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Form Summary U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM Scientific Name: Ambrysus funebris Common Name: Nevares Spring naucorid bug Lead region: Region 8 (Pacific Southwest) Information current as of: May 29, 2015 Status/Action ___ Funding provided for a proposed rule. Assessment not updated. ___ Species Assessment - determined species did not meet the definition of the endangered or threatened under the Act and, therefore, was not elevated to the Candidate status. ___ New Candidate ___ Continuing Candidate X Candidate Removal X Taxon is more abundant or widespread than previously believed or not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status ___ Taxon not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status due, in part or totally, to conservation efforts that remove or reduce the threats to the species ___ Range is no longer a U.S. territory ___ Insufficient information exists on biological vulnerability and threats to support listing ___ Taxon mistakenly included in past notice of review ___ Taxon does not meet the definition of "species" ___ Taxon believed to be extinct 1 Petition Information X Non-Petitioned (Service added species to Candidate List in 2004) (69 FR 24880; May 4, 2004) ___ Petitioned 90-Day Positive: 12 Month Positive: Did the Petition request a reclassification? For Petitioned Candidate species: Is the listing warranted (if yes, see summary threats below) To Date, has publication of the proposal to list been precluded by other higher priority listing? Explanation of why precluded: Historical States/Territories/Countries of Occurrence: • States/US Territories: California • US Counties: Inyo County • Countries: United States Current States/Counties/Territories/Countries of Occurrence: • States/US Territories: California • US Counties: Inyo County • Countries: United States Land Ownership: All occurrences of the Nevares Spring naucorid bug are on Federal lands within Death Valley National Park. Lead Region Contact: LEAD REGION CONTACT: Arnold Roessler, 916-414-6613, [email protected] 2 Lead Field Office Contact: Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office, Betty Grizzle, 760-431-9440, [email protected] Biological Information Species Description: Ambrysus funebris was first described from Cow Creek in Death Valley, California, by La Rivers in 1948 (La Rivers 1948, entire). Ambrysus funebris is approximately 6.0 to 6.5 millimeters (mm) (0.24 to 0.26 inches (in) long and 3.5 mm (0.14 in) wide (La Rivers 1948, p. 103). No other naucorids have been collected or reported from the Death Valley spring complexes. The naucorids have raptorial front legs and dorsoventrally (front-to-back) flattened bodies (Menke 1979, p. 15). The Ambrysus genus within the family Naucoridae is distinguished by the following features: (1) deeply concave anterior (top) pronotal margins (referring to the pronotum, or the plate-like structure that covers the thorax), (2) with platelike propleura (referring to the cuticle of the first thoracic segment or prothorax) over the posterior (bottom) part of the prosternum (the under surface of the prothorax), and (3) densely pubescent venter (referring to the lower part of the abdomen) (Polhemus 1979, p. 134). Ambrysus funebris is the smallest naucorid in California and is distinguished from other Ambrysus species by its absence of a male genital process and the shape of the female subgenital plate (Polhemus 1979, pp. 135, 138, see Figures 259 and 265). The dorsal surface of the A. funebris is lighter anteriorly than posteriorly, unmottled, and shiny with a ventral surface that is deep yellowish in color, and darkened in the center (La Rivers 1948, p. 108). A more detailed narrative description of the adult form is found in La Rivers (1948, pp. 103–106); its developmental larval stages (nymphal instars) are described and illustrated in detail in Whiteman and Sites (2008, pp. 505–507, Figure A1). Ambrysus funebris is also unique in that its reduced hindwing has no costal (leading edge of wing) cell, which is found in other Ambrysus species of the United States and Mexico (La Rivers 1953, p. 91). Taxonomy: Ambrysus funebris belongs to the insect family Naucoridae, which is found within one of five superfamilies (Naucoroidea) in the infraorder Nepomorpha, or true water bugs, within the suborder Heteroptera (Class Insecta: Order Hemiptera) (Menke 1979, pp. 13–14). Ambrysus funebris is recognized as a valid and current taxonomic entity according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (retrieved March 3, 2015, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database, www.itis.gov). We have reviewed the available taxonomic information and conclude the species is a valid taxon. 