The Participation of Ethnic Minorities in Public Affairs: a Case Study of the Batwa in Uganda By
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COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). THE PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS: A CASE STUDY OF THE BATWA IN UGANDA BY PAUL MULINDWA Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Litterarum et Philosphiae (D.Litt. et Phil) in Political Studies in South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI): African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy Faculty of Humanities Department of Politics and International Relations University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Supervisor: Professor Chris Landsberg Co-supervisor: Professor Mzukisi Qobo 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The successful completion of this doctoral study required significant collaboration and assistance from people around me. I will take a moment to appreciate some of them here. From the onset, I praise God Almighty for His love and blessings as I wandered in the academic wilderness, arriving finally at this thesis. I profoundly appreciate my supervisor Professor Chris Landsberg for the direction, encouragement, and financial support during my study. Thank you for understanding my challenges of balancing many lives including academic life, and to see that I am able to come to this level. I also thank Professor M Qobo for his supervisory support. I am also indebted to my colleagues at SARChI: African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy – Dr Eric Niriyitunga, and Nabila Noor for the comradeship we shared and for their help in accessing relevant offices, resources, and more so shaping this research study. I gratefully acknowledge the funding received towards my PhD from the National Research Fund (South Africa) which facilitated me to complete this study. I also thank Dr Rukooko Byaruhanga at Makerere University who was the first person to guide and shape my disjointed ideas that are now part and parcel of this work, and for opening his doors at Makerere University for me to come in all the time for consultations and guidance. Thank you for being a great mentor and inspirator. I acknowledge my friends, both local and international, whose encouraging words and support kept me pushing on. These include Mr James Zotto, Ms Birungi Marion, and Mr Adolf Mbaine. I would like to thank most warmly my “angels” – Paulyn Ankunda and Paulsen Andinda – for tolerating me in my moments of madness and making sure there was always a home to go to after days and nights of hard work. I am thankful to all my family for supporting me and thei reassurance that kept me moving even when things became very tough. Ms Marion Birungi proved to be a very reliable research assistant who maintained a keen interest in my research. 2 DEDICATION This study is devoted to my mother, Valeria Keminagano. She taught me to believe in myself and always to excel in everything I do. This work also goes out to my immediate friends and children: Paulyn Ankunda (Nkajikaji) and Paulsen Andinda (Chief), whose love and patience has enabled me to come to a completion. Lastly, my dedication is to my Jaja, Magdalene Byendimi. She is a fountain of wisdom and she taught me to be faithful to God, work hard, and to remain focused in all. Without her foundational and primary “touches” in my childhood and teenages, this achievement would not have been possible. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Acknowldegement …………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………...…..iii Abbreviation and Acronyms …………………………………………………………….….….…x Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………xiii CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................ 15 INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ................................... 15 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.1. Background to the study ............................................................................................... 16 1.2. Historical perspective of ethnic minority issues in Africa ............................................. 20 1.2.1. Pre-colonial ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.2.2. Colonial time .................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.3. Post-colonial time ........................................................................................................... 25 1.3. General situation of ethnic minority in Uganda ............................................................. 26 1.4. The Batwa of Uganda ................................................................................................... 30 1.5. Research problem/statement of the problem ............................................................... 34 1.6. Statement of purpose .................................................................................................. 345 1.7. Objectives of the study .................................................................................................. 35 1.8. Research questions ...................................................................................................... 36 1.9 Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………………………37 1.10. Study limitation ............................................................................................................ 37 1.11. Significance of the study ............................................................................................. 38 1.12. Justification for the study ............................................................................................ 39 1.13. Outline of chapters ...................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 45 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 45 2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.1. Research design ........................................................................................................... 45 2.2. Study population ........................................................................................................... 47 2.3. Determination of sample size ....................................................................................... 48 2.4. Sampling procedure ...................................................................................................... 49 2.5. Data collection methods ................................................................................................ 50 2.5.1 Document Analysis……….…………………………………………………….…….….52 4 2.5.2. Interview…………………………………………………………………………...……50 2.5.3. Observation……….…………………………………………………………………….53 2.6. Data collection tools ................................................................................................ 54 2.7. Validity and reliability .................................................................................................... 56 2.8. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 57 2.9. Ethical considerations ....................................................................................................... 57 2.10. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................... 59 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................................ 59 3. Introduction ................................................................................................................... …..59 3.1. Theoretical framework .................................................................................................. 60 3.2. Minority democracy theory ............................................................................................ 65 3.3. Participatory democracy theory .................................................................................... 70 3.3.1. Relationship between the two theories ....................................................................... 74 3.4. Conceptual framework .................................................................................................. 75 3.4.1. Era of convergence .......................................................................................................