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Effects of Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Resistance In Effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Populus × euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ on the performance and metabolic enzyme activities of Clostera anachoreta Gu Tianzi, Zhang Congcong, Chen Changyu, Li hui, Huang kairu, Tian Shuo, Zhao Xudong & Hao Dejun Arthropod-Plant Interactions An international journal devoted to studies on interactions of insects, mites, and other arthropods with plants ISSN 1872-8855 Volume 12 Number 2 Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2018) 12:247-255 DOI 10.1007/s11829-017-9564-y 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2018) 12:247–255 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9564-y ORIGINAL PAPER Effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Populus 3 euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ on the performance and metabolic enzyme activities of Clostera anachoreta 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 Gu Tianzi • Zhang Congcong • Chen Changyu • Li hui • Huang kairu • 1,2 1,2 1,2 Tian Shuo • Zhao Xudong • Hao Dejun Received: 8 October 2016 / Accepted: 7 September 2017 / Published online: 21 September 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017 Abstract Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant chemical on MeJA-treated leaves. The GST and CarE detoxification elicitor that has been used to artificially induce chemical enzymes both were induced after the larvae had fed on defense responses and trigger induced resistance against a MeJA-treated leaves. These results suggest that exogenous broad range of arthropod herbivores. This study assessed application of MeJA elicited induced resistance in Popu- the effects of exogenous MeJA on the growth performance, lus 9 euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ against C. anachoreta. chemical detoxification, and antioxidant enzyme activities of Clostera anachoreta. After feeding C. anachoreta with Keywords Populus 9 euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ Á 10-5 mol/L MeJA solution-treated Populus 9 eurameri- Clostera anachoreta Á Induced resistance Á Nutritional cana ‘Nanlin895’ leaves, we measured the larval and pupal index Á Development Á Antioxidant enzymes Á development time, pupal weight, eclosion rate, fecundity, Detoxification enzymes and nutritional physiology of the adults. We also measured superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxi- dase (POD) activities, which are reactive oxygen species Introduction (ROS) scavengers, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE) activities, which are probably Plants have developed complex direct and indirect defen- involved in the metabolism of induced plant allelochemi- sive mechanisms against biotic and abiotic environmental cals. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment reduced larval stresses (Walters and Heil 2007; Champigny and Cameron performance in terms of prolonged developmental time of 2009; Feng et al. 2012; Martin et al. 2012). Direct plant larvae and pupae and decreased growth rates, but had little defense involves altering the palatability and/or toxicity of effect on larval nutrition physiology. The activities of the leaf tissues to reduce herbivore feeding on plants (Agrawal SOD and POD antioxidant enzymes increased, but CAT 1999; Graves et al. 2008; Simons et al. 2008). In contrast, activity declined at 36 and 48 h after C. anachoreta had fed indirect plant defense involves attracting predators and parasitoids of the herbivores by emitting special volatile Handling Editor: William B. Walker III. signal substances immediately after an attack (Kessler and Baldwin 2001; Degenhardt et al. 2003; Turlings et al. 1995; Electronic supplementary material The online version of this Williams et al. 2008). Both strategies are inducible in the article (doi:10.1007/s11829-017-9564-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. presence of potent elicitors or signaling agents. Plant defense responses are governed by complex sig- & Hao Dejun naling networks, which are regulated by phytohormones. [email protected] Jasmonate (jasmonic acid-JA) is one of the endogenous signals that can elicit plant-induced responses (Farmer and 1 Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Ryan 1990; Wasternack and Parthier 1997; Rohwer and Nanjing 210037, China Erwin 2008; Schaller and Stintzi 2008). JA-mediated sig- 2 College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, naling pathways are generally activated by multiple biotic China and abiotic factors (Thaler et al. 1996; Stout et al. 1998; 123 Author's personal copy 248 G. Tianzi et al. Walling 2000; Rodriguez-Saona et al. 2005; Schaller and effect of these induced responses on subsequent herbivore Stintzi 2008). When plants are subject to a pathogen performance needs further investigation. infection, wounding, or insect attack, a phosphorylation Clostera anachoreta (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Notodonti- cascade is triggered leading to JA biosynthesis (Carvalhais dae) is one of the most destructive herbivorous insects of et al. 2013). The increased endogenous levels of JA are poplar trees in China and is widely distributed in Hei- detected by receptors that stimulate the expression of the longjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, JA-responsive genes (Reinbothe et al. 1994; Thaler et al. Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan (Liang 1996; Schaller and Stintzi 2008), which lead to the pro- et al. 2006). It also occurs in other Asian countries, such as duction of metabolites involved in defense (Ballare´ 2011). India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, and Mongolia, These defenses can affect the invaders directly (Karban and and parts of Europe (Liang et al. 2006). There have been Baldwin 1997) through chemical–molecular changes that few studies on the effects of jasmonates on poplar tree alter tissue palatability, thereby hindering herbivore defense mechanisms and there has been little information digestion, development, and reproduction (Omer et al. about induced defense against the performance and diges- 2000; Poelman et al. 2008). tive physiology of herbivorous insects in trees, including To meet their nutritional requirements, insect can usu- Populus 9 euramericana ‘Nanlin895.’ Based on our for- ally adjust their feeding habits, digestive physiology, and mer studies on exogenous MeJA-induced foliar chemistry gene expression to optimally adapt to dietary challenge and changes in Populus 9 euramericana ‘Nanlin 895’ (Liu successfully cope with various plant defensive substances et al. 2015), we examined whether the defensive responses and antimetabolites (Zhu-Salzman and Zeng 2015). A elicited by exogenous MeJA could be effective against C. major adaptive response involves physiological adaptations anachoreta. We also measured larval and pupal develop- via detoxification and antioxidant enzymes mainly to mental time, pupal weight, rate of survival to the adult counter host plant defense mechanisms (Ahn et al. 2004;Li stage, and nutritional indices, as well as effects on insect et al. 2007; Krishnan and Kodrik 2006; Rigsby et al. 2015). detoxification and antioxidant enzyme activities. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the volatile form of JA, has been widely used to study jasmonate signaling pathways and plant defense mechanisms. Recently, there has been an Materials and methods increased interest in using exogenous methyl jasmonate to induce natural host defense mechanisms against pathogens Plant materials and insects and herbivorous insects (Carvalhais et al. 2013; Fedderwitz et al. 2016; Feng et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015; Lundborg Populus 9 euramericana ‘Nanlin895’ seedlings (1 year et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Although old) were obtained from Jurong Forest Farm, Zhenjiang most of the above research focused on the induced defen- City (31°570N, 119°100E), Jiangsu Province, China. The sive responses caused by spraying exogenous MeJA on young trees were cut into 25- to 30-cm-long stems and then crop plants, there have been only few studies on deciduous soaked in water for 2–3 days. The stems were moved to a trees and their herbivorous insects. greenhouse and planted individually into plastic pots Poplar trees have been widely planted around the world (28 cm in diameter, 40 cm in height) containing orchard due to their high productivity and adaptability. Populus soil. The greenhouse growth conditions were 26 ± 0.5 °C, spp. and its hybrids dominate forestry plantations in areas RH = 60 ± 5%, and a 16-h L:8-h D photoperiod. The along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in seedlings were watered every 2 days and weeded when China. However, severe defoliation by insects not only necessary. reduces the growth rate of the trees, but also renders them C. anachoreta eggs were collected from the leaves of susceptible to other insects and diseases (Wan et al. 2015). 7-year-old Populus 9 euramericana cv. I-72 that had been
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