*v '% •. i. ; • ■; V ,-/: fctV/'* ' \ ! '■■ TV* • i . v - : r'/+ ■> E ' ■ N A c;: . ... K~ MICROFILMED 1991 T.->. Si'■■ ' - i ' •'. V ‘ INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM1 films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction Is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6N x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0130435 A descriptive study of verbal statements made by Saudi Arabian students about Islamic and Western art objects Alamoud, Yousef Ibrahim, Ph.D. The Ohio State Univenity, 1091 Copyright ©1001 by Alamoud, Youaef Ibrahim. All rlghta reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb RA Ann Aibor, MI 48106 A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF VERBAL STATEMENTS MADE BY SAUDI ARABIAN STUDENTS ABOUT ISLAMIC AND WESTERN ART OBJECTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yousef I. Alamoud, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Nancy MacGregor Arthur Efland 1 Adviser Q Department of Art Education Ojo Areva, Sr. Copyrights by Yousef X. Alamoud 1991 [ To the memory of my grandmother, my first art teacher. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At the outset of these acknowledgements, I would like to thank God, who gave me the health, inspiration, and desire to achieve this humble manuscript. Sincere gratitude and appreciation are expressed to my academic advisor, Professor Nancy MacGregor, for her gracious endurance, encouragement, and insightful and critical contributions during all stages of the research's unfold­ ing development. My thanks are also due here to Professor Arthur Efland and Professor Ojo Arewa, Sr., not only for their instruction in curriculum, evaluation, history, and anthropology of art education, but also for sharing their incredible expertise and insights during coursework and as committee members. Also, I wish to extend my extreme gratitude to Professor Kenneth Marantz. His critical and insightful discussions are of high quality, and his love, tolerance, and support for Arab and international students is deeply treasured and appreciated. Thanks is also extended to all30 student informants, especially key informants, to the school principal and r art teachers, and to all colleagues and friends at King Saud University and The Ohio State University. Their insights and encouragement are greatly appreciated. I give my greatest appreciation to my mother for her patience and continuous sincere prayers. My wife deserves a special thanks for her tolerance and moral support. Finally, my thanks to Mrs. Linda Caine for her excellent job in typing this dissertation. iv VITA February 23, 1955 ........ Born - Unayzah, Saudi Arabia. 1976-1980 ««««*..«. B.A., Art Education, Kin? Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1980 .................... Teacher Assistant at King Saud University, Department of Instructional Media and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 198 1 .................... Teacher Assistant at King Saud University, Department of Art Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1 9 8 1 .................... Art Instructor at The Hobbies Centers, King Saud Univer­ sity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1983-1986 ................ M.A., Art Education, University of Wisconsin in Madison. 1986 Co-founder and first president of The Saudi Arabian Art Education Association, Columbus, Ohio. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Art Education Studies in Curriculum, History, Evaluation, and Research Methodology by Professors Arthur Efland and Nancy MacGregor Studies in Philosophy and Criticism by Professors Kenneth Marantz, E. Louis Lankford, and Terry Barrett Studies in Anthropology and Communication by Professors Ojo Arewa, Sr., John Messenger, Barbara Boyer, and Ali Aljaberi v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ........................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... ill VITA .............................................. v LIST OF T A B L E S .................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES.......................................xii LIST OF P L A T E S ......................................xiii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Background of the Problem .................... 1 Statement of the Major Problem .............. 4 Other Related Problems.................... 4 Limitations.................................. 5 Significance of the study .................... 5 Objective of the S t u d y ...................... 6 The Data and Treatment of D a t a .............. 7 The Primary D a t a .......................... 7 The Secondary D a t a ........................ 7 Procedures ................................ 8 II. THE STATUS OF ART EDUCATION IN SAUDI ARABIAN GENERAL EDUCATION ............................ 14 Introduction ..... .................... 14 The History of Art Education from 1963-1974 . 16 The History of Art Education from 1975 to the P r e s e n t .................................. 21 The Handling of Art Education by the General Directorate of School Activities . 24 Examples of Art Education Activities ........ 28 The Nature of Instruction and Teachers .... 30 The Nature of T e a c h e r s .................... 35 Art Educators and the Decision-Making Process . 37 vi CHAPTER PAGE Anthropological Considerations in Art Education for the Past 25 Y e a r s .................... 39 The Suggested Curriculum Model for Art Educa­ tion in Saudi A r abia...................... 49 Anthropological Justification of McFee's Model Perception-Delineation .................... 54 III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES .......... 57 Introduction ................................ 57 Selection of Social Situation .......... 58 Participant Observation Strategy ............ 61 Procedures for Data C o l l e c t i o n .............. 64 Ethnographic Equipment ...................... 69 Pen and Notebook.................... 69 C a m e r a .............................. 70 Tape R e c o r d e r ............................ 70 Population Studied .......................... 71 Ethnographic Focus .......................... 76 IV. THE APPRECIATION OF ART OBJECTS IN MUSEUMS AND REPRODUCTIONS ................................ 77 Introduction ................................ 77 The Appreciation of Art Objects in Museums . 77 Bringing High-Quality Western Style Art Forms to the C l a s s r o o m ................ 77 Bringing Students to Places Where Quality Works from Either Culture Might be F o u n d .................................. 84 The Appreciation of Art Objects in Reproduc­ tions .................................... 89 Historical Background ........... 89 Technical Background ...................... 94 Aesthetic Issues in Reproduction ........ 99 The Social Function of Reproduction .... 103 Reproductions as Related to the Researcher's Ethnographic Project .................. 107 V. THE OBJECTS OF ART FOR DISCUSSION.............. Ill Introduction ................................ Ill Review of Islamic Art Objects.................. 112 The Q u r a n .................................. 117 Quran Manuscript .......................... 117 Incense Burner ............................ 118 Prayer R u g ...................................118 Arabic Calligraphy ........................ 119 vii [ CHAPTER PAGE Contemporary Saudi and Arab Artists .......... 120 Modern Composition of Arabia Calligraphy . 121 Popular Houses ............................ 121 Islamic Architecture ...................... 122 Floral Arabesque and Geometric Ornament . 122 Arabic Calligraphy ........................ 123 Review of Western Art objects.................. 132 The F i f e r ...................................136 Boats at the A r a e n t e u i l .................... 137 Wheat Field and Cypress T r e e s .............. 137 The Old K i n g .................................138 Woman With a H a t .............................139 Broadway Boogie-Woogie .................... 140 The Perslstence_of Memory ................ 141 M u r a l .......................................142 Green Coca-Cola Bottles .................. 143 VI. THE TOPICS OF ART FOR D I S C U S S I O N .............. 152 Planning Activities for Students to Talk about Art O b j e c t s .................................152 Suggested Activity P l a n .........................155