21) Application number: 97306226.8 C07C 231/12, C07C 253/30 (22) Date of filing: 15.08.1997 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AT BE CH DE DK ES Fl FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC • Rayle, Heather Lynnette NL PT SE North Wales, Pennsylvania 19454 (US) Designated Extension States: • Stephens, Randell Wayne AL LT LV RO SI Perkasie, Pennsylvania 18944 (US) (30) Priority: 22.08.1996 US 24398 (74) Representative: Tanner, James Percival et al 16.06.1997 US ROHM AND HAAS (UK) LTD. European Operations Patent Department (71) Applicant: ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY Lennig House Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-2399 (US) 2 Mason's Avenue Croydon CR9 3NB (GB) (54) Method for preparing aromatic compounds (57) A method for synthesizing aromatic com- substantially pure halogenated compounds from mix- pounds by selectively dehalogenating aromatic starting tures of starting materials. The method uses a copper materials is provided. Compounds may be prepared containing dehalogenation agent and an acid with the which are substituted with fluoro, chloro or bromo. The dehalogenation being controlled by a substituent such method may be used to remove halogen atoms from as a carboxylic acid, amide, ester, aldehyde, ketone or sites at which halogenation is not desired, and to form cyano on the aromatic ring.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive NO-Dependent Study of the Products of the Oxidation of Atmospherically Relevant Aromatic Compounds Adam W
    ARTICLE pubs.acs.org/JPCA Comprehensive NO-Dependent Study of the Products of the Oxidation of Atmospherically Relevant Aromatic Compounds Adam W. Birdsall and Matthew J. Elrod* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, 44074 bS Supporting Information ABSTRACT: A comprehensive product study, performed via the turbulent flow chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TF- CIMS) technique, of the primary OH-initiated oxidation of many of the atmospherically abundant aromatic compounds was performed. The bicyclic peroxy radical intermediate, a key proposed intermediate species in the Master Chemical Mechan- ism (MCM) for the atmospheric oxidation of aromatics, was detected in all cases, as were stable bicyclic species. The NO þ product yield dependences suggest a potential role for bicyclic peroxy radical HO2 reactions at high HO2/NO ratios, which are postulated to be a possible source of the inconsistencies between previous environmental chamber results and predictions from the MCM for ozone production and OH reactivity. The TF-CIMS product yield results are also compared to previous environment chamber results and to the latest MCM parametrization. ’ INTRODUCTION In previous work, we investigated the products of the primary fl Aromatic compounds play a key role in urban air pollution OH-initiated oxidation of toluene using the turbulent ow events. These largely anthropogenic compounds can comprise as chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TF-CIMS) technique under different oxygen, NO, and initial OH radical concentra- much as 40% of the total nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) 6 content of the atmosphere in urban areas1 and are known to tions as well as a range of total pressures. The bicyclic peroxy efficiently lead to the formation of both tropospheric ozone and radical intermediate, a key proposed intermediate species in the 2,3 MCM for the atmospheric oxidation of toluene, was detected for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing of Meteoritic Organic Materials As a Possible Analog of Early Molecular Evolution in Planetary Environments
    Processing of meteoritic organic materials as a possible analog of early molecular evolution in planetary environments Sandra Pizzarelloa,1, Stephen K. Davidowskia, Gregory P. Hollanda, and Lynda B. Williamsb aDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604; and bSchool of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404 Edited* by Jonathan I. Lunine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved August 2, 2013 (received for review May 14, 2013) The composition of the Sutter’s Mill meteorite insoluble organic hydrocarbons; several of these have identical counterparts in the material was studied both in toto by solid-state NMR spectroscopy terrestrial biosphere and have been extensively studied and of the powders and by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry reviewed (2). The IOM represents the larger portion of CC or- analyses of compounds released upon their hydrothermal treat- ganic carbon, up to 99%, and is not known in molecular detail. It ment. Results were compared with those obtained for other mete- is often referred to as kerogen-like because, like kerogen, it is orites of diverse classifications (Murray, GRA 95229, Murchison, insoluble and isolated after dissolution of free compounds and Orgueil, and Tagish Lake) and found to be so far unique in regard minerals by repeated washes with strong acids (4). The IOM bulk to the molecular species released. These include, in addition to O- composition can be only inferred from spectroscopy, e.g., NMR containing aromatic compounds, complex polyether- and ester- and infrared, or decomposition studies, which have suggested containing alkyl molecules of prebiotic appeal and never detected a complex macromolecular structure with both aromatic and in meteorites before.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosynthesis of Psilocybin
    Biosynthesis of Psilocybin Part II*, Incorporation of Labelled Tryptamine Derivatives by Stig Agurell and J. Lars G. Nilsson Departments of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry, Royal Pharmaceutical Institute, Kungstensgatan 49, Stockholm Va, Sweden original report: http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/psilocybin.biosynthesis-2.pdf backup source: http://www.psilosophy.info/resources/psilocybin.biosynthesis-2.pdf * Part I. Ref. 5. The biosynthesis of psilocybin has been investigated by feeding labelled precursors toPsilocybe cubensis. The following specifically labelled compounds were synthesized: psilocin-3H, 4- hydroxytryptamine-14, N,N-dimethyltryptamine-14C and -14-3H, N-methyltryptamine-14C-3H and DL- tryptophan-3H. A number of other indoles were labelled by acid catalyzed exchange in tritiated water. The experimental data suggest a sequence: tryptophan → tryptamineN →- methyltryptamine → N,N-dimethyltryptamine → psilocin → psilocybin. The fungus can also by an alternative route convert 4-hydroxytryptamine to psilocybin. Large differences in the rate of absorption of different closely related precursors has been observed. Mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic compounds psilocybin (XVI) and psilocin (IV) have long been used as intoxicants by the natives of Mexico. The compounds are closely related 4-hydroxylated indole derivatives1 and occur mainly in members of the genusPsilocybe . The production of psilocybin inPsilocybe species in submerged culture was successfully accomplished by Catalfomo and Tyler Jr.2 and recently also by Leung et al.3 Brack et al.4 found that psilocybin was biosynthesized from tryptophan in still cultures of P. semperviva. In our previous study5 we found that submerged cultures of P. cubensis effectively incorporated also tryptamine into psilocybin. The present study was undertaken to clarify the sequence of events which leads from tryptophan to psilocybin.