3 Life History: Ambrysus funebris has short hindwings and is flightless (Polhemus 1979, p. 138). Its mode of dispersal is unknown, but the species is described as an agile and adept crawler searching for prey within stream beds, and can swim well in calm water (La Rivers 1951, p. 285). They are defenseless when molting and thus susceptible to predation from predators such as damselfly larvae during this time of their life history (Usinger 1968, p. 199). The aquatic Hemiptera generally overwinter as adults, lay eggs in the spring, and develop during the summer months, with five nymphal instars (Usinger 1968, p. 185). The naucorids, including the Ambrysus genera, attach (glue) their eggs to various underwater objects (Menke 1979, p. 5); La Rivers 1951, p. 288). Eggs are creamy white-beige in color, approximately 1.04 mm (0.04 in) long and 0.38 mm (0.015 in) wide, elongated, with rounded asymmetrical ends (Sites and Nichols 1999, p. 3). The outer surface of the egg (or chorion) has a surface pattern of pentagonal to heptagonal units, separated by distinctly raised lines (Sites and Nichols 1999, pp. 3-4). The aquatic and subaquatic Hemiptera are considered to be intermediate stage predators in the food chains within their respective aquatic communities (Menke 1979, p. 2). Naucorid bugs are known to feed on a wide variety of organisms (Polhemus 1979, p. 131). They are “true” water bugs that propel themselves through water with oarlike movements of the middle and hindlegs, which are modified for swimming (Menke 1979, p. 8; Polhemus 1979, p. 131). The naucorid bugs breathe through their cuticle as nymphs and through spiracles in contact with air as adults, replenishing their subsurface air bubble by breaking the surface film with the top of their abdomen (Polhemus 1979, p. 132). Habitat: Physical Setting Ambrysus funebris is considered a thermal endemic aquatic invertebrate and is found only within areas of the Nevares and Travertine Springs and in Furnace Creek Wash within Death Valley National Park. These two springs are located entirely within Death Valley National Park and managed by the National Park Service (NPS) (see Figure 1). Land use within the springs and Furnace Creek area includes NPS lands (including residential, headquarters, and visitor facilities), privately operated visitor lodging and recreational facilities at Furnace Creek Ranch and Inn, owned and operated by Xanterra Parks and Resorts (Xanterra), a private corporation, and Timbisha Shoshone Tribe trust lands. Death Valley is considered the warmest and driest part of the United States given its elevation and geographic location (NPS 2006a, p. B-1). Its climate is characterized by low humidity, high summer temperatures, high winds during the spring months, high evaporation, and low rainfall (Roof and Callagan 2003, pp. 1725, 1734). Rainfall in the basin varies greatly from year-to-year, and 10- to 20-year intervals of relative dryness or wetness have been described for the Furnace Creek area, generally following the Pacific decadal oscillation of sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean (Roof and Callagan 2003, p. 1735). Annual precipitation, measured at Furnace Creek from 1911 to 2002, ranged from 0 to 11.76 cm (0 to 4.63 in), with an annual average of 4 4.8 cm (1.9 in) (Roof and Callagan 2003, p. 1734). There are two distinct precipitation patterns in the region—in winter (December–February), rainfall is generally low in intensity, but long in duration, while summer rains (July–September), from localized thunderstorms, are of a higher intensity, but shorter duration, and primarily result from monsoonal flows (northward flux of tropical air) from the south (e.g., Gulf of California) (Belcher and Sweetkind (eds.) 2010, p. 9). Winter storms and localized summer thunderstorm events can produce several inches of rain over a few days or few hours in the case of summer rains, and they can cause significant flash floods. These flood events can produce channel down cutting and local erosion in desert canyons, washes and streams (NPS 2006a, pp. III-14, III-74). Figure 1. Location of Furnace Creek Springs, Death Valley National Park, California. 5 The Furnace Creek Springs, which includes Nevares and Travertine Springs as well as Texas Spring, represent large volume springs that are discharge points of a regional interbasin flow (Belcher et al. 2009, p. 34). This regional flow system, which includes the southern portion of the Great Basin groundwater flow system including Death Valley National Park, is described in detail in a comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System, Nevada and California—Hydrogeologic Framework and Transient Groundwater Flow Model (Belcher and Sweetkind (eds.) 2010, entire). In general, this regional flow system conveys groundwater to the Furnace Creek Springs through the carbonate rocks found in the southeast portion of the Funeral Mountains (Belcher et al. 2009, pp. 34–35). The Furnace Creek Springs were captured and diverted as early as the mid-1880s by early settlers for drinking water, mining operations, and for irrigation because of their general potability (Thomas 2006, pp. 6–7). Hershey et al.
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