    [Show full text]
  • ROUTES to ACYLATED SYDNONE ESTERS a Thesis Submitted In
    ROUTES TO ACYLATED SYDNONE ESTERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By AMANDA MARIE BALAGUER B.S., Wright State University, 2008 2011 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL July 28, 2011 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Amanda Marie Balaguer ENTITLED Routes to Acylated Sydnone Esters BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science. _________________________ Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. Thesis Director _________________________ Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. Chair Department of Chemistry College of Math and Science Committee on Final Examination _________________________ Kenneth Turnbull, Ph.D. _________________________ Eric Fossum, Ph.D. _________________________ Daniel M. Ketcha, Ph.D. _________________________ Andrew T. Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School ii Abstract Balaguer, Amanda Marie., M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2011. Routes to Acylated Sydnone Esters Various 4-acyl-3-[2’-(carboalkoxy)phenyl]sydnones were synthesized by reaction of the parent sydnone with the corresponding anhydrides and Montmorillonite K-10. In the Q-tube, the acylation using acetic anhydride, which normally took 1.5 days for complete conversion thermally, was complete in 8.5 hours. Use of bismuth triflate as catalyst reduced the reaction time to 5 hours and, in the microwave, reactions were complete in 30 minutes and provided comparable yields. New sydnones were synthesized with acetic, propionic, butyric, and isobutyric anhydrides. Extension to various homogeneous metal triflates (lanthanum, yttrium, scandium, hafnium, gadolinium, and indium) was explored. Reactions were performed with 3-phenylsydnone as reactant, initially under thermal conditions overnight, individually with the six chosen catalysts.
    [Show full text]
  • Aromaticity January 24, 2020 • Some Nomenclature
    Pomona College Chemistry 110b, Lecture 2 Diagnosis: Aromaticity January 24, 2020 • Some Nomenclature. But not too much! • Hückel’s rule & the Magic Circle. Annulenes. • An NMR diagnostic for aromaticity. • Aromatic, Anti-aromatic, and Non-aromatic compounds. • Benzenoid & nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds. 110b Teaching Fellows: Felipe Becerril, Christina Beck, Isabelle Cheng, Junha Gu, Nathalie Hong, Shy Lavasani, Allison Liu, Casey Morrison, Jerusalem Nerayo, Eric Tang, Baili Zhong. Chemistry Seminar! Prof. Arsalan Mirjafari, Florida Gulf Coast University, “(Dis)solving the World’s Problems.” Tuesday, January 28, 11:00 AM, Seaver North Auditorium. O’Leary office hours: T/Th 9:00-10:00 am, SN 208. O’Leary’s evening review session: Wednesdays 7:00 PM, SN Aud. Course website: http://pages.pomona.edu/~djo04747/110/ Suggested Problems for Exam 1. 10e/11e/Chapter 14: 18, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35. 10e/Chapter 15: 24, 25, 27, 28, 34abc, 43, 51. 11e/Chapter 15: 22, 23, 25, 26, 32abc, 41, 49. Nomenclature Examples O O OH O OH F NH2 OH CH3 S O OCH3 Cl Cl Cl CH3 Cl O2N NO2 OH Cl Cl NO2 O H O OH OH O Cl O OCH3 OH 1 Pomona College Chemistry 110b, Lecture 2 Benzene’s Molecular Orbitals Hückel: cyclic contiguous planar array of 4n + 2 electrons (n = 0, 1, 2, …) confers extra stability to compounds (said to be aromatic). Aromatic Compound (as defined in Solly’s glossary) A cyclic conjugated unsaturated molecule or ion that is stabilized by -electron delocalization. Aromatic compounds are characterized by having large resonance energies, by reacting by substitution rather than addition, and by deshielding of protons exterior to the ring in their 1H NMR spectra caused by the presence of an induced ring current.
    [Show full text